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35-791: The Mahakam River and Karangan River of Borneo empty into the strait. Ports along the strait include Balikpapan and Bontang in Borneo, and Makassar , Palu , and Parepare in Sulawesi. The city of Samarinda is 48 km (30 mi) from the strait, along the Mahakam. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Makassar Strait as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago . The IHO defines its limits as follows: The channel between

70-580: A Hindu kingdom founded by Mulawarman at Muara Kaman, is regarded as the oldest kingdom in Indonesia. Kutai Kartanegara was founded by settlers from Java at Kutai Lama near the mouth of Mahakam. In around 1565, Islam was extensively spread in Kartanegara by two Moslem preachers from Java, Tunggang Parangan and Ri Bandang. The Dayaks are the indigenous people inhabiting Kalimantan beside the Kutais and

105-406: A broad fan over the shelf-sea, with a base of 65 kilometers (40 mi) and a radius of about 30 kilometers (19 mi). Upstream of Long Iram (upstream part of Mahakam river basin), the river is flowing in tertiary rocks (Voss, 1983). Between Long Iram and Muara Kaman (middle Mahakam area) the river is flowing in quaternary alluvium , while in the downstream area between Muara Kaman and

140-456: A minimum temperature ≥18 °C and precipitation of the driest month in normal year ≥60 mm Transfer of mass and energy in the tropical zone occurred through general air circulation known as the Hadley cell . According to Seidel et al. (2008), the precipitation pattern in this area is largely determined by this large-scale atmospheric wind pattern, which is observable in several ways throughout

175-567: A new bridge on the same spot. The new Kutai Kertanegara Bridge has been open for public use since 8 December 2015, after an opening ceremony held by a local regent. The River Mahakam is an economic resource for fishermen and farmers and a freshwater source, as a waterway since ancient times until today. It is in this river basin where the Kutai kingdom evolved. The Kutai history is divided into two periods, Kutai Martadipura (around 350–400 AD) and Kutai Kartanegara period (around 1300). Kutai Martadipura,

210-568: A series of tidal channels generally unconnected to the main distributaries. The distributary channels are narrow and rectilinear with the depth ranging from 8 to 15 meters (26 to 49 ft) and distributary channel bifurcations appear every 10 to 15 kilometers (6.2 to 9.3 mi). This lower Mahakam area is the second most productive hydrocarbon basin of Indonesia which contains around 3 billion barrels of oil and 30 Tcf of gas reserves. Field geological investigations in this area were started in 1888 and in 1897 exploration drilling discovered oil at

245-459: A shallow depth of 46 meters (151 ft) on the Louise structure. Production started in 1898 followed by expansion of exploration to the entire Mahakam. The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) Period: 1971–2000 Mahakam and its floodplain is an ecologically important region. A total of 147 indigenous freshwater fish species had been identified from

280-555: A trap of sediment contained in the water flowing into the lakes which are now known to become shallower, presumably as a result of an imbalance between sediment input and slow subsidence. [4] Fishing is the primary source of livelihood in the Mahakam lakes area, most of the people around the lakes are fishermen. The middle Mahakam Lake area is an area of intensive fishing activity with a productivity of 25,000 to 35,000 metric tons per year since 1970. [5] Mahakam Lakes: (m) (km ) depth (m) (10 m ) size (km ) The Mahakam delta

315-505: Is 2780 mm. The wettest month is December, with an average of 351 mm of rainfall, and the driest is August, with 138 mm of rainfall. Average, minimum, and maximum discharge of the Belayan River at Tabang ( 0°34′10.9092″N 116°1′9.0732″E  /  0.569697000°N 116.019187000°E  / 0.569697000; 116.019187000 ). The period from 1990 to 2008. (m) (m) (m) (m) The Belayan River

350-434: Is a mixed fluvial - tidal dominated delta. The delta covers about 1,800 km (690 sq mi), consisting of mangrove areas near the shore, Nypa swamps in the central areas, and lowland forest near the apex, corresponding to the first bifurcation. [6] Fishery development in this area has converted a vast area of mangrove into shrimp ponds (tambak). However, recent mangrove restoration efforts have taken place in

385-475: Is a river of Borneo , Indonesia, 1300 km northeast of the capital Jakarta . It is a tributary of the Mahakam River . The river traverses three districts in the upstream area of Kutai Kartanegara Regency , namely Kenohan, Kembang Janggut, and Tabang. The high flow rate during flooding constantly eroded the land on the river banks, causing damage to the houses built next to it. Belayan flows into

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420-1836: Is because the ITCZ passes through the equator twice a year, from the Northern Hemisphere in September and from the Southern Hemisphere in March. Average discharge of the Mahakam River at Melak (Upper Mahakam), Kota Bangun (Middle Mahakam) and Loa Kulu (Lower Mahakam). Bangun Average monthly flow (Q–m /s). Mahakam River at Samarinda : 2018 Average discharge: 0°34′43.3236″S 117°15′49.9176″E  /  0.578701000°S 117.263866000°E  / -0.578701000; 117.263866000 0°31′18.282″S 117°9′14.3352″E  /  0.52174500°S 117.153982000°E  / -0.52174500; 117.153982000 0°31′35.652″S 117°1′45.7356″E  /  0.52657000°S 117.029371000°E  / -0.52657000; 117.029371000 0°26′39.7968″S 117°0′10.566″E  /  0.444388000°S 117.00293500°E  / -0.444388000; 117.00293500 0°13′31.9476″S 116°35′18.762″E  /  0.225541000°S 116.58854500°E  / -0.225541000; 116.58854500 0°21′49.608″S 116°23′48.066″E  /  0.36378000°S 116.39668500°E  / -0.36378000; 116.39668500 0°13′49.7064″S 115°50′0.0312″E  /  0.230474000°S 115.833342000°E  / -0.230474000; 115.833342000 Minimum 375 m /s, maximum 12,200 m /s (record 24,156 m /s in 2012 ) There are about 76 lakes spread in

455-616: Is influenced by high and low tide at sea level. The Mahakam River [1] is the largest river in East Kalimantan , Indonesia, with a catchment area of approximately 77,100 km . The catchment lies between 2˚N to 1˚S latitude and 113˚E to 118˚E longitude. The river originates in Cemaru from where it flows south-eastwards, meeting the River Kedang Pahu at the city of Muara Pahu . From there, the river flows eastward through

490-479: Is known for wood sculptures and other handicrafts. Along the river, there are many ports to transport coals from the mines in Kutai Kartanegara for export. Due to sedimentation, the Belayan River needs to be dredged regularly, so that it flows steadily downstream and doesn't cause much flooding. The Belayan River is a habitat of the Mahakam or Irrawaddy dolphin ( Orcaella brevirostris ), one of

525-647: Is third longest and volume discharge river in Borneo after Kapuas River and Barito River , it is located in Kalimantan , Indonesia . It flows 980 kilometers (610 miles) from the district of Long Apari in the highlands of Borneo, to its mouth at the Makassar Strait . The city of Samarinda , the provincial capital of East Kalimantan , lies along 48 kilometers (30 mi) from the river mouth. The delta Mahakam river consist of specific micro climate which

560-707: Is vital for the population along its banks for transportation, water source for daily life, and also for occupation for some inhabitants, such as fish and gold. The river is important for the people of three districts, Kenohan, Kembang Janggut, and Tabang, even for centuries was the only access route to those three districts. Upstream of Belayan, there are some villages of the Dayak Kenyak tribe, such as Ritan Baru, Tabang District, which can be reached in about one or two days by boat or ferry from Samarinda . It took about two days and one night to travel from Tabang to Tenggarong using river transportation. The local Dayak tribe

595-619: The Batuayan (1,652 meters (5,420 ft)) and then reaches the tertiary basin of Kutai . Its middle course traverses a lowland plain with many marshy lakes. This intermontane depression is separated from the neighboring basin, the Barito depression , by a broad hilly tract of less than 500 meters (1,600 ft) altitude. After this region, the Mahakam cuts through the Samarinda anticlinorium and reaches its alluvial delta, which spreads like

630-514: The Mahakam River near Muhuran, Kotabangun, and Bukit Tinjawang. The river flows in the eastern area of Borneo island with a predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 23 °C. The warmest month is March, when the average temperature is around 24 °C, and the coldest is January, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall

665-525: The Mahakam lakes region, which is a flat tropical lowland area surrounded by peat land. Thirty shallow lakes are situated in this area, which are connected to the Mahakam through small channels [2] . Downstream of the connection with the Semayang and Melintang lakes, the Mahakam meets three other main tributaries – the rivers Belayan , Kedang Kepala , and Kedang Rantau – and flows south-eastwards through

700-544: The dusky munia , Bornean whistler , Bornean peacock-pheasant , Bornean blue-flycatcher and Bornean bristlehead . [8] Some 160,000 ha of the delta has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International . A research cluster ( [9] ): "Upsetting the balance in the Mahakam Delta: past, present and future impacts of sea level rise , climate change, upstream controls and human intervention on sediment and mangrove dynamics" extensively researches

735-749: The Banjars. Since the 1970s transmigration of people to East Kalimantan was organized by the Indonesian government, especially in areas near River Mahakam. Transmigration aims to migrate people from overpopulated Java , Bali , and Madura islands to stimulate greater agricultural productivity in the outer islands. By 1973, almost 26% of the land under cultivation in East Kalimantan was being worked by migrants. 0°35′S 117°17′E  /  0.583°S 117.283°E  / -0.583; 117.283 Belayan River The Belayan River

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770-553: The East coast of Borneo and the West coast of Celebes [ Sulawesi ], is bounded: On the North. By a line joining Tanjong Mangkalihat , Borneo ( 1°02′N 118°57′E  /  1.033°N 118.950°E  / 1.033; 118.950 ) and Stroomen Kaap ( Cape Binar ), Celebes ( 1°20′N 120°52′E  /  1.333°N 120.867°E  / 1.333; 120.867 ). On

805-538: The Mahakam delta distributaries, to the Makassar Strait . Kalimantan, where the Mahakam lies, is part of the Sunda Continental Plate . The large island has mountain ranges between Indonesia and Malaysia. As described by van Bemmelen (1949), River Mahakam rises in Cemaru (1,681 meters (5,515 feet)) in the center of Kalimantan , and from there it cuts through the pre-tertiary axis of the island east of

840-399: The Mahakam river basin and about 30 lakes are located in the middle Mahakam area including the three main lakes ( Lake Jempang 15,000 Ha; Lake Semayang 13,000 Ha; Lake Melintang 11,000 Ha). The lake levels are seasonally fluctuated from 0.5 m – 1 m during the dry period to seven meters during the rainy season. The Mahakam lakes and surrounding wetlands act as water storage [3] as well as

875-610: The Mahakam. The Mahakam hosts the freshwater dolphin Irrawaddy dolphin ( Orcaella brevirostris ; called Pesut by local people) a critically endangered species, which is included in CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendix I. [7] The Mahakam river basin is also important breeding and resting place for 298 bird species, among them 70 protected and five endemic species:

910-474: The Mahakam. The cluster's objective is to study the impact of external forcing factors such as sea-level rise, climate change, upstream sediment, as well as human interference on past, present, and future development of the Mahakam delta in different time scales. Logging and mining activities have contributed to the "alarming rate" of pollution of East Kalimantan's Mahakam River. Tests of water pollutants showed levels increased sharply between 2009 and 2011. Despite

945-719: The South. By a line from the Southwestern extreme of Celebes ( 5°37′S 119°27′E  /  5.617°S 119.450°E  / -5.617; 119.450 ), through the Southern point of Tana Keke , to the Southern extreme of Laoet ( 4°06′S 116°06′E  /  4.100°S 116.100°E  / -4.100; 116.100 ) thence up the West coast of that island to Tanjong Kiwi and thence across to Tanjong Petang, Borneo ( 3°37′S 115°57′E  /  3.617°S 115.950°E  / -3.617; 115.950 ) at

980-456: The Southern end of Laoet Strait. The Makassar Strait and North Makassar Basin is the result of back-arc extension due to the subduction of a small tectonic slab to the east. Rifting began in the Eocene, with high sedimentation rates filling the extension basin throughout the Eocene through Miocene. These Miocene basin sediments hold very large amounts of oil and natural gas deposits, especially in

1015-484: The atmosphere. This circulation carries moisture into the air, generating rainfall in equatorial regions , whereas the edges of the tropical belt are drier. Within this circulation, evaporation occurs intensively around the equator on the center of low pressure called the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), characterized by the accumulation of clouds in the area. The ITCZ moves following

1050-449: The coast including the Mahakam delta, tertiary rocks are again present. The presence of the large delta is explained by the formation and rejuvenation of the hilly region near Samarinda . The Mahakam catchment is around the equator. The average annual rainfall in the catchment area is 3163 mm. The average runoff is around 1911 mm. According to Köppen climate classification , this area belongs to type Af ( tropical rainforest ) and has

1085-463: The delta by replanting mangroves in abandoned shrimp ponds and encouraging silvofishery . Many areas in the Mahakam delta are already naturally recolonized by mangrove vegetation contributing to ecosystem restoration. Mangroves also function as sedimentation-enhancing strategies by capturing sediment-causing accretion . The delta has three main distributary systems directed Northeast, Southeast, and South. The area between distributaries consists of

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1120-526: The growing pollution, it is claimed that "the water is still safe for consumption." Unsafe concentrations of heavy metals have been observed in Mahakam fish. A 2015 study found lead concentrations over 1000 times safe levels along with unsafe levels of copper , zinc , and cadmium . Bridges include the 400-meter (1,300 ft) Mahakam Bridge and the 710-meter (2,330 ft) Kutai Kartanegara Bridge . The latter collapsed on 26 November 2011, it took 3 years of planning and one and half years more to rebuild

1155-616: The hydrocarbon rich Kutei Basin . The arrival of the Benggai Sula microplate has rotated the Island of Sulawesi in a counter-clockwise direction, allowing opening of the southern Makassar Basin with accommodation by the Adang/Paternoster Fault. This Indonesia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mahakam River The Mahakam River ( Indonesian : Sungai Mahakam )

1190-649: The pseudo-motion of the sun within the 23.5°N and 23.5°S zone, therefore its position always changes according to this motion. The ITCZ drives the Indo-Australian monsoon phenomena which influence the regional climate including the Mahakam catchment. In December, January, and February (winter in the Northern Hemisphere ) the concentration of high pressure in Asia and low pressure in Australia make

1225-625: The west wind blow in Indonesia (west monsoon). In June, July, and August concentration of low pressure in Asia (summer in the Northern Hemisphere) and a concentration of high pressure in Australia make the east wind blow in Indonesia (east monsoon). Due to the global air circulation and the regional climate mentioned above, the Mahakam catchment which is located around the equator has a bimodal rainfall pattern with two peaks of rainfall, which are generally occurred in December and May. This

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