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19-686: According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Makete District was 109,160. The Wakinga people mostly live in Makete District. The area of the district is 5,800 km; however, only 371 km of the land is useful for agriculture. The region is at an altitude of 1,500 to 3,000 m above sea level, being crossed by both the Livingstone Mountains and the Kipengere Range . Temperatures range from 2 to 20 °Celsius and 20 to 30 °Celsius in

38-503: A bellows ) to superheat the inside, allowing for efficient melting, soldering and annealing of metals. Today, this tool is still widely used by blacksmiths as it was traditionally. The term, metalsmith , often refers to artisans and craftpersons who practice their craft in many different metals, including gold, copper and silver. Jewelers often refer to their craft as metalsmithing , and many universities offer degree programs in metalsmithing, jewelry, enameling and blacksmithing under

57-475: A common occupational surname (German Schmidt or Schmied , Portuguese Ferreiro , Ferreira , French Lefèvre , Spanish Herrero , Italian Fabbri , Ferrari , Ferrero , Ukrainian Koval etc.). As a suffix , -smith connotes a meaning of a specialized craftsperson—for example, wordsmith and tunesmith are nouns synonymous with writer or songwriter, respectively. In pre-industrialized times, smiths held high or special social standing since they supplied

76-518: A long apprenticeship . It also required a vast amount of wood. The Nyakyusa contributed by making the shields. Kinga priests claimed they belonged to an ancient heritage, a line older than their chiefs. The priests also seemed to interpret subterranean water movement (much as a Rutengänger ). The Nyakyusa would watch with fear and dismay as these pilgrims descended the mountain paths each year heading for 'Lwenbe's' shrine. The Kinga were to be found in hidden areas, probably having been driven there by

95-626: A mixed group of runaway slaves hiding in the mountains. Merensky found only one common characteristic: due to their mountain climbing the muscles on their legs were very well developed and they had acquired a distinct type of jogging while going up and down these heights. Merensky, like the Nyakyusa, found them personally dirty and their homesteads of cylindrical and conical shaped huts disorderly and surrounded by hedges of thorn. Seemingly they were adept only at navigating their mountains and skillfully creating beautiful hoes, knives, iron spears, and

114-463: A special challenge for the region. The persons tested HIV-positive increased from 3,900 in 1988 to over 10,000 in 2002. Approximately 5% of children under 17 years are orphans. Consequently, care for orphaned children make up a large part of the expenses. A program funded by UNICEF , Mama Mkubwa offers financial support. Programs of numerous NGOs and faith-based organizations ( FBOs ) put special emphasis on combatting malnutrition. Agriculture provides

133-686: A very pleasing beer from bamboo , which was plentiful in their area. Kinga are found within Njombe region not but not Iringa, also is better to include a number of kinga name to be included in Swahili language The Kinga speak the Kinga language almost exclusively at home. They usually know Swahili , but are not fluent. 57,000 Kinga live in the Makete district , the rest in the Iringa Region of

152-409: Is done while the metal is hot, having been heated in a forge . Smithing can also involve the other aspects of metalworking , such as refining metals from their ores (traditionally done by smelting ), casting it into shapes ( founding ), and filing to shape and size. The prevalence of metalworking in the culture of recent centuries has led Smith and its equivalents in various languages to be

171-672: The Kipengere Range to a height of 10,000 feet and maintained a moderate amount of cattle but mostly sheep and goats . The Nyakyusa , who are the Wakinga's closest neighbors, consider the Kinga to be distinct and different. According to them, the Kinga are warriors who were good enough to fight in the Konde Revolt against the Germans, and are eager to acquire Kinga iron implements in exchange for food, cattle's etc. Wakinga people had

190-403: The Kipengere Range . Smith (metalwork) A metalsmith or simply smith is a craftsperson fashioning useful items (for example, tools, kitchenware , tableware , jewelry , armor and weapons ) out of various metals . Smithing is one of the oldest metalworking occupations . Shaping metal with a hammer ( forging ) is the archetypical component of smithing. Often the hammering

209-697: The Magwangwara Ngoni, and then the Wasangu , and even the Hehe , and were not easily located. They had little interaction with their neighbors, and felt comfortable only in their mountains. While they provided early warning posts against invasion of the Nyakyusa territory from the south and east, the Nyakyusa were not thankful, and generally held the Kinga in contempt. Alexander Merensky describes them as having no particular physical type, their facial features and physique all being different. He thought them

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228-466: The animals are called simbilisi , which is a Kihehe word. In Makete District, cavies are largely fed with bamboo leaves. The Makete District is administratively divided into 22 wards. Distribution by division: 9°15′S 34°10′E  /  9.250°S 34.167°E  / -9.250; 34.167 Kinga people The Kinga are an ethnic and linguistic group native to Mbeya Region and Makete District of Njombe Region , Tanzania , in

247-559: The fermented juice of the wine bamboo ( Oxytenanthera ). People from Makete District traditionally worked as pluckers on tea plantations of the country. Maize has only recently been introduced. Diverse livestock species are held. While cattle are usually kept on communal grazing land, goats, pigs and poultry are reared close to the homesteads. Inside the houses, a large proportion of the rural population also keeps domestic cavies (i.e., Guinea pig , Cavia porcellus ) for meat production, although they are rarely mentioned in statistics. Locally,

266-487: The great Kipengere Range northeast of Lake Malawi . In 2003 the Kinga population was estimated to number 140,000. They are said to have originated from South Africa, then moved to Ruvuma, then finally settled in Makete Iringa. The Kinga are primarily agriculturists who cultivate millet , beans , bananas , cultivating bamboo for a strong good beer, and finally in 1905, growing wheat and potatoes. They inhabited

285-410: The livelihood of most people in Makete District. Because of the temperate climate, wheat and potatoes are widely cultivated; they are often intercropped with pumpkin , Phaseolus beans and peas . Because of the temperate climate, also fruit trees, such as plums, peaches, apples and pears, are being cropped in the district. The region is well known for its bamboo wine ( ulanzi ), which is prepared from

304-412: The metal tools needed for farming (especially the plough ) and warfare . More details on the history can be found in the article blacksmith . A metalsmith is one who works with or has the knowledge and the capacity of working with "all" metals. Types of smiths include: The ancient traditional tool of the smith is a forge or smithy , which is a furnace designed to allow compressed air (through

323-558: The mountains and on the plateau, respectively. Annual rainfall is from 1500 to 2800 mm in the mountains and 300 to 800 mm on the plateau. Major rivers originating from the mountains are Numbi, Kimani, Luvanyila and Ijangala . Smaller portions of the Great Ruaha River Basin lie within Makete District. Currently, the biggest challenges to be met by administration, are to improve the transportation infrastructure and provide better health care. HIV/AIDS appears to be

342-509: The unique construction layout of their structures which were built surrounding the common space used for public meetings The Nyakyusa considered iron a scarce and precious commodity normally needing the secret skills of the Kinga smiths . With the invasion of the Ngoni the Nyakyusa found their wood-tipped spears to be ineffective against tough shields and went to the Kinga for well-made iron-tipped spears. Iron , melting at about 2,804 °F,

361-409: Was heated to about 2,200 °F and then layered in charcoal until the slag drained off. The remainder was a solid spongy mass called bloom , which was then reheated and hammered in a forge with no guarantee of success. Each operation required the building of a new furnace with demands on charcoal, labor, and skills. The production of only three hoes or spears may have needed a ton of charcoal and

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