Mala Arayan or Malaiyarayan , is a member of a tribal community in parts of Kottayam, Idukki and Pattanamtitta districts of Kerala state , southern India.
77-649: They are listed (Central List No - 20) as part of Scheduled Tribes by the Government of India. Among the Scheduled Tribes, Malai Arayans out class all the other tribes in socio-economical and educational aspects. When an evaluation in the educational and employment prospect is taken, it will be found that almost all the Government Servants and other employees are coming from this faction of Scheduled Tribes. The Malayaraya community inhabiting
154-504: A 3:2 verdict in Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India Writ Petition (Civil) No(S). 55 OF 2019, upheld the validity of the 103rd constitutional amendment carried out to provide legal sanction carve out 10% reservation for the economically weaker sections from unreserved classes for admission in educational institutions and government jobs and held that the 50% cap on quota is not inviolable and affirmative action on economic basis may go
231-529: A 5% sub-quota for Kapus out of EWS reservation. Marathas , the dominant caste of Maharashtra, have been agitating for OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, after the rape and murder of a 15-year old Maratha girl in Kopardi, the Maratha community organized massive protests throughout Maharashtra. Their demands included death for the accused as well as reservations for the Maratha community which makes up 16% of
308-478: A basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic, social conditions of woman candidates especially when applying reservation for educated women. The criticism points that the policy benefits women that have access to political capital through family circles and are faced with the burden of a huge learning curve. Again, women are divided among caste and class lines with this dichotomy playing an important role in deciding how
385-582: A class-free India and the abolition of untouchability . His 1902 measures created 50 percent reservation for backward communities. In 1918, at the behest of several non-Brahmin organizations criticizing Brahmin domination of administration, the Mysore Raja Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar created a committee to implement reservations for non-Brahmins in government jobs and education over the opposition of his Diwan M. Viswesvaraya , who resigned in protest. On 16 September 1921,
462-567: A long way in eradicating caste-based reservation. This constitutional amendment pushed the total reservation to 59.50% in central institutions. On 1 August 2024, the Supreme Court of India ruled 6:1 in favor of permitting states to create sub-quotas for Scheduled Castes and Tribes within their reservation schemes. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud stated that Article 14 of the Constitution of India should be interpreted to mean "that
539-774: A march through Gujarat, but protests in several cities turned violent and the Rapid Action Force was sent in. In January 2016, the Kapu community in Andhra Pradesh began leading protests to be classified in Backward Classes. The agitation became violent when in Tuni , Kapu protestors set trains on fire. In 2019, the Telugu Desam Party which had just been made opposition, tabled a bill to have
616-567: A notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification. Article 342 (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purpose of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as
693-413: A number of Muslim communities as backward Muslims , making them eligible for reservation. The Union Government on 22 December 2011 announced the establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5% for religious minorities within the existing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes. The reasoning given was that Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with Hindu OBC communities. It
770-692: A series of protests that took place in India in 2006 in opposition to the decision of the Union Government of India , led by the Indian National Congress -headed multiparty coalition United Progressive Alliance , to implement reservations for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in central and private institutes of higher education. This move led to massive protests, particularly from students and doctors belonging to
847-536: A single Hindu electorate, with backward classes having more seats reserved within it. Electorates for other religions, such as Islam and Sikhism, remained separate. This became known as the Poona Pact . In 1942, the Scheduled Castes gained 8.5% reservation in central services and other facilities for the first time. After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favor of
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#1732797989609924-571: A state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC/STs in the promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class. In 2007, the Government of Uttar Pradesh introduced reservation in job promotions. However, citing the Supreme Court decision, the policy was ruled to be unconstitutional by the Allahabad High Court in 2011. The decision
1001-426: A targeted flow of funds and associated benefits from the annual plan of states and Union Territories (UTs) in at least a proportion to the national SC population. Twenty-seven states and UTs with sizable SC populations are implementing the plan. Although the Scheduled Castes population according to the 2001 Census was 16.66 crores (16.23% of the total population), the allocations made through SCSP have been lower than
1078-636: A tit-for-tat cycle of violence between Police and Gujjars. The violence ended with 37 people dead. Their move was opposed by the Meenas, the main ST community in Rajasthan. In 2019, the agitation restarted as Gujjars demanded 5% reservation, and began blocking trains to this effect. Jats have been demanding OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, they began an agitation to get this status. To this effect they began protesting by blockading roads and lines, but later
1155-546: Is based on merit. In central-government funded higher education institutions, 22.5% of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (7.5% for STs, 15% for SCs). This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5% by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which will next rotate in 2026 per
1232-429: Is given to reservation category including 33% reservation for Women, priority in hiring is given by : and then after Open category will be considered. Government and public sector hiring based on merit in open category and one more anomaly here i.e., priority in hiring is the same as for the reserved category. The landmark initiative of Special Recruitment for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe in Government jobs
1309-537: The 2011 census ). The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 lists 1,108 castes across 28 states in its First Schedule, and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule. Since the independence of India, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given Reservation status , guaranteeing political representation, preference in promotion, quota in universities, free and stipended education, scholarships, banking services, various government schemes and
1386-634: The Andhra Pradesh High Court quashed the sub-quota. The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis. The court criticized the decision: "In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government.". Mandal commission protests of 1990 were against reservation in government jobs based on caste in India . The 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests were
1463-618: The British raj . Demands for various forms of positive discrimination has been made, for example, in 1882 and 1891. Chatrapati Shahu , the Maharaja of the princely state of Kolhapur , introduced reservation in favor of non- Brahmin and backward classes, much of which came into effect in 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it. He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed, and he appealed both for
1540-543: The British rule . Based on provisions in the Indian Constitution , it allows the Union Government and the States and Territories of India to set a high percentage of reserved quotas or seats , in higher education admissions, employment, political bodies, etc., for "socially and economically backward citizens". Quota systems favouring certain castes and other communities existed before independence in
1617-614: The Constitution (One Hundred And Twenty-Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2019 which provided 10% additional quota for the economically weaker sections amongst the erstwhile unreserved category students. The definition of 'economically weaker sections' will be defined by the State from time to time. The constitutional amendment has laid down that they will be restricted to people with household income less than 8 Lakh per annum and those who own agricultural land below five acres. Business Today has commented that these criteria cover almost 100 percent of
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#17327979896091694-532: The Constitution of India and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories. For much of the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent , they were known as the Depressed Classes. In modern literature, many castes under the Scheduled Castes category are sometimes referred to as Dalit , meaning "broken" or "dispersed" for the untouchables. The term having been popularised by
1771-590: The Delimitation Commission ). Some states and UTs have reservations for females which varies from 5% to 33.33%. The exact percentages vary from state to state: The Women's Reservation Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favor and 1 against. As of March 2013, the Lok Sabha has not voted on the bill. Critics say gender cannot be held as
1848-802: The Madras Presidency provided 44% reservation to Non-Brahmin Hindus, 16% to Brahmins, Muslims, Christians, and Anglo-Indians, and 8% to Scheduled Castes. During the Round Table Conference of June 1932 , the Prime Minister of Britain, Ramsay MacDonald , proposed the Communal Award , according to which separate representation was to be provided for Muslims , Sikhs , Indian Christians , Anglo-Indians , and Europeans . The depressed classes, roughly corresponding to
1925-781: The One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India was given ascension after having been introduced during the Special Session of the Parliament of India. The amendment seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the Lok Sabha and elected state legislative assemblies for women. In 2017, a drafting committee in Karnataka crafted the a policy to create a 1% reservation for transgender people in education and employment. On 21 July 2021, Karnataka implemented
2002-648: The Patidar community (better known as Patel) began agitating for OBC status in Gujarat. This movement consisted of massive demonstrations across the state, led by Hardik Patel. Later many of these protests turned violent, resulting in curfews across the state and crores worth of damage. Talks with the government broke down, and the violence restarted. After the Jat agitation began in 2016, the Patidars flared up again and led
2079-478: The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs) and after the 1980s in favour of OBCs (Other Backward Castes) and in 2019 for poor in the general category. The country's affirmative action program was launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world. A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability. SCs were the primary targets of the practice, which
2156-589: The Tamil Nadu government's BCC Department issued a government order classifying transgender persons under Other Backward Class status as a caste identity if lacking a community certificate. In June 2024, the Madras High Court struck down the order and directed the Tamil Nadu government to provide 1% horizontal reservations to the transgender community in education and employment, ruling that
2233-480: The forward castes , who claimed that the government's proposal was discriminatory, discarded meritocracy and was driven by vote-bank politics . In 2008 and 2010, the Gujjar community in Rajasthan demanded reclassification from OBC to ST ( Scheduled Tribes ) for increased reservation benefits. They began violently protesting on the streets of Rajasthan and blocked several rail lines. Police firing on Gujjars began
2310-440: The presence of women in the lowest tier of governance impact the problems faced by the women of the constituency In Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, 32% of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services, such as police, health, education and general administration. From 2015 onwards Kerala has implemented a 55% reservation for all posts of its local self governing bodies. On 28 September 2023,
2387-855: The British-administered provinces. After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The complete list of castes and tribes was made via two orders: The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 , respectively. Which are derived from colonial list and first updated in Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956. Furthermore, independent India's quest for inclusivity
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2464-441: The Constitution lays down the general principles of positive discrimination for SCs and STs. As per Article 366 (24) of Constitution of India the Scheduled Castes is defined as: Such castes , races or tribes or part of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under Article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purpose of this [Indian] constitution. As per Article 366 (25) of Constitution of India
2541-425: The Constitution. It thus put a cap on reservations. However, the recent amendment of the constitution exceeds 50% and also there are state laws that exceed this 50 percent limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, in the State of Tamil Nadu , the caste-based reservation stands at 69 percent and applies to about 87 percent of the population. On 7 November 2022, Supreme Court of India by
2618-540: The Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar during the independence struggle. Ambedkar preferred the term Dalit over Gandhi 's term Harijan , meaning "people of Hari " ( lit. ' Man of God ' ). Similarly, the Scheduled Tribes are often referred to as Adivasi (earliest inhabitants), Vanvasi (inhabitants of forest) and Vanyajati (people of forest). However, the Government of India refrains from using derogatory and anthropologically incorrect terms. Instead, it uses
2695-710: The GO violated Articles 14, 15, 16, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India , as well as the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India verdict. In June 2024, the Calcutta High Court ordered the government of West Bengal to establish a 1% quota in public employment. While courts have ruled that reservations on the basis of religion are unconstitutional, several state governments have allotted reservations to religious minorities or backward classes among religious minorities on
2772-568: The Indian Reservation policy. Hence, these societies usually forge their community certificate as Hindus and practice Christianity or Islam, afraid for their loss of reservation. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : Constitution of India. Reservation in India Reservation is a controversial system of affirmative action in India created during
2849-662: The SC and ST candidates, respectively. A significant change began in 1979 when the Mandal Commission or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes. The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the 1931 census , thus estimating the group's population at 52 per cent. In 1980,
2926-450: The STs and SCs, were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote, although they could also vote in other seats. The proposal was controversial: Mahatma Gandhi fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes, including B. R. Ambedkar , had to favor it. After negotiations, Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have
3003-498: The Scheduled Tribes is defined as: Such tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to the Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this [Indian] Constitution. Article 341 (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification specify
3080-664: The State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially, and educationally backward classes of citizens of or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes." Article 46 of the Constitution states that "The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation." The Supreme Court of India ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 percent, anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by
3157-462: The Union government extended reservations for Other Backward Classes in institutes of higher education it substantially funded. In 2019 the government announces the 10% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for economically weaker section of the general category. The Constitution of India states in article 15(4): "Nothing in [article 15] or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent
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3234-582: The Varna system. Since the 1850s, these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the British authorities assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report , Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in
3311-701: The above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in M. Nagaraj & Others Vs. Union of India & Others , mainly on the ground that these altered the Basic Structure of the Constitution . In 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show, in each case, the existence of "compelling reasons" - which include "backwardness", "inadequacy of representation" and overall "administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely enabling provisions . If
3388-472: The basis of socio-educational backwardness and representation. The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians). The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a law enabling 4 percent reservations for Muslims in 2004. This law
3465-412: The case may be. (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification. In a broader sense, the term 'Scheduled' refers to
3542-470: The castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as the case may be. (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause of any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid
3619-568: The commission established by the Ministry of Welfare's Resolution of 1989. In 2003, the Constitution was again amended to divide the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. Due to the spread of Christianity and Islam among scheduled caste communities, the converted individuals are not protected under
3696-490: The commission's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government. It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education, except where states already had more generous requirements. It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs. In 2006,
3773-546: The first Justice Party government passed the first Communal Government Order (G. O. # 613), thereby becoming the first elected body in the Indian legislative history to legislate reservations, which have since become standard across the country. The Imperial parliament at Westminster introduced elements of reservation in the Government of India Act of 1909 and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence. The depressed classes were provided some seats in 1919 before seeing further increase in 1925. In 1927,
3850-574: The government on broad policy issues and the development levels of SCs and STs. Now it is included in Article 342. In 1990, Article 338 was amended for the National Commission for SCs and STs with the Constitution (Sixty fifth Amendment) Bill, 1990 . The first commission under the 65th Amendment was constituted in March 1992, replacing the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and
3927-707: The larger community, and overall backwardness. The scheduling process refers back to the definitions of communities used in the colonial census along with modern anthropological study and is guided by Article 341 and 342 . Per the first clause of Article 341 and 342 , the list of Scheduled communities is subject to specific state and union territory , with area restrictions to districts , subdistricts , and tehsils . Furthermore, members of Scheduled Communities are entitled based on religious criteria: Scheduled Castes must be adherents of Hinduism , Sikhism , or Buddhism , whereas Scheduled Tribes can belong to any religion to be recognized as Scheduled. The evolution of
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#17327979896094004-419: The legal list of specific castes and tribes of the states and union territories, as enacted in the Constitution of India , with the purpose of social justice by ensuring social security, and providing adequate representation in education, employment, and governance to promote their upliftment and integration into mainstream society. The process of including and excluding communities, castes, or tribes to/from
4081-520: The list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes adheres to certain silent criteria and procedures established by the Lokur committee in 1965. For Scheduled Castes (SCs), the criteria involve extreme social, educational, and economic backwardness resulting from the practice of untouchability . On the other hand, Scheduled Tribes (STs) are identified based on indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with
4158-614: The lower caste into the modern-day Scheduled Castes is complex. The caste system as a stratification of classes in India originated about 2,000 years ago, and has been influenced by dynasties and ruling elites, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. The Hindu concept of Varna historically incorporated occupation-based communities. Some low-caste groups, such as those formerly called untouchables who constitute modern-day Scheduled Castes, were considered outside
4235-587: The oldest poems in Malayalam language and its creator Ayiroor Govindan. Malayaraya is said to be the tribe that taught the sorcerer priest of Kerala, Kadamattathu Kathanar, before he escaped from them in the early 5th century. During the escape, they are said to have followed him into the Kadamattam church, and lashed on the church door. Malayarayars praise "Thiruvaranmula Appan" and "Ayiroor Bhagavati" in their traditional songs. They are believed to have left
4312-698: The plains for mountains after their defeat at Chotty sometime between AD 1407 and 1419. Malayaraya/ Malaya country known as "Maleam" in certain 17th century European maps of Malabar lying east of Chotti was transferred to Poonjar by the victoriousThekkumkur rajas. The last few lines of "Bana Yudham" reveals the antiquity of Aranmula Vanjippattu tradition. വഞ്ചിരാമൻ (രാമവർമ്മ കുലശേഖരപ്പെരുമാൾ ?) മന്ത്രിമാരിൽ (നാല് തളി ?) മുൻപനാകും മഹാവീരൻ പഞ്ചബാണാംബുജവീരൻ അംബുജനേത്രൻ നെഞ്ചിലേറ്റം മോദമോടെ വഞ്ചിതന്നിൽ പാടുവാൻ ചഞ്ചലം കൂടാതെ നല്ല വഞ്ചിയുണ്ടാക്കി' Malayarayas have no historical memory about their presence in Ayiroor,
4389-595: The policy, making the state the first in the country to provide one percent reservation for the transgender community in all government services. The government submitted a report to the High Court in this regard, informing that a notification had already been issued after amending the Karnataka Civil Service. The job could be given to males or females, from the same category, in case of the non-availability of transgender candidates. On April 6, 2015,
4466-646: The president. Seventeen regional offices of the Commissioner were established throughout the country. There was an initiative to replace the Commissioner with a committee in the 48th Amendment to the Constitution, changing Article 338. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare established the first committee for SCs and STs (with the functions of the Commissioner) in August 1978. These functions were modified in September 1987 to include advising
4543-498: The proportional population. A strange factor has emerged of extremely lowered fertility of scheduled castes in Kerala , due to land reform, migrating ( Kerala Gulf diaspora ) and democratization of education. In the original Constitution, Article 338 provided for a special officer (the Commissioner for SCs and STs) responsible for monitoring the implementation of constitutional and legislative safeguards for SCs and STs and reporting to
4620-496: The proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures. In 1935, the UK Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935 , designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act introduced
4697-549: The protests turned violent. Riots spread to Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, and even Rajasthan. The epicentre of the violence was in Rothak , and almost ₹34000 crores ($ 4.8 billion) worth of property was damaged and 30 were killed. Bowing to the pressure, the Haryana government created a special category for Jats and other upper castes called BC, and appointed 10% reservation, but the measure was blocked in court. Beginning in 2015,
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#17327979896094774-471: The relationship with Aranmula temple or "Vanjippattu". These facts have came into light through some studies concluded quite recently. This article about an Indian ethnicity or social group is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Scheduled Tribes The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India . The terms are recognized in
4851-578: The safeguards built into the Constitution and other legislation, the Constitution under Articles 338 and 338A provides for two constitutional commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes , and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes . The chairpersons of both commissions sit ex officio on the National Human Rights Commission . The Constitution provides a three-pronged strategy to improve
4928-564: The same law should apply to those who are similarly situated. " Justice Bela Trivedi provided the lone dissent, saying that states did not have the power to "tinker" with the 1950 Presidential List and that the sub-quotas violated Article 14. Justice B.R. Gavai concurred with Chief Justice Chandrachud, but added that the 'creamy layer' concept that applied to OBCs should apply to SC/ST groups as well. Government and public sector will hire job seekers based on reservation percentage from two different categories : While hiring, major priority
5005-401: The situation of SCs and STs: The Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) of 1979 mandated a planning process for the social, economic and educational development of Scheduled Castes and improvement in their working and living conditions. It was an umbrella strategy, ensuring the flow of targeted financial and physical benefits from the general sector of development to the Scheduled Castes. It entailed
5082-416: The state's population. Some road blocks turned violent in 2017 and 2018, but overall the protests were peaceful. Their demand was met when the Maharashtra government instituted a special SEBC (Socially and Educationally Backward Classes) category for them with 16% reservation. The Supreme Court of India later however, declared the SEBC reservation for Marathas as unconstitutional. The Union Government tabled
5159-420: The term "Scheduled Castes", defining the group as "such castes, parts of groups within castes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer". This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936 , which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout
5236-565: The terms Anusuchit Jati (Scheduled Caste) and Anusuchit Janjati (Scheduled Tribe), as defined by the Constitution of India , for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In September 2018, the government "issued an advisory to all private satellite channels asking them to refrain from using the derogatory nomenclature 'Dalit', though rights groups and intellectuals have come out against any shift from 'Dalit' in popular usage". The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6% and 8.6%, respectively, of India's population (according to
5313-410: The upper reaches of Western ghats at present, have many Vanjippattu songs included in their literature which are used in their artforms such as Kolakali and Ivarkali. The presence of such songs which are exclusively used in the Aranmula tradition could be because Malayarayars were once the non-Brahmanical, vama/Kaulachara "karmis" of Aranmula Appan or mahavishnu as attested by " Thirunizhalmala ," one of
5390-417: Was alleged that the decision was announced as the Election Commission announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011. The government would not have been able to announce this due to the model code of conduct. On 12 January 2012, the Election Commission stayed implementation of this decision for violation of the model code of conduct. Later, Justice Sachar, head of the Sachar Committee that
5467-716: Was challenged in the Supreme Court, which upheld it in 2012 by rejecting the government's argument because it failed to furnish sufficient valid data to justify the move to promote employees on a caste basis. Universities allot seats based on reservation percentage from the same two categories, that is : Government Universities will allot based on the same priority as previously mentioned, along with, reservation percentage under consideration for entrance exams fees, for cut off marks, for allotment of seats and also applicable to other government schemes. In India student aids are available for—SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs, women, Muslims, and other minorities. Only about 0.7% of student aids in India
5544-544: Was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social, economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India , criticised the government decision, saying "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections". He suggested that instead of promising to give reservations, the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance. On 28 May 2012,
5621-495: Was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of consequential seniority to SC/ST candidates promoted by reservation. The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply. The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC/ST candidates in promotion. The validity of all
5698-431: Was incident through the appointment of B. R. Ambedkar as the chairman of the drafting committee for the Constitution. Ambedkar was a scheduled caste constitutional lawyer, a member of the low caste. After 15 years since the first amendment listing Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the government adopted updated criteria for inclusion and exclusion based on the Lokur committee report of 1965. To effectively implement
5775-490: Was outlawed by the new Constitution of India. In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 percent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 percent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 percent and 7.5 percent of vacancies in public sector and government-aided educational institutes should be reserved for
5852-595: Was started in Kerala in 1972 by Vella Eacharan. The 1993 Supreme Court ruling in the Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India case said that reservations in job promotions are "unconstitutional" or not in accordance with the political constitution but allowed its continuation for five years. In 1995, the 77th amendment to the Constitution was made to amend Article 16 before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC/STs in promotions. It
5929-446: Was upheld by the Supreme Court in an interim order in 2010 but it constituted a Constitution bench to look further into the issue. The referral was to examine the constitutional validity of quotas based on religion. Kerala Public Service Commission has a quota of 12% for Muslims. Religious minority (Muslim or Christian) educational institutes also have 50% reservation for Muslim or Christian religions. The Central government has listed
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