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76-457: Maniwa is located in north-central Okayama Prefecture and is approximately in the center of the Chūgoku Mountains , which forms its northern border with Tottori Prefecture. Occupying 11.6% of Okayama Prefecture, it has the largest area of any municipality in the prefecture. It measures roughly 55 km from North to South, and 35 km from east to west. The mountainous part of the city to

152-810: A drainage divide and natural barrier in western Japan between the San'in Region to the north and the San'yō Region to the south. The Chūgoku Mountains are the source of several rivers in western Japan. All flow either north to the Japan Sea or south to the Inland Sea with the exception of the Gōnokawa River (206 kilometres (128 mi)), which runs along the mountain range in Hiroshima and Shimane prefectures. The Sendai River (52 kilometres (32 mi)),

228-412: A production-based approach to calculating GHG emissions is not a carbon footprint analysis. This approach is also called a territorial-based approach. The production-based approach includes only impacts physically produced in the country in question. Consumption-based accounting redistributes the emissions from production-based accounting. It considers that emissions in another country are necessary for

304-482: A 600m stretch of streets to preserve as it would have been in the Edo Period, including the burying of powerlines and reduction of street lights. Currently, the town is known for its Noren curtains, which hang 24/7 outside most homes and shops, and are all made by Yoko Kano, a local artist. Kuse, home to the main city office, is also known for the "Former Senkyo Elementary School." Built in a Western style in 1907,

380-634: A biomass electric power plant, which runs using woody biomass in the forms of by-products of the city's lumber industries and household waste. The plant products over 10,000 kW, and can power more than 22,000 of Maniwa's homes, of which it sells some of the energy back to the National Grid. The City Office in Kuse is also fueled by a biomass boiler, and also uses solar panels in an attempt to reduce its carbon footprint . Maniwa has 24 public elementary schools and six public junior high school operated by

456-531: A carbon footprint addresses concerns of carbon leakage which the Paris Agreement does not cover. Carbon leakage occurs when importing countries outsource production to exporting countries. The outsourcing countries are often rich countries while the exporters are often low-income countries . Countries can make it appear that their GHG emissions are falling by moving "dirty" industries abroad, even if their emissions could be increasing when looked at from

532-472: A consumption perspective. Carbon leakage and related international trade have a range of environmental impacts. These include increased air pollution , water scarcity , biodiversity loss , raw material usage, and energy depletion. Scholars have argued in favour of using both consumption-based and production-based accounting. This helps establish shared producer and consumer responsibility. Currently countries report on their annual GHG inventory to

608-498: A higher elevation, tend to be much cooler in the summer, with heavy snow in the winter, and temperatures often dropping into the negatives. However, further down south in Kuse to Hokubo, snow may fall in the winter but rarely accumulates, but the summers are hotter in comparison to Hiruzen. Maniwa is also situated far in land, which means that typhoons often do not affect it as badly as seaside towns in Okayama. The mountains throughout

684-511: A more consistent and transparent manner. CO 2 emissions of countries are typically measured on the basis of production . This accounting method is sometimes referred to as territorial emissions. Countries use it when they report their emissions, and set domestic and international targets such as Nationally Determined Contributions . Consumption -based emissions on the other hand are adjusted for trade. To calculate consumption-based emissions analysts have to track which goods are traded across

760-465: A number of questions that need to be answered. These include which activities are linked to which emissions, and which proportion should be attributed to which company. Software is essential for company management. But there is a need for new ways of enterprise resource planning to improve corporate sustainability performance. To achieve 95% carbon footprint coverage, it would be necessary to assess 12 million individual supply-chain contributions. This

836-715: A strategy to reduce it. For most businesses the vast majority of emissions do not come from activities on site, known as Scope 1, or from energy supplied to the organization, known as Scope 2, but from Scope 3 emissions, the extended upstream and downstream supply chain . Therefore, ignoring Scope 3 emissions makes it impossible to detect all emissions of importance, which limits options for mitigation. Large companies in sectors such as clothing or automobiles would need to examine more than 100,000 supply chain pathways to fully report their carbon footprints. The importance of displacement of carbon emissions has been known for some years. Scientists also call this carbon leakage . The idea of

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912-574: A wider perspective. It includes a number of socio-economic and environmental indicators. It offers calculations that are either consumption-based, following the carbon footprint approach, or production-based. The database of the SCP-HAT tool is underpinned by input–output analysis. This means it includes Scope 3 emissions. The IO methodology is also governed by UN standards. It is based on input-output tables of countries' national accounts and international trade data such as UN Comtrade, and therefore it

988-577: Is a mountain range in the Chūgoku region of western Japan . It runs in an east–west direction and stretches approximately 500 km (311 mi) from Hyōgo Prefecture in the east to the coast of Yamaguchi Prefecture . The range also reaches under the Pacific Ocean . The two tallest mountains in the group are Daisen and Mount Hyōno , which are 1,729 m (5,673 ft) and 1,510 m (4,954 ft), respectively. Many other mountains in

1064-490: Is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country adds to the atmosphere . Carbon footprints are usually reported in tonnes of emissions ( CO 2 -equivalent ) per unit of comparison. Such units can be for example tonnes CO 2 -eq per year , per kilogram of protein for consumption , per kilometer travelled , per piece of clothing and so forth. A product's carbon footprint includes

1140-627: Is as follows: "A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) emissions of a defined population, system or activity, considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population, system or activity of interest. Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent using the relevant 100-year global warming potential (GWP100)." Scientists report carbon footprints in terms of equivalents of tonnes of CO 2 emissions ( CO 2 -equivalent ). They may report them per year, per person, per kilogram of protein, per kilometer travelled, and so on. In

1216-430: Is based on analyzing 12 sectoral case studies. The Scope 3 calculations can be made easier using input-output analysis. This is a technique originally developed by Nobel Prize-winning economist Wassily Leontief . Consumption-based emission accounting traces the impacts of demand for goods and services along the global supply chain to the end-consumer. It is also called consumption-based carbon accounting. In contrast,

1292-443: Is because it is often produced in monocultures with ample use of fertilizers and pesticides . Another example is offshore wind parks , which could have unintended impacts on marine ecosystems . The carbon footprint analysis solely focuses on greenhouse gas emissions, unlike a life-cycle assessment which is much broader and looks at all environmental impacts. Therefore, it is useful to stress in communication activities that

1368-508: Is comparable worldwide. The term carbon footprint has been applied to limited calculations that do not include Scope 3 emissions or the entire supply chain. This can lead to claims of misleading customers with regards to the real carbon footprints of companies or products. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect . This contributes to climate change . Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), from burning fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas ,

1444-619: Is home to the largest Jersey Cow Farm in Japan, with the "Jersey Land" facilities giving tourists the ability to see the cows up close, milk them, and eat foods made from the Jersey milk. The highlands are also known for their "Cycling Road", a 30 km loop of well-maintained cycling paths, with various rental shops along the route. Yubara Onsen is also a popular resort, with its numerous hot springs (onsen), and close proximity to Hiruzen. Its most well-known onsen, "Sunayu", has been designated one of

1520-558: Is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita . The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies . Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases . Emissions in

1596-450: Is the high level of detail that can be obtained on-site or by liaising with suppliers. However, LCA has been hampered by the artificial construction of a boundary after which no further impacts of upstream suppliers are considered. This can introduce significant truncation errors . LCA has been combined with input-output analysis. This enables on-site detailed knowledge to be incorporated. IO connects to global economic databases to incorporate

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1672-402: Is the key driver of carbon emissions. It has a bigger impact than population growth. And it counters the effects of technological developments. Continued economic growth mirrors the increasing trend in material extraction and GHG emissions . “Industrial emissions have been growing faster since 2000 than emissions in any other sector, driven by increased basic materials extraction and production,”

1748-471: Is therefore more comprehensive. This comprehensive carbon footprint reporting including Scope 3 emissions deals with gaps in current systems. Countries' GHG inventories for the UNFCCC do not include international transport. Comprehensive carbon footprint reporting looks at the final demand for emissions, to where the consumption of the goods and services takes place. A formal definition of carbon footprint

1824-512: Is to be included. Carbon footprints can be calculated at different scales. They can apply to whole countries, cities, neighborhoods and also sectors, companies and products. Several free online carbon footprint calculators exist to calculate personal carbon footprints. Software such as the "Scope 3 Evaluator" can help companies report emissions throughout their value chain. The software tools can help consultants and researchers to model global sustainability footprints. In each situation there are

1900-707: Is usually in the range of 16 to 50 grams CO 2 eq per km. For moderate or long distances, trains nearly always have a lower carbon footprint than other options. Carbon accounting (or greenhouse gas accounting) is a framework of methods to measure and track how much greenhouse gas (GHG) an organization emits. It can also be used to track projects or actions to reduce emissions in sectors such as forestry or renewable energy . Corporations , cities and other groups use these techniques to help limit climate change . Organizations will often set an emissions baseline, create targets for reducing emissions, and track progress towards them. The accounting methods enable them to do this in

1976-463: Is wrapped in. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report found that global GHG emissions have continued to rise across all sectors. Global consumption was the main cause. The most rapid growth was in transport and industry. A key driver of global carbon emissions is affluence . The IPCC noted that the wealthiest 10% in the world contribute between about one third to one half (36%–45%) of global GHG emissions. Researcheres have previously found that affluence

2052-502: The Miura clan . Following the Meiji restoration , Katsuyama village was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on June 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on February 26, 1896. The modern city of Maniwa was established on March 31, 2005, from the merger of Katsuyama with the town of Hokubō (from Jōbō District ); the towns of Ochiai , Yubara and Kuse , and

2128-582: The Shinjō rivers. The Hiruzen Highlands sit at an elevation of 500–600 meters above sea-level, and is part of the Daisen-Oki National Park . With Maniwa being far from any major fault lines, the chance of an earthquake above 7.0 magnitude is less than 1%, small compared to other areas of Japan. Okayama Prefecture Tottori Prefecture Maniwa's climate varies greatly from north to south. The Hiruzen Highlands up north, due to being at

2204-756: The Tenjin River (32 kilometres (20 mi)), the Hino River (77 kilometres (48 mi)), and the Kando River (82 kilometres (51 mi)) all run steeply from the Chūgoku Mountains to the Japan Sea. The Yoshii River (83 kilometres (52 mi)), the Asahi River (88 kilometres (55 mi)), and the Ōta River (655 kilometres (407 mi)) form a broader alluvial plain to the south of

2280-542: The UNFCCC based on their territorial emissions. This is known as the territorial-based or production-based approach. Including consumption-based calculations in the UNFCCC reporting requirements would help close loopholes by addressing the challenge of carbon leakage. The Paris Agreement currently does not require countries to include in their national totals GHG emissions associated with international transport. These emissions are reported separately. They are not subject to

2356-443: The UNFCCC . The GHG emissions listed in those national inventories are only from activities in the country itself. This approach is called territorial-based accounting or production-based accounting. It does not take into account production of goods and services imported on behalf of residents. Consumption-based accounting does reflect emissions from goods and services imported from other countries. Consumption-based accounting

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2432-611: The carbon dioxide emissions are taken into account. These do not include other greenhouse gases , such as methane and nitrous oxide . Various methods to calculate the carbon footprint exist, and these may differ somewhat for different entities. For organizations it is common practice to use the Greenhouse Gas Protocol . It includes three carbon emission scopes. Scope 1 refers to direct carbon emissions. Scope 2 and 3 refer to indirect carbon emissions. Scope 3 emissions are those indirect emissions that result from

2508-458: The life cycle of a commercial product , process , or service. It is not limited to the greenhouse gas emissions. It is also called life cycle analysis. It includes water pollution , air pollution , ecotoxicity and similar types of pollution. Some widely recognized procedures for LCA are included in the ISO 14000 series of environmental management standards. A standard called ISO 14040:2006 provides

2584-483: The value chain . Transportation of good, and other indirect emissions are also part of this scope. In 2022 about 30% of US companies reported Scope 3 emissions. The International Sustainability Standards Board is developing a recommendation to include Scope 3 emissions in all GHG reporting. The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes. It is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels . The increase in greenhouse gases in

2660-565: The 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO 2 ), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO 2 ) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO 2 ) from land use change . Land-use change , such as deforestation , caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%. The Carbon Trust has worked with UK manufacturers to produce "thousands of carbon footprint assessments". As of 2014

2736-553: The Carbon Trust state they have measured 28,000 certifiable product carbon footprints. Plant-based foods tend to have a lower carbon footprint than meat and dairy. In many cases a much smaller footprint. This holds true when comparing the footprint of foods in terms of their weight, protein content or calories. The protein output of peas and beef provides an example. Producing 100 grams of protein from peas emits just 0.4 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 eq). To get

2812-517: The IPCC said. There can be wide variations in emissions for transport of people. This is due to various factors. They include the length of the trip, the source of electricity in the local grid and the occupancy of public transport. In the case of driving the type of vehicle and number of passengers are factors. Over short to medium distances, walking or cycling are nearly always the lowest carbon way to travel. The carbon footprint of cycling one kilometer

2888-632: The USA, Luxembourg and Australia it was over 25 tonnes CO 2 e per person. In 2017, the average for the USA was about 20 metric tonnes CO 2 e per person. This is one of the highest per capita figures in the world. The footprints per capita of countries in Africa and India were well below average. Per capita emissions in India are low for its huge population. But overall the country is the third largest emitter of CO 2 and fifth largest economy by nominal GDP in

2964-480: The United Nations underpin this analysis. The analysis enables a Structural Path Analysis. This scans and ranks the top supply chain nodes and paths. It conveniently lists hotspots for urgent action. Input-output analysis has increased in popularity because of its ability to examine global value chains . Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology for assessing all environmental impacts associated with

3040-415: The activities of an organization but come from sources which they do not own or control. For countries it is common to use consumption-based emissions accounting to calculate their carbon footprint for a given year. Consumption-based accounting using input-output analysis backed by super-computing makes it possible to analyse global supply chains . Countries also prepare national GHG inventories for

3116-454: The argument that other greenhouse gases were more difficult to quantify. This is because of their differing global warming potentials. They also stated that an inclusion of all greenhouse gases would make the carbon footprint indicator less practical. But there are disadvantages to this approach. One disadvantage of not including methane is that some products or sectors that have a high methane footprint such as livestock appear less harmful for

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3192-535: The atmosphere is also due to deforestation and agricultural and industrial practices . These include cement production . The two most notable greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane . Greenhouse gas emissions, and hence humanity's carbon footprint, have been increasing during the 21st century. The Paris Agreement aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions enough to limit the rise in global temperature to no more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The carbon footprint concept makes comparisons between

3268-613: The blame for negative consequences of those industries on to individual choices. Geoffrey Supran and Naomi Oreskes of Harvard University argue that concepts such as carbon footprints "hamstring us, and they put blinders on us, to the systemic nature of the climate crisis and the importance of taking collective action to address the problem". A focus on carbon footprints can lead people to ignore or even exacerbate other related environmental issues of concern. These include biodiversity loss , ecotoxicity , and habitat destruction . It may not be easy to measure these other human impacts on

3344-477: The carbon footprint as the "measure of the exclusive total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the lifecycle stages of a product." The IPCC report's authors adopted the same definition that had been proposed in 2007 in the UK. That publication included only carbon dioxide in the definition of carbon footprint. It justified this with

3420-580: The carbon footprint concept allows everyone to make comparisons between the climate impacts of individuals, products, companies and countries. It also helps people devise strategies and priorities for reducing the carbon footprint. The carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 eq) emissions per unit of comparison is a suitable way to express a carbon footprint. This sums up all the greenhouse gas emissions. It includes all greenhouse gases, not just carbon dioxide. And it looks at emissions from economic activities, events, organizations and services. In some definitions, only

3496-407: The carbon footprint is just one in a family of indicators (e.g. ecological footprint , water footprint , land footprint , and material footprint), and should not be looked at in isolation. In fact, carbon footprint can be treated as one component of ecological footprint. The "Sustainable Consumption and Production Hotspot Analysis Tool" (SCP-HAT) is a tool to place carbon footprint analysis into

3572-417: The carbon footprint. They depend on whether the focus is on a country, organization, product or individual person. For example, the carbon footprint of a product could help consumers decide which product to buy if they want to be climate aware . For climate change mitigation activities, the carbon footprint can help distinguish those economic activities with a high footprint from those with a low footprint. So

3648-619: The city government, and two public high schools operated by the Okayama prefectural Board of Education. [REDACTED] JR West (JR West) - Kishin Line 80% of tourists visit the Hiruzen Highlands, which are known as one of the more popular resort areas in Western Japan. Due to its high elevation, the highlands remain cool in the summer, whilst gains heavy snow in the winter, making it popular with local skiers. Hiruzen also

3724-510: The city is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . With thriving lumber industries, Maniwa is investing heavily in sustainable development of its resources. Approximately 80% of Maniwa's land is covered in forest, 60% of which was planted after World War Two. Maniwa is also currently known for its Biomass initiatives, and has been given the title of a "Biomass Town", alongside 317 other areas within Japan. It has

3800-437: The climate impacts of individuals, products, companies and countries. A carbon footprint label on products could enable consumers to choose products with a lower carbon footprint if they want to help limit climate change . For meat products, as an example, such a label could make it clear that beef has a higher carbon footprint than chicken. Understanding the size of an organization's carbon footprint makes it possible to devise

3876-668: The climate than they actually are. The greenhouse gas protocol is a set of standards for tracking greenhouse gas emissions. The standards divide emissions into three scopes (S cope 1, 2 and 3) within the value chain . Greenhouse gas emissions caused directly by the organization such as by burning fossil fuels are referred to as S cope 1 . Emissions caused indirectly by an organization, such as by purchasing secondary energy sources like electricity, heat, cooling or steam are called Scope 2 . Lastly, indirect emissions associated with upstream or downstream processes are called Scope 3 . Direct or Scope 1 carbon emissions come from sources on

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3952-480: The definition of carbon footprint, some scientists include only CO 2. But more commonly they include several of the notable greenhouse gases . They can compare various greenhouse gases by using carbon dioxide equivalents over a relevant time scale, like 100 years. Some organizations use the term greenhouse gas footprint or climate footprint to emphasize that all greenhouse gases are included, not just carbon dioxide. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol includes all of

4028-431: The emissions for the entire life cycle . These run from the production along the supply chain to its final consumption and disposal. Similarly, an organization's carbon footprint includes the direct as well as the indirect emissions that it causes. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (for carbon accounting of organizations) calls these Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions . There are several methodologies and online tools to calculate

4104-468: The entire supply chain. Critics argue that the original aim of promoting the personal carbon footprint concept was to shift responsibility away from corporations and institutions and on to personal lifestyle choices. The fossil fuel company BP ran a large advertising campaign for the personal carbon footprint in 2005 which helped popularize this concept. This strategy, employed by many major fossil fuel companies, has been criticized for trying to shift

4180-472: The environment with a single indicator like the carbon footprint. Consumers may think that the carbon footprint is a proxy for environmental impact. In many cases this is not correct. There can be trade-offs between reducing carbon footprint and environmental protection goals. One example is the use of biofuel , a renewable energy source and can reduce the carbon footprint of energy supply but can also pose ecological challenges during its production. This

4256-528: The framework for conducting an LCA study. ISO 14060 family of standards provides further sophisticated tools. These are used to quantify, monitor, report and validate or verify GHG emissions and removals. Greenhouse gas product life cycle assessments can also comply with specifications such as Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2050 and the GHG Protocol Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard . An advantage of LCA

4332-425: The home country's consumption bundle. Consumer-based accounting is based on input-output analysis. It is used at the highest levels for any economic research question related to environmental or social impacts. Analysis of global supply chains is possible using consumption-based accounting with input-output analysis assisted by super-computing capacity. Leontief created Input-output analysis (IO) to demonstrate

4408-436: The indirect emissions related to purchasing electricity, heat, or steam used on site. Examples of upstream carbon emissions include transportation of materials and fuels, any energy used outside of the production facility, and waste produced outside the production facility. Examples of downstream carbon emissions include any end-of-life process or treatments, product and waste transportation, and emissions associated with selling

4484-494: The limitation and reduction commitments of Annex 1 Parties under the Climate Convention and Kyoto Protocol . The carbon footprint methodology includes GHG emissions associated with international transport, thereby assigning emissions caused by international trade to the importing country. The calculation of the carbon footprint of a product, service or sector requires expert knowledge and careful examination of what

4560-567: The most important greenhouse gases. "The standard covers the accounting and reporting of seven greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol – carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PCFs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 )." In comparison, the IPCC definition of carbon footprint in 2022 covers only carbon dioxide. It defines

4636-563: The mountain range and empty in to the Inland Sea. The Chūgoku Mountains are a source of iron sand , and the region was home to some of the earliest production of ironware in Japan. The broad tablelands of the mountain region support cattle ranches, notably for the production of wagyu beef. The numerous rivers of the Chūgoku Mountains support an extensive network of rice production in western Japan. Carbon footprint A carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint )

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4712-477: The mountains, this cherry blossom tree tends to bloom between mid-late April. A smaller tree, birthed from the original, sits close by on the hilltop. The name "Daigo-Sakura" came from former Emperor Go-Daigo , who, when on his way to exile in the Oki Islands , stopped by this tree and apparently was most impressed by it. Ochiai is also known for its yōkan , a Japanese sweet made from red beans ( anko ). In

4788-568: The north is dominated by Mount Hiruzen (1,202 m (3,944 ft)) and the Hiruzen Highlands, which is the source of the Asahi River , emerges from Mount Hiruzen in Maniwa, and its upper reaches are located within the town. The river has approximately 146 tributaries and a length of 142 kilometres (88 mi). Major tributaries of the Asahi in Maniwa include the Bitchū , Nakazui , Kōchi , Meki , and

4864-721: The product. The GHG Protocol says it is important to calculate upstream and downstream emissions. There could be some double counting . This is because upstream emissions of one person's consumption patterns could be someone else's downstream emissions Scope 3 emissions are all other indirect emissions derived from the activities of an organization. But they are from sources they do not own or control. The GHG Protocol's Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard allows companies to assess their entire value chain emissions impact and identify where to focus reduction activities. Scope 3 emission sources include emissions from suppliers and product users. These are also known as

4940-421: The range are also over 1,000 m (3,281 ft), while some of the smaller mountains are less than 500 m (1,640 ft). Granite is the most common stone found among the mountains, much of which has been exposed through erosion. Other than Daisen, most of the mountains run along the border of Tottori and Okayama prefectures and the border of Shimane and Hiroshima prefectures. The mountains form

5016-450: The relationship between consumption and production in an economy. It incorporates the entire supply chain. It uses input-output tables from countries' national accounts. It also uses international data such as UN Comtrade and Eurostat . Input-output analysis has been extended globally to multi-regional input-output analysis (MRIO). Innovations and technology enabling the analysis of billions of supply chains made this possible. Standards set by

5092-469: The representative hot springs of West Japan, and sits at the base of Yubara Dam. It is a rare mixed-sex onsen, and is also free and open 24/7. Maniwa is also home to one of Japan's Top 100 waterfalls, Kanba Waterfall. Standing at 110 meters tall and 20 meters wide, it is the largest waterfall in West Japan. It is also home to groups of Japanese macaque , most often seen during the winter as they come to

5168-408: The same amount of protein from beef, emissions would be nearly 90 times higher, at 35 kgCO 2 eq. Only a small fraction of the carbon footprint of food comes from transport and packaging. Most of it comes from processes on the farm, or from land use change. This means the choice of what to eat has a larger potential to reduce carbon footprint than how far the food has traveled, or how much packaging it

5244-411: The school is no longer used day-to-day, and has become a tourist attraction. With certain dramas such as "Always" having been filmed here, it is often popular with fans of those dramas. Free to the public, the school also provides Japanese school uniforms you can try at no cost. Further down south, Ochiai is most famous for the "Daigo-Sakura", a 1000+ year old cherry tree. Sat at the top of a hill deep in

5320-538: The shape of the narrow boats that used to carry goods down the river to Okayama, and with a light crust of sugar, these sweets are very popular as souvenirs from the city. At the southernmost tip of Maniwa, Hokubo is most well known for its fireflies in June. One of the best breeding grounds in the prefecture, many tourists visit during this time to see the fireflies during their mating season. Ch%C5%ABgoku Mountains Chūgoku Mountains ( 中国山地 , Chūgoku Sanchi )

5396-424: The site that is producing a product or delivering a service. An example for industry would be the emissions from burning a fuel on site. On the individual level, emissions from personal vehicles or gas-burning stoves are Scope 1. Indirect carbon emissions are emissions from sources upstream or downstream from the process being studied. They are also known as Scope 2 or Scope 3 emissions. Scope 2 emissions are

5472-422: The town create a barrier from extremely heavy winds, and so often rain is the biggest side effect of any typhoons passing nearby. Per Japanese census data, the population of Maniwa in 2020 is 42,725 people. Maniwa has been conducting censuses since 1920. The area of Maniwa is part of ancient Mimasaka Province . From 1764 to 1871 it developed as the castle town of Katsuyama Domain , a 23,000 koku holding of

5548-473: The valley floor in search of food. Katsuyama is also an old castle town, which prospered as a stop along the Izumo Kaido, a trade route stretching from Izumo to Kyoto and Osaka. It was also a port, as the river stretches down to Okayama City, and would only take a day or so to reach on the shallow boats they used at the time. Natsume Soseki also stayed here during a war for a few weeks. The town dedicated

5624-504: The villages of Mikamo , Kawakami , Yatsuka and Chūka (all from Maniwa District ), the latter three which make up the area of Hiruzen as a whole. Maniwa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 24 members. Maniwa, collectively with the village of Shinjō, contributes one member to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics,

5700-426: The world. Assuming a global population of around 9–10 billion by 2050, a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tonnes CO 2 e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target. These carbon footprint calculations are based on a consumption-based approach using a Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) database. This database accounts for all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the global supply chain and allocates them to

5776-496: The world. Whenever a product is imported, all CO 2 emissions that were emitted in the production of that product are included. Consumption-based emissions reflect the lifestyle choices of a country's citizens. According to the World Bank, the global average carbon footprint in 2014 was about 5 tonnes of CO 2 per person, measured on a production basis. The EU average for 2007 was about 13.8 tonnes CO 2 e per person. For

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