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20-409: Möng Mao is Tai Nuea and Shan language name, also called Möng Mao Lông ( Tai Nüa : ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ; Shan : မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင် ), which means "Great Muang Mao". The " Möng " means country or place. The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king Chao U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by a bird. The name "Möng Mao" is still used nowadays, as

40-465: A fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao. Mong Mao Long, or the white fog of Mong Mao Long, was founded in 56 BC by Hso Hom Hpa, a descendant of the ancient Tai King from Nawng Hsè , who sent his son Hkun Hkam Naw to build the city of Oung Pawng-Hsipaw Later,the city became vacant. And was pioneered by Hkun Lai, who came from the city of Mong Ri Mong Ram, the city sited in the region called Koshanpye . The city has gone through many events. Since

60-519: A long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D. The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in Ming dynasty sources such as Ming Shilu (Wade, 2005) and Baiyi Zhuan (Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler Si Kefa . Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into Thai by Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides

80-451: Is closely related to other Southeast-Asian writing systems such as the Thai script and is thought to date back to the 14th century. The original Tai Nuea spelling did not generally mark tones and failed to distinguish several vowels. It was reformed to make these distinctions, and diacritics were introduced to mark tones. The resulting writing system was officially introduced in 1956. In 1988,

100-570: Is different from Tai Lue , which is pronounced [tai˥.lɪ˦˧] in Tai Nuea. Another autonym is [tai˥ taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥] ( ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ), where [taɯ˧˩] means 'bottom, under, the lower part (of)' and [xoŋ˥] means 'the Hong River ' (Luo 1998). Dehong is a transliteration of the term [taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥] . The language is also known as Tai Mau , Tai Kong and Tai Na. Zhou (2001:13) classifies Tai Nuea into

120-635: Is one of the languages spoken by the Dai people in China , especially in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the southwest of Yunnan Province . It is closely related to the other Tai languages and could be considered a dialect of Shan . It should not be confused with Tai Lü ( Xishuangbanna Dai). Most Tai Nuea people call themselves Tai Le ( ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ , IPA: [tai˥.lə˧] ), which means 'Upper Tai' or 'Northern Tai'. Note that this

140-903: The Koshanpye . Across the Pad Kai mountain range into Assam in India to established a new kingdom called the Ahom Kingdom . Mong Mao Long has a total of 81 saophas. Mao Long is currently located near the Burmese border. (located during the Hso Wak Hpa era saopha No.52) in Yunnan Province, which in the past Counting with the provinces in Burma it is a group of Mong Mao Lung, Mongmit , Mongkawng and Bammaw located nearby. Saophas: He

160-832: The Manipur literature, such as Cheitharol Kumbaba use the name Pong refer to Mong Mao. The chronicle of this region, titled the Möng Mao Chronicle , was written much later. Some scholars identify Möng Mao with the Kingdom of Pong , as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles. Like most of Tai Yai history, the history of the Kingdom of Pong is largely legendary and existing chronicles and traditions include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations. Möng Mao arose in

180-797: The Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388) . In 1448, a combination of Ming , Sipsongpanna , and other allied forces subjugated Möng Mao . "Muang Mao" is sometimes used by authors to refer to the entire group of Tai states along the Chinese-Myanmar frontier including Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬), Muang Yang ( Chinese : 孟養 ; pinyin : Mèngyǎng ), and Hsenwi (Chinese: 木邦 ; pinyin: Mùbāng ), even though specific place names are almost always used in Ming and Burmese sources. The center of power shifted frequently between these smaller states or chieftainships. Sometimes they were unified under one strong leader, sometimes they were not. As

200-670: The Shan scholar Sai Kam Möng observes: "Sometimes one of these [smaller states] strove to be the leading kingdom and sometimes all of them were unified into one single kingdom..." The capital of the kingdom shifted from place to place, but most of them were located near the Nam Mao river (the " Shweli " on most maps today)" The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The Shan chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides

220-577: The Dehong ( 德宏 ) and Menggeng ( 孟耿 ) dialects. Together, they add up to a total of 541,000 speakers. Tai Nuea is a tonal language with a very limited inventory of syllables with no consonant clusters. 16 syllable-initial consonants can be combined with 84 syllable finals and six tones . * (kʰ) and (tsʰ) occur in loanwords Tai Nuea has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs: Tai Nuea has six tones: Syllables with p, t, k as final consonants can have only one of three tones (1., 3., or 5.). The Tai Le script

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240-466: The consonant ᥝ [w] and some vowel letters with ᥭ [ai]/[j]. In the Thai and Tai Lü writing systems, the tone value in the pronunciation of a written syllable depends on the tone class of the initial consonant, vowel length and syllable structure. In contrast, the Tai Nuea writing system has a very straightforward spelling of tones, with one letter (or diacritic) for each tone. Tone marks were presented via

260-588: The imperial annals of the emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). It is the single largest historical source for the dynasty. According to modern historians, it "plays an extremely important role in the historical reconstruction of Ming society and politics." After the fall of the Ming dynasty, the Ming Veritable Records was used as a primary source for the compilation of the History of Ming by

280-455: The official Tai Nuea name of Ruili City (ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ). Kosambi was an Indian ancient country, Mong Mao used Kosambi as his Buddhistic classical name."Kosambi" is also called "Guo-zhan-bi" ( Tai Nüa : ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥓᥛᥱ ᥙᥤᥱ , Chinese: 果占璧 ) in Ruili, modern Dai people give a new explanation of "Guo-zhan-bi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice". In Chinese literature, Möng Mao

300-721: The power vacuum left after the Kingdom of Dali in Yunnan fell to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty around 1254. The Yuan ruled the region indirectly in what was known as the Native Chieftain System . This kingdom had asserted some unity over the diversity of ethnic groups residing along the southwest frontier of Yunnan. After the Ming conquest of Yunnan the Möng Mao under Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority. However, Möng Mao revolted in 1386 and led to

320-431: The reign of Hso Hkan Hpa, their subsequent saopha have assassinated each other. The struggle for the throne led to Hso Kaa Hpa, son of Sao Chang Nyue from Mong Ri Mong Ram (different from Chao Chang Nyue, the 37th saopha of Mong Mao Long) and Mahadevi Phlak Hkam Hsen Mawng, daughter of Sao Tai Lung, the 45th (Sao Pam Myo Pung, his son the 46th saopha, handed over the throne to Hso Kaa Hpa) Hso Kaa Hpa had to evacuated from

340-529: The spelling of tones was reformed; special tone letters were introduced instead of the earlier Latin diacritics. The modern script has a total of 35 letters, including the five tone letters. The transcription below is given according to the Unicode tables. Consonants that are not followed by a vowel letter are pronounced with the inherent vowel [a]. Other vowels are indicated with the following letters: Diphthongs are formed by combining some vowel letters with

360-960: The third reform (1963) as diacritics. Then the fourth reform (1988) changed them into tone letters. A tone mark is put at the end of syllable whatever it is consonant or vowel. Examples in the table show the syllable [ta] in different tones. The sixth tone (mid level) is not marked. And if a syllable with -p, -t, -k finals have the fifth tone, the tone mark is not written. Tai Nuea uses an SVO word order. ᥛᥬᥰ maɯ you ᥐᥤᥢ kin eat ᥑᥝᥲ xau rice ᥕᥝᥳ jau PERF . PTC ᥞᥪᥴ? hi INTERR . PTC ᥛᥬᥰ ᥐᥤᥢ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ ᥞᥪᥴ? maɯ55 kin33 xau42 jau54 hi35 you eat rice PERF.PTC INTERR.PTC Have you eaten? (a common greeting) ᥐᥝ kau I ᥛᥨᥝᥴ mou can ᥖᥣᥢᥲ tan speak ᥑᥣᥛᥰ Ming Shilu The Ming Veritable Records or Ming Shilu ( traditional Chinese : 明實錄 ; simplified Chinese : 明实录 ; lit. ' Veritable Records of Ming'), contains

380-485: Was called Luchuan (Chinese: 麓川 ), first recorded in Yuanshi as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan Circuit " (Chinese: 麓川路 ). Some of literature also called Mong Mao as Baiyi (Chinese: 百夷 ), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people. In Burmese literature, Möng Mao was called Maw or Maw Shan . In

400-731: Was the one of descendants from Hkun Su the saopha of Nawng Hsè (He has younger brother name's Sam Lung Kung Maing (Sam Lung Hpa) became the saopha of Möngkawng ) (He established the present of the city located) Vacant 1330–1339 Vacant 1445–1448 သိူဝ်ၶၢၼ်ႇၾႃႉ ᥔᥫᥴ ᥑᥣᥢᥱ ᥜᥣᥳ သိူဝ်ဝၵ်ႉၾႃႉ ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥐᥳ ᥜᥣᥳ သိူဝ်လူင်ၾႃႉ ᥔᥫᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥜᥣᥳ သိူဝ်ဝဵၼ်းၾႃႉ ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥥᥢᥰ ᥜᥣᥳ Tai Nuea Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa ( Chinese : 傣那语 ; pinyin : Dǎinàyǔ ; Thai : ภาษาไทเหนือ , pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj nɯ̌a] ), also called Dehong Tai ( Chinese : 德宏傣语 ; pinyin : Déhóng Dǎiyǔ ; Thai : ภาษาไทใต้คง , pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj tâːj.kʰōŋ] ) and Chinese Shan ,

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