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53-663: Tai Nuea is the origin language of the word "Dehong", in Tai Le script (the script used to write the Tai Nüa language by the Tai Nua people ) is written as " ᥖᥬᥳ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ", transliterated to Latin as Taue Xoong . Dehong means the lower reaches of the Nu River . The Chinese characters for Dehong are " 德宏 ". These two characters are a compound of 德 , "moral" or "value"; and 宏 , "magnificent" or "great". Dianyue and Ailao were

106-513: A bird. The name "Möng Mao" is still used nowadays, as the official Tai Nuea name of Ruili City (ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ). Kosambi was an Indian ancient country, Mong Mao used Kosambi as his Buddhistic classical name. "Kosambi" is also called "Guo-zhan-bi" ( Tai Nüa : ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥓᥛᥱ ᥙᥤᥱ , Chinese: 果占璧 ) in Ruili, modern Dai people give a new explanation of "Guo-zhan-bi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice". In Chinese literature, Möng Mao

159-465: A fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao. Mong Mao Long, or the white fog of Mong Mao Long, was founded in 56 BC by Hso Hom Hpa, a descendant of the ancient Tai King from Nawng Hsè , who sent his son Hkun Hkam Naw to build the city of Oung Pawng-Hsipaw Later,the city became vacant. And was pioneered by Hkun Lai, who came from the city of Mong Ri Mong Ram, the city sited in the region called Koshanpye . The city has gone through many events. Since

212-520: A long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D. The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in Ming dynasty sources such as Ming Shilu (Wade, 2005) and Baiyi Zhuan (Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler Si Kefa . Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into Thai by Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides

265-564: A population of 20,000. Baoshan historian Xiao Zhengwei believes the kingdom of Dianyue was a powerful tribe under Ailao. In 69 AD, Liu Mao ( 柳貌 ), the king of Ailao, led the tribal alliance to surrender to the Han dynasty, and Han set "Ailao County" here. During the Southern dynasty Qi period, the name was changed to "Xicheng County" ( 西城县 ). During the end of the Liang dynasty , Xicheng County

318-686: A year. Finally, China didn't get this region back and used it to exchange another area in the west of Cangyuan in 1960. After the Wuchang Uprising occurred in October 1911, Ganya Tusi Dao Anren ( 刀安仁 ) launched an uprising at Tengyue on 27 October 1911. Under the Republic of China, the Yunnan government tried to eliminate the Tusi system and replace Tusi with state-appointed officials, but

371-451: Is closely related to other Southeast-Asian writing systems such as the Thai script and is thought to date back to the 14th century. The original Tai Nuea spelling did not generally mark tones and failed to distinguish several vowels. It was reformed to make these distinctions, and diacritics were introduced to mark tones. The resulting writing system was officially introduced in 1956. In 1988,

424-519: Is controversial, it can be determined that Dehong belonged to Nanzhao and Dali in the medieval period of Yunnan. In Nanzhao, it was divided into " Yongchang Jiedu" ( 永昌节度 , south of Dehong) and "Lishui Jiedu" ( 丽水节度 , north of Dehong). In Dali, it was under the division of "Zhenxi Zhen" ( 镇西镇 ). In 1253, Kublai Khan conquered the Dali Kingdom, and the Dehong Dai people capitulated to

477-570: Is different from Tai Lue , which is pronounced [tai˥.lɪ˦˧] in Tai Nuea. Another autonym is [tai˥ taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥] ( ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ), where [taɯ˧˩] means 'bottom, under, the lower part (of)' and [xoŋ˥] means 'the Hong River ' (Luo 1998). Dehong is a transliteration of the term [taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥] . The language is also known as Tai Mau , Tai Kong and Tai Na. Zhou (2001:13) classifies Tai Nuea into

530-686: Is one of the 3 primary regions for coffee cultivation in Yunnan . The main coffee planter and processor is Hogood Coffee , which operates a contracting scheme with local farmers. Hogood contracts farm land from smallholders on which it plants seedlings, and then re-contracts with farmers to purchase the coffee beans at harvest. Tai Nuea language Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa ( Chinese : 傣那语 ; pinyin : Dǎinàyǔ ; Thai : ภาษาไทเหนือ , pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj nɯ̌a] ), also called Dehong Tai ( Chinese : 德宏傣语 ; pinyin : Déhóng Dǎiyǔ ; Thai : ภาษาไทใต้คง , pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj tâːj.kʰōŋ] ) and Chinese Shan ,

583-635: Is one of the languages spoken by the Dai people in China , especially in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the southwest of Yunnan Province . It is closely related to the other Tai languages and could be considered a dialect of Shan . It should not be confused with Tai Lü ( Xishuangbanna Dai). Most Tai Nuea people call themselves Tai Le ( ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ , IPA: [tai˥.lə˧] ), which means 'Upper Tai' or 'Northern Tai'. Note that this

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636-523: Is the Nam Mao, also known as the Shweli River . Möng Mao is Tai Nuea and Shan language name, also called Möng Mao Lông ( Tai Nüa : ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ; Shan : မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင် ), which means "Great Muang Mao". The " Möng " means country or place. The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king Chao U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by

689-416: Is the name denoted by Yuan, and "Mong Mao" is a self-claimed name. Si Kefa enthroned the chieftain of Luchuan Lu in 1340 and sent troops to the surrounding states such Hsenwi , Mongyang , and Mongmit . After that, he attacked Mangshi , Zhenxi , Pingmian , and Nandian . The Yuan dynasty initiated wars in 1342, 1345, 1346, and 1347 to counterattack Luchuan, but all the attempts failed. Luchuan conquered

742-903: The Koshanpye . Across the Pad Kai mountain range into Assam in India to established a new kingdom called the Ahom Kingdom . Mong Mao Long has a total of 81 saophas. Mao Long is currently located near the Burmese border. (located during the Hso Wak Hpa era saopha No.52) in Yunnan Province, which in the past Counting with the provinces in Burma it is a group of Mong Mao Lung, Mongmit , Mongkawng and Bammaw located nearby. Saophas: He

795-525: The Mao Kingdom , was an ethnic Dai state that controlled several smaller Tai states or chieftainships along the frontier of what is now Myanmar , China , the states of Northeast India of Assam , Nagaland , Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh principally set in the Dehong region of Yunnan with a capital near the modern-day border town of Ruili/Meng Mao . The name of the main river in this region

848-880: The Mongol Empire . The Mongols set up an administrative division called "Jinchi Anfu Si" ( 金齿安抚司 ) to manage the west of Yunnan. In 1276, during the Yuan dynasty , the Anfu Si was upgraded to "Jinchi Xuanfu Si" ( 金齿宣抚司 ), and established the agency "6 Lu governor Fu " ( 六路总管府 ) to manage the Dehong area. The 6 Lu were: Luchuan Lu ( 麓川路 , modern Ruili and Longchuan ), Pingmian Lu ( 平缅路 , modern southern Lianghe and northern Longchuan), Zhenxi Lu ( 镇西路 , modern Yingjiang ), Zhenkang Lu ( 镇康路 , modern Zhenkang , out of Dehong), Mangshi Lu ( 茫施路 , modern Mangshi ), and Rouyuan Lu ( 柔远路 , modern Lujiang , out of Dehong). In addition,

901-616: The Shan scholar Sai Kam Möng observes: "Sometimes one of these [smaller states] strove to be the leading kingdom and sometimes all of them were unified into one single kingdom..." The capital of the kingdom shifted from place to place, but most of them were located near the Nam Mao river (the " Shweli " on most maps today)" The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The Shan chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides

954-694: The Toungoo dynasty . After the Mong Mao kingdom declined, the Chinese central government gained efficient control in the Dehong area. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the central government canonized 10 Tusi in Dehong: During the Ming dynasty, two Sino-Burmese wars occurred in Dehong. In 1594, Yunnan grand coordinator Chen Yongbin ( 陈用宾 ) built up 8 border defense military checkpoints to guard

1007-589: The " Margary Affair ". This event was followed by the signing of the Yantai Treaty . In 1894, during a Britain-China border convention, certain sections of the China–Myanmar border to the south of the "High Conical Peak"( 尖高山 ) were delimited, and an agreement was reached that the Qing dynasty would open two border ports between Burma and China: Manyun ( 蛮允 ) and Zhanxi ( 盏西 ). In 1897, another agreement

1060-466: The "Guozhanbi"( 果占璧 ) Kingdom, also called " Kawsampi " ( 憍赏弥 ). In 364 AD, a descendant of Gelaba named Zhaowuding ( 召武定 ) inherited the throne. He became a famous deity , sovereign, and culture hero of the Dai people. In the 7th century, the Dai area was in chaos, and the descendants of Zhaowuding could not effectively control the area. At the same time, the kingdom of Nanzhao was rising and conquered

1113-543: The Burmese military of 40,000 to 50,000 soldiers with 10,000 horses and 800 elephants. It was the prelude to the First Mongol invasion of Burma . During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Dehong Dai people immigrated to modern Assam in India and built up the kingdom of Ahom . They formed the latter-day Ahom people . The local Dai chief was the leader of Luchuan Lu, and they were the successors of "Guozhanbi". "Luchuan"

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1166-483: The Dai people in Dehong Prefecture and nearby counties and cities belong to Tai Nua and speak Tai Nua Language . Dehong extends 122 km (76 mi) from east to west and 170 km (110 mi) from north to south, and its area is 11,526 km (4,450 sq mi). Dehong is divided into three counties and two county level cities : The prefectural government seat is Mangshi . Dehong

1219-524: The Dehong ( 德宏 ) and Menggeng ( 孟耿 ) dialects. Together, they add up to a total of 541,000 speakers. Tai Nuea is a tonal language with a very limited inventory of syllables with no consonant clusters. 16 syllable-initial consonants can be combined with 84 syllable finals and six tones . * (kʰ) and (tsʰ) occur in loanwords Tai Nuea has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs: Tai Nuea has six tones: Syllables with p, t, k as final consonants can have only one of three tones (1., 3., or 5.). The Tai Le script

1272-409: The Dehong area. Piluoge , the king of Nanzhao, canonized another Dai tribe chief named Hundeng ( 混等 ) to be the "King of Mong Mao " and managed the whole Dai area in 762. In 1995, Dehong historian Yang Yongsheng published research on the ancient Dai civilization. He put forward a new opinion during the Dai legend research — The "Kingdom of Daguang" ( 达光 ) is the first country of the Dai people which

1325-530: The Dehong area. However, some historians disagree with this opinion. Lou Zichang believes Dianyue Chengxiang was not a country in western Yunnan, nor was it a country established by the Dai people. Ai Lao ( 哀牢 ) was an ancient tribal alliance country in the west of Yunnan from the Spring and Autumn to the Eastern Han periods, and modern historians say the area included Dehong. In Chronicles of Huayang ,

1378-674: The Kingdom of Pong is largely legendary and existing chronicles and traditions include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations. Möng Mao arose in the power vacuum left after the Kingdom of Dali in Yunnan fell to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty around 1254. The Yuan ruled the region indirectly in what was known as the Native Chieftain System . This kingdom had asserted some unity over

1431-784: The Luchuan territory. During Si Xingfa's rule in the 1410s, the Mong Mao territory decreased to include only modern Ruili , Mangshi , and Namhkam . After Si Xingfa, Si Renfa was enthroned in 1413, and he tried to restore the kingdom to its former glory. In 1439, a conflict between Mong Mao and Ming reoccurred. This was the beginning of the Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns . In 1441, Ming sent troops to Mong Mao, and Si Renfa fled to Mongyang . Several wars occurred between 1443 and 1449, and finally, Mong Mao lost Dehong. The imperial family continued to live in Mongyang until they were attacked in 1604 by

1484-540: The Mong Mao Tusi and Si Lunfa surrendered. Ming granted him the title "Xuanwei Commissioner of Luchuan Pingmian" ( 麓川平缅宣慰使 ) and changed the division name "Luchuan Pingmian Xuanwei Si". In 1385, the leader of Jingdong renegaded the Mong Mao regime, and Si Lunfa sent troops to attack Jingdong. However, Mu Ying , the general of Yunnan, was protecting the Jingdong leader. The wars between the Mong Mao regime and

1537-518: The Tusi in Dehong surrendered to the Qing dynasty in 1659. The war between the Qing and Konbaung dynasties from 1765 to 1769 also extended to the Dehong area. In 1875, a British translator, Augustus Raymond Margary , and his four personal staff members were murdered in the west of Yingjiang County . This was an important non-governmental crisis in Sino-British relations and came to be known as

1590-535: The Tusi officials opposed the change. Therefore, special administrative divisions were formed to support the period of transition. The administrative titles included Suppress Committee ( 弹压委员 ) and Deputy County ( 县佐 ) between 1911 and 1917, District and Deputy County between 1917 and 1932, and Administrative Bureau ( 设治局 ) after 1932. The Tusi system existed until the land reform movement in 1955. The administrative bureaus after 1932 included Luxi , Ruili , Longchuan , Yingjiang , Lianshan , and Lianghe — they were

1643-401: The Yunnan local government occurred in 1387 and 1388. Finally, Mong Mao failed. In order to maintain the relationship with Ming, Si Lunfa sent a mission to Kunming to make peace. Mong Mao consented to compensate for the losses, and peace was restored. After Si Lunfa died in 1399, a minister of Mong Mao launched a rebellion. The Ming government felt threatened and separated 14 Tusi regions from

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1696-522: The ancient Dai civilization. The Dai legend of Daguang is the story of pre-period of the Pyu city-states . The story of the Pyu city-states spread to the Dehong Dai area, localized to a Dai legend, and was recorded in Dai literature. In Yang Yongsheng's research, the kingdom of "Guozhanbi" was the second kingdom established by the Dai people after Daguang. Dai language literatures were his sources of research. He said

1749-593: The ancient countries recorded in Chinese literature in the Dehong area, and Guozhanbi ( Kawsampi ) was an ancient country established by the Dai people and recorded in Dai legends. In the history book Records of the Grand Historian written by Sima Qian during the Han dynasty , a paragraph in volume 123 describes Dianyue as when Zhang Qian visited Daxia in Central Asia , he found some merchandise that

1802-466: The consonant ᥝ [w] and some vowel letters with ᥭ [ai]/[j]. In the Thai and Tai Lü writing systems, the tone value in the pronunciation of a written syllable depends on the tone class of the initial consonant, vowel length and syllable structure. In contrast, the Tai Nuea writing system has a very straightforward spelling of tones, with one letter (or diacritic) for each tone. Tone marks were presented via

1855-533: The diversity of ethnic groups residing along the southwest frontier of Yunnan. After the Ming conquest of Yunnan the Möng Mao under Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority. However, Möng Mao revolted in 1386 and led to the Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388) . In 1448, a combination of Ming , Sipsongpanna , and other allied forces subjugated Möng Mao . "Muang Mao" is sometimes used by authors to refer to

1908-550: The entire group of Tai states along the Chinese-Myanmar frontier including Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬), Muang Yang ( Chinese : 孟養 ; pinyin : Mèngyǎng ), and Hsenwi (Chinese: 木邦 ; pinyin: Mùbāng ), even though specific place names are almost always used in Ming and Burmese sources. The center of power shifted frequently between these smaller states or chieftainships. Sometimes they were unified under one strong leader, sometimes they were not. As

1961-593: The international border between Dehong and the Burmese Toungoo dynasty ; these checkpoints formed the early border between China and Myanmar. In 1658, the last emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty , Zhu Youlang , passed the Nandian and Ganya Tusi and fled to Myanmar. He granted Ganya Tusi a marquess title. Ganya Tusi helped Youlang to flee but was completely annihilated in the tussle. Thereafter, all

2014-475: The kingdom of Guozhanbi was in existence from 567 to 1488. According to the research of He Ping, "Guozhanbi" is the ancient state "Kawsampi" or Kosambi . There are many legends about Kawsampi in Thai - Shan folklore. The origin of the legend was a story in Buddhist texts . Therefore, He Ping thought the Kingdom of "Guozhanbi" or "Kawsampi" is an untrustworthy history. Whether or not the early history of Dehong

2067-719: The predecessors of future counties. During World War II , Dehong was an important strategic location for China. By 1938, the Burma Road was built, and it was an important international transit channel after the Japanese army blocked the eastern coast of China. In 1939, the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company moved to Loiwing in the south-west corner of Ruili, and it was the biggest aircraft manufacturing plant in China at that time. The area

2120-401: The record of Ailao mentions its territory "3,000 li from west to east, and 4,600 li from south to north", approximately equal to 1,300 km west to east and 1,994 km south to north in modern units. It includes the southwest of Yunnan and most of Myanmar , and in modern research, it is called the generalized area of Ailao. In the Han period, Ailao was an influential tribal country with

2173-431: The reign of Hso Hkan Hpa, their subsequent saopha have assassinated each other. The struggle for the throne led to Hso Kaa Hpa, son of Sao Chang Nyue from Mong Ri Mong Ram (different from Chao Chang Nyue, the 37th saopha of Mong Mao Long) and Mahadevi Phlak Hkam Hsen Mawng, daughter of Sao Tai Lung, the 45th (Sao Pam Myo Pung, his son the 46th saopha, handed over the throne to Hso Kaa Hpa) Hso Kaa Hpa had to evacuated from

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2226-654: The special divisions named "Nan Dan" ( 南赕 ) and Nandian Fu ( 南甸府 , modern Lianghe ) were established. The scope of "6 Lu general manager Fu" was close to the modern Dehong territory. In 1277, Narathihapate , the king of the Burmese Pagan Kingdom , invaded the modern Dehong area. The Battle of Ngasaunggyan occurred on the bank of the Taping River , presently in Yingjiang County . The Yuan army only had 700 soldiers but eventually repelled

2279-529: The spelling of tones was reformed; special tone letters were introduced instead of the earlier Latin diacritics. The modern script has a total of 35 letters, including the five tone letters. The transcription below is given according to the Unicode tables. Consonants that are not followed by a vowel letter are pronounced with the inherent vowel [a]. Other vowels are indicated with the following letters: Diphthongs are formed by combining some vowel letters with

2332-461: The surrounding states successively. In 1355, Si Kefa asked the Yuan dynasty to canonize him. The Yuan central government admitted his local regime and canonized Si Kefa to be the first Mong Mao Tusi . The central government set a division of "Pingmian Xuanwei Si" ( 平缅宣慰司 ) at Mong Mao to legalize the regime, and Mong Mao Tusi was the leader of Xuanwei Si. In 1382, the Ming dynasty military arrived at

2385-938: The third reform (1963) as diacritics. Then the fourth reform (1988) changed them into tone letters. A tone mark is put at the end of syllable whatever it is consonant or vowel. Examples in the table show the syllable [ta] in different tones. The sixth tone (mid level) is not marked. And if a syllable with -p, -t, -k finals have the fifth tone, the tone mark is not written. Tai Nuea uses an SVO word order. ᥛᥬᥰ maɯ you ᥐᥤᥢ kin eat ᥑᥝᥲ xau rice ᥕᥝᥳ jau PERF . PTC ᥞᥪᥴ? hi INTERR . PTC ᥛᥬᥰ ᥐᥤᥢ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ ᥞᥪᥴ? maɯ55 kin33 xau42 jau54 hi35 you eat rice PERF.PTC INTERR.PTC Have you eaten? (a common greeting) ᥐᥝ kau I ᥛᥨᥝᥴ mou can ᥖᥣᥢᥲ tan speak ᥑᥣᥛᥰ Mong Mao Muang Mao , also spelled Möng Mao ( Ahom :𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫𑜉𑜧𑜨, Shan : မိူင်းမၢဝ်း ; Tai Nüa : ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ; Burmese : မိုင်းမော ; Chinese : 勐卯 ) or

2438-514: Was abolished. Between 568 BC and 424 BC, during the Eastern Zhou dynasty in China, the ancestors of the Dai people had settled in the Shweli River valley area and entered the tribal period. In 364 BC, grand chief Gelaba ( 葛拉叭 ) unified the tribes in the Shweli basin. He became the chief of the tribal alliance and set the capital at Hansa ( 喊萨 , in modern Ruili ). It was the early stage of

2491-452: Was called Luchuan (Chinese: 麓川 ), first recorded in Yuanshi as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan Circuit " (Chinese: 麓川路 ). Some of literature also called Mong Mao as Baiyi (Chinese: 百夷 ), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people. In Burmese literature, Möng Mao

2544-526: Was called Maw or Maw Shan . In the Manipur literature, such as Cheitharol Kumbaba use the name Pong refer to Mong Mao. The chronicle of this region, titled the Möng Mao Chronicle , was written much later. Some scholars identify Möng Mao with the Kingdom of Pong , as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles. Like most of Tai Yai history, the history of

2597-466: Was declared an autonomous region in 1953. In May 1956, it became an autonomous prefecture. In 1960, when inter-provincial migration took place, many farmers came to Yunnan to farm bananas. This was during the "Great Leap Forward" when a biologist working for Mao Zedong wrote an article about the weather in Yunnan being very suitable for bananas to be planted. Before this, many Chinese were scared of going there because of an illness that lurked about. It

2650-400: Was established in 424 BC, and the country "Dianyue Chengxiang" is another name for "Daguang". In 233 BC, the capital of Daguang moved to Pagan , and finally perished in 586 AD. The research was countered by He Ping, a history professor at Yunnan University . He Ping says that the Kingdom of Daguang is the legendary kingdom of Tagaung in Burmese history and there was no kingdom of "Daguang" in

2703-399: Was later discovered that this was an identifiable tropical disease. The farmers helped to get rid of the disease. They made clearings, roads, and space for fields and plantations . Among the resident population, the Han population is 629,147, accounting for 51.93% of the total population; the ethnic minorities population is 582,293, accounting for 48.07% of the total population. Most of

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2756-519: Was produced in Sichuan . And the Daxia merchant said it was purchased from Yuandu ( India ). There was a trade route, Shu-Yuandu Road ( 蜀身毒道 ), between Yuandu and Sichuan. The road passed a kingdom named "Dianyue" ( 滇越 ). The country is also called "Dianyue Chengxiang" ( 滇越乘象国 ) in modern books.Chinese historians generally said Tengyue was the center of Dianyue Chengxiang, and the territory included

2809-478: Was signed and three parts of the area around Dehong were incorporated into Burma, although the convention in 1894 had determined they were part of China, and four of the border checkpoints which were established by Chen Yongbin in the Ming dynasty were also incorporated into Burma. Under this agreement, the British government leased the " Namwan Assigned Tract " in the southwest of Dehong with the rent of 1,000 Rupees

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