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41-528: The exact origin of the Ma'qil tribe is unknown, although it has been established that they most likely originated in South Arabia ( Yemen ). They claimed for themselves a prestigious Hashemite descent from Ja'far ibn Abu Talib , son of Abu Talib and brother of Ali ibn Abu Talib . Some Arabian genealogists categorized them as Hilalians . Ibn Khaldun hypothesized that both of these versions are false, since

82-616: A loose subgrouping within the Northern Berber languages , including Riffian Berber in northeastern Morocco and Shawiya Berber in northeastern Algeria. Before the Arab conquests, the Zenata ranged between present-day Tunisia and Tripolitania in present-day Libya , before moving steadily west where they settled in western Algeria near Tiaret and Tlemcen , while some of them moved still further west to Morocco . They dominated

123-528: Is inhabited by people possessing distinctive linguistic and ethnic affinities, as well as traditions and culture, transcending recent political boundaries. There are two indigenous language groups: the now extinct Old South Arabian languages and the unrelated Modern South Arabian languages , both members of the Semitic family . The term Yamnat was mentioned in Old South Arabian inscriptions on

164-625: Is related to yamn or yumn , meaning "felicity" or "blessed", as much of the country is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (fertile Arabia ), as opposed to Arabia Deserta (deserted Arabia). Classical Latin and Greek writers used the name "India" to refer to South Arabia (ancient Yemen). The use of the term "India" arose from the fact that the Persians called the Abyssinians whom they came into contact in South Arabia by

205-764: Is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen". The Ma'qils quickly grew in numbers, this is due to the fact that parts of many other Arabian tribes joined them, which included: Once in Morocco, they allied with

246-586: The Almohad era, the Ma'qils stayed loyal, paid taxes and neither looted nor attacked any villages, Ksours or passing trading Caravans. As the power of the Almohads declined, the Ma'qils took advantage of the lack of central state authority and the civil war between the Zenata, and seized the control of many Ksours around Tafilalet , the Draa Valley and Tawrirt. Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min encouraged

287-798: The Banu Hilal and entered under their protection, which enabled them to wander in the Moroccan Sahara between the Moulouya River and Tafilalet oases. A tiny group of them however stayed in Ifriqiya , during their westward transit in the Maghreb , and briefly worked as viziers of the victorious Hilalians and Banu Sulaym , who had recently defeated the powerful Berber Zirid Empire . Harry Norris noted "the Moorish Sahara

328-705: The Battle of the Nobles and the Battle of Bagdoura . While the Umayyads managed to defeat the rebels eventually and reassert some of their authority, the westernmost parts of the Maghreb, including what is now Morocco, remained outside of Arab caliphal rule. In this vacuum, various principalities arose in the region, such as the Midrarid Emirate in eastern Morocco, led by a Zenata Miknasa tribe, to which

369-793: The Beni Iznassen tribe, which resulted in a rebellion by the Kharaj which killed the Marinid governor of the Saharan Ksours , Yahya ibn Al-iz. As the Arabs expanded their domains in Morocco and Arabized many Berbers, Arabic became the common language, which the Marinids made the official language. Arabs also increased their influence and power in Morocco, and no one could have ruled there without their co-operation. When riding in state,

410-525: The Castilians took Algeciras from the Marinids in 1344, definitively expelling them from the Iberian Peninsula . In contrast to their predecessors, the Marinids sponsored Maliki Sunnism as the official religion and made Fez their capital. Under their rule, Fez enjoyed a relative golden age. The Marinids also pioneered the construction of madrasas across the country which promoted

451-788: The Melwiya river neighboring their relatives; the Banu Ubayd Allah and Banu Mansour. Their coming to the Sous was a result of the Almohad governor of this region who invited them to fight for him when a rebellion broke out. The Thaaliba were the descendants of Thaalab bin Ali bin Bakr bin Sahir (or Saqir or Suhair) son of the Ma'qil forefather. This sub-tribe settled in a region close to Algiers ,

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492-737: The Mitidja plain. They came to rule Algiers from 1204 to 1516 until the Ottomans took over control from Salim al-Tumi in the capture of Algiers . The Ma'qils entered the Maghreb during the wave of emigration of the Arabian tribes ( Banu Hilal , Banu Sulaym , etc.) in the 11th century. They adapted to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula. The Banu Sulaym opposed their arrival and fought them off. They later allied with

533-463: The Sassanid dynasty, c.575, who also arrived by sea. A half-century later, in the year 6 A.H. (628), the region converted to Islam . Ancient kingdoms and appellations: Pre-Islamic foreign occupiers: Yemen: Beyond Yemen: Zenata The Zenata ( Berber languages : Iznaten ; Arabic : زناتة , romanized :  Zanāta ) are a group of Berber tribes, historically one of

574-755: The Spanish in Oran and the Saadians in Morocco, was finally ended by the Ottomans . Zanata tribesmen also played a role as light cavalry in the armies of the Emirate of Granada . This gave rise to the Spanish term jinete (derived from the name 'Zenata'), which denoted this type of light cavalry. They formed the backbone of the Granadan army, serving both in crucial battles as well as in regular raids inside Christian territory. They were highly mobile on

615-463: The Zenata nomadic groups that neighbored them in the wolds. After the decline of Almohad authority, the Ma'qil took advantage of the civil war between the different Zenata groups and seized control of various Ksours and oases in the Sous , Draa , Tuat and Taourirt upon which they imposed taxes, while giving a certain amount of the collected money to the local competing Zenata kings. During

656-569: The 7th century. While other Berber tribes continued to resist the Umayyad Caliphate conquest well into the 8th century, they were quickly Islamized. They also formed a substantial contingent in the subsequent Muslim conquest of Iberia . As Berbers, the Zenata spoke one of the Berber languages . Ibn Khaldun wrote that their dialect was distinct from other Berber dialects. French linguist Edmond Destaing in 1915 proposed " Zenati " as

697-757: The Arab victory in the Char Bouba war in 1677. South Arabia South Arabia ( Arabic : جنوب الجزيرة العربية ) is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia , mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen , yet it has also historically included Najran , Jizan , Al-Bahah , and 'Asir , which are presently in Saudi Arabia , and Dhofar of present-day Oman . South Arabia

738-705: The Berbers of the Rif region are believed to be of Zenata ancestry. In the early Islamic period of Morocco, Berber groups and tribes dominated the politics of the region well after the Arab conquests . The Zenata confederation did too. A Zenata chieftain, Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati , was a leading figure in the Berber revolt of 740 against the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , and led Berber rebels to major victories in

779-1080: The Hashemites lived in urban cities and weren't nomadic nor ever wandered in the desert. He added that the Ma'qil is a name only found in Yemen. Ibn Khaldun said that they were likely an Arab nomadic group from Yemen, and this is supported by Ibn al-Kalbi and Ibn Said . Ibn Khaldun noted "the origin of the Ma'qil tribe is from the Arabs of Yemen , and their grandfather is Rabi'a bin Ka'b bin Rabi'a bin Ka'b bin al-Harith, and from al-Harith bin Ka'b bin 'Amr bin 'Ulah bin Jald bin Madhhij bin Adad bin Zayd bin Kahlan ". The Banu Ubayd Allah descended from Ubayd Allah bin Sahir (or Saqil), son of

820-684: The Ma'qil forefather. They lived as nomads between Taourirt and the Draa valley. At one time they controlled the area between the Moulouya river and Sijilmasa , in addition to Taza and Tadla . They were the second most numerous Ma'qil sub-tribe after the Beni Ubayd Allah. The Banu Hassan descended from Hassan bin Mokhtar bin Mohamed, the second son of the Ma'qil forefather. They were thus

861-460: The Ma'qil forefather. They were the biggest sub-group of the Ma'qil and lived as nomads in the southern hills between Tlemcen and Taourirt . In their nomadic travel they reached as far as the Melwiya river in the north and Tuat in the south. The Beni Ubayd Allah later divided into two sub-tribes: The Haraj and The Kharaj. The Banu Mansur descended from Mansour bin Mohammed, the second son of

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902-567: The Marinid sultan was flanked on either side by an Arab and a Zenata chief as a symbol of the dual character of the Makhzen . In the 14th and 15th centuries, the nomadic Arab tribes of Banu Ma'qil moved into Mauritania and were over time able to establish complete dominance over the Berbers after defeating both Berbers and Black Africans in the region and pushing them to the Senegal river . An extensive Arabization of Mauritania started following

943-704: The Miknasa when Musa switched allegiance to the Umayyads of Cordoba in 931 in an attempt to gain more independence. The Fatimids sent Humayd ibn Yasal (or Hamid ), the nephew of Masala ibn Habus, to confront Musa, defeating him in 933 and forcing him to fall back into line. Once the Fatimids were gone, however, Musa once again threw off their authority and recognized the Umayyad caliph. The Fatimids sent their general Maysur to confront him again, and this time he fled. He

984-690: The century, the Maghrawa controlled Fez , Sijilmasa and Aghmat while the Banu Ifran ruled over Tlemcen, Salé (Chellah), and the Tadla region. In the 13th century the Banu Marin ( Arabic : بنو مرين ), a Zenata tribe, rose to power in Morocco. Starting in 1245 they began overthrowing the Almohads who had controlled the region. At the height of their power in the mid-14th century, during

1025-478: The city. Starting in the early 10th century, however, the Fatimids in the east began to intervene in present-day Morocco, hoping to expand their influence, and used the Miknasa as proxies and allies in the region. In 917 the Miknasa and its leader Masala ibn Habus, acting on behalf of their Fatimid allies, attacked Fez and forced Yahya IV to recognize Fatimid suzerainty, before deposing him in 919 or 921. He

1066-514: The cousins of Beni Mansour. The Banu Hassan sub-tribe is, however, not limited to the descendants of Hassan, they also include the Shebanat (sons of Shebana the brother of Hassan) and the Reguitat who descended from the other sons of Mohamed; namely Jalal, Salem and Uthman. They wandered in the Sous and the extreme- Sous (present-day southern Morocco) but they had originally lived as nomads near

1107-474: The education of Maliki ulama , although Sufi sheikhs increasingly predominated in the countryside. Starting in the early 15th century the Wattasid dynasty , a related ruling house, competed with the Marinid dynasty for control of their state and became de facto rulers of Morocco between 1420 and 1459 while officially acting as regents or viziers . In 1465 the last Marinid sultan, Abd al-Haqq II ,

1148-490: The famous dam at Marib , the cosmopolitan incense trade , as well as the legendary Queen of Sheba . Two thousand years ago the Himyarites became the masters of South Arabia, dominating the region for several centuries. The Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum invaded South Arabia first in the 3rd–4th centuries, then later in the 6th under King Kaleb who subjugated the region, c. 520. They were displaced by Persian forces of

1189-469: The field, armed with lances , javelins , and small round shields known for their flexibility, and used their own characteristic set of tactics. They were recruited and led by exiled members of the Marinid family and settled within the kingdom of Granada. Their Marinid commander was known as the shaykh al-ghuzāt ('chief of the ghazis '), but in 1374 Muhammad V suppressed this office due to their political interference, after which they were commanded by

1230-710: The foundation of the city of Sijilmasa is attributed. In 868, under the leadership of the Abd al-Razzaq, the Berber Khariji Sufri tribes of Madyuna, Ghayata and Miknasa formed a common front against the Idrisids of Fez. From their base in Sefrou they were able to defeat Ali ibn Umar and occupy Fez. The city's inhabitants refused to submit, however, and the Idrisid Yahya III was able to retake

1271-475: The largest Berber confederations along with the Sanhaja and Masmuda . Their lifestyle was either nomadic or semi-nomadic. The 14th-century historiographer Ibn Khaldun reports that the Zenata were divided into three large tribes: Jarawa , Maghrawa , and Banu Ifran . Formerly occupying a large portion of the Maghreb , they were displaced to the south and west in conflicts with the more powerful Kutama and Houara . The Zenata adopted Islam early, in

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1312-479: The name of the Cushitic people who lived next to them, i.e. , Indians . Southern Arabia was part of Indian Ocean trade routes for millennia. With the advent of the Omani Empire, ties were strengthened between India and the Eastern Coast of Africa and Madagascar. Three thousand years ago, several ancient states occupied the region of South Arabia, being M'ain , Qataban , Hadhramaut , and Saba . In these ancient times South Arabia claimed several notable features:

1353-421: The other. The Kharaj of Banu Ubayd Allah initially opposed the Zayyanids , but later allied with them after they were defeated in a battle with the sultan, Ibn Zyan , When the Marinids replaced the Zayyanids, the Kharaj remained faithful to the Zayyanids since they had given them tax collection privileges. The Marinid Sultan, Abu al-Hassan then stripped them of these acquired advantages and gave them instead to

1394-405: The politics of the western Maghreb (Morocco and western Algeria) in two different periods: in the 10th century, during the decline of the Idrisids , as proxies for either the Fatimid Caliphs or the Umayyad Caliphs of Cordoba , and in the 13th to 16th centuries with the rise of the Zayyanid dynasty in Algeria and the Marinids and Wattasids in Morocco, all from Zenata tribes. Today, most of

1435-432: The reigns of Abu al-Hasan and his son Abu Inan , the Marinid dynasty briefly held sway over most of the Maghreb including large parts of modern-day Algeria and Tunisia . They supported the Emirate of Granada in al-Andalus in the 13th and 14th centuries; an attempt to gain a direct foothold on the European side of the Strait of Gibraltar was however defeated at the Battle of Río Salado in 1340 and finished after

1476-482: The same time as the Marinids, the Zenata Zayyanid dynasty (also known as the Abd al-Wadids) ruled over the Kingdom of Tlemcen in northwestern Algeria, centered on Tlemcen . The territory stretched from Tlemcen to the Chelif bend and Algiers . At its zenith, the kingdom reached the Moulouya river to the west, Sijilmasa to the south, and the Soummam river to the east. The Zayyanid dynasty's rule lasted from 1235 until 1556, when their rule, under pressure from

1517-424: The settlement of Banu Ma'qil and other Arabian tribes in coastal Morocco, an area which was largely depopulated by the conquest of the Barghawata by the Almohads. The migration and presence of Arab nomads led to further Arabic influence and added an important element to the local power equation, of which when one of the Marinid sultans went in public procession, he was escorted by a Zenata on one side and an Arab on

1558-406: The title of one of the kings of the second Himyarite Kingdom known as Shammar Yahrʽish II. The term was probably referring to the southwestern coastline of the Arabian peninsula and the southern coastline between Aden and Hadramout. One etymology derives Yemen from ymnt , meaning "South", and significantly plays on the notion of the land to the right ( 𐩺𐩣𐩬 ). Other sources claim that Yemen

1599-399: Was finally overthrown and killed by a revolt in Fez , which led to the establishment of direct Wattasid rule over most of Morocco. The Wattasid sultans in turn lasted until the mid-16th century, when they were finally overthrown by the Saadians , who inaugurated the beginning of Arab Sharifian rule over Morocco (which continues under the present-day Alaouite dynasty ). Meanwhile, around

1640-414: Was pursued and killed by the Idrisids. The latter preserved a part of their realm in northern Morocco until the Umayyads finally ended their rule definitively in 985. The Umayyads in turn kept control over northern Morocco until their caliphate's collapse in the early 11th century. Following this, Morocco was dominated by various Zenata Berber tribes. Until the rise of the Sanhaja Almoravids later in

1681-482: Was succeeded by his cousin Musa ibn Abul 'Afiya, who had already been given charge over the rest of the country. The Idrisid Hassan I al-Hajam managed to wrest control of Fez from 925 but in 927 Musa returned, captured Hassan and killed him, marking the last time the Idrisids held power in Fez. Thereafter Fez remained under Zenata control. The Miknasa pursued the Idrisids to the fortress of Hajar an-Nasr in northern Morocco, but soon afterwards civil war broke out among

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