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36-774: In 1943 , the American government established the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas . This commission, unofficially called the Roberts Commission after its chairman Supreme Court Justice Owen J. Roberts , had lists drawn up of monuments in Europe that were worthy of protection and were to be secured against further damage immediately after

72-480: A display of just one item. Often a team of specialists is required to assemble and execute an exhibition; these specialists vary depending on the type of said exhibit. Curators are sometimes involved as the people who select the items in an exhibition. Writers and editors are sometimes needed to write text, labels and accompanying printed material such as catalogs and books. Architects, exhibition designers , graphic designers and other designers may be needed to shape

108-417: A formal presentation , under the close supervision of attendant or educator. Temporary exhibits that are transported from institution to institution are traveling exhibits . Though exhibitions are common events, the concept of an exhibition is quite wide and encompasses many variables. Exhibitions range from an extraordinarily large event such as a World's fair exposition to small one-artist solo shows or

144-506: A lack of personnel and time, no active provenance research could be conducted in Marburg, so that sometimes objects wrongfully acquired by museums or private individuals during Nazism remained undiscovered. The majority of the more than 4,000 art objects, more than 14,000 books and 17,500 shelf meters of file material came from German museums, churches, archives or private collections, including various Berlin and Rhineland collections,

180-596: A stopover in Marburg, they parted ways. While Stout continued south, Hancock turned east and on April 29, 1945, he discovered in a potash mine in Bernterode , in addition to works of art, the Prussian Crown Jewels , the military standard collection, and the sarcophagi of Frederick the Great , Frederick William I , former German President Paul von Hindenburg and his wife Gertrud. In order to prevent

216-442: A wide range including archaeology , anthropology , ethnology , history, science, technology and natural history . Commercial exhibitions, generally called trade fairs , trade shows or expos, are usually organized so that organizations in a specific interest or industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products, service, study activities of rivals and examine recent trends and opportunities. Some trade fairs are open to

252-511: A year, with one of new British painting and one of loans of old masters from the Royal Collection and the aristocratic collections of English country houses . By the mid-19th century many of the new national museums of Europe were in place, and holding exhibitions of their own collections, or loaned collections, or a mixture of objects from both sourcers, which remains a typical mix today. The "Chronology of Temporary Exhibitions at

288-412: Is an "exhibit". In common usage, "exhibitions" are considered temporary and usually scheduled to open and close on specific dates. While many exhibitions are shown in just one venue, some exhibitions are shown in multiple locations and are called travelling exhibitions , and some are online exhibitions . Exhibitions featuring especially fragile or valuable objects, or live animals—may be shown only during

324-586: Is attributed to several factors.  The internet's global reach allows museums to share their collections with geographically dispersed audiences. Additionally, online exhibitions can overcome limitations of physical space, allowing for the display of vast collections or large-scale objects that might be difficult to exhibit traditionally. Furthermore, online exhibitions can offer interactive features, educational resources, and accessibility tools not readily available in physical exhibitions. While online exhibitions offer numerous advantages, they cannot fully replicate

360-893: The 4th year of the 1940s decade. Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Exhibition An exhibition , in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum , art gallery , park , library , exhibition hall , or World's fairs . Exhibitions can include many things such as art in both major museums and smaller galleries, interpretive exhibitions, natural history museums and history museums, and also varieties such as more commercially focused exhibitions and trade fairs . They can also foster community engagement, dialogue, and education, providing visitors with opportunities to explore diverse perspectives, historical contexts, and contemporary issues. Additionally, exhibitions frequently contribute to

396-849: The British Museum " goes back to 1838. The tradition of the Universal exposition "world Expo" or "World's Fair" began with the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London; these are only held every few years. The Eiffel Tower in Paris was built for the Exposition Universelle (1889) and served as an entrance arch. Modern exhibitions may be concerned with preservation, education and demonstration, early exhibitions were designed to attract public interest and curiosity. Before

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432-965: The Museum Folkwang in Essen , the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf etc. After it became clear that the Marburg State Archives did not have the necessary capacity to store the shipments that were still expected, and that the separation of objects at various locations in Hesse (at the Collecting Points in Marburg and Wiesbaden, the Offenbach Archival Depot , and the Bad Wildungen depot) did not seem advisable for security and personnel reasons,

468-560: The Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce , and return them to their original owners. In the fall of 1944, the first officers following the Allied front line, which was slowly shifting eastward from France, reached German soil. George L. Stout and Walker Hancock became aware of a large cache of artifacts in a former iron ore mine near Siegen during their stay in war-torn Aachen . During their subsequent visit to

504-802: The American troops had illegally evacuated from the British occupation zone were moved to Düsseldorf and Dyck castle (this mainly concerned the objects from the Siegen ore mine). As a final measure, the four sarcophagi from the Bernterode depot were transferred to the St. Elizabeth's Church in Marburg in the secret "Operation Bodysnatch," while the military standards went to America as political booty. Immediately after this operation, Francis Bilodeau, who had followed Hancock as director in December 1945, announced

540-781: The Americans, for example, for the works of art he himself had stowed in the bunkers at Bad Wildungen . The most important goal at the Collecting Point was the restitution of the collected holdings, which they primarily suspected to be looted property. For this reason, art protection representatives such as the Belgian Raymond M. Lemaire , the American Edith Standen and the French Rose Valland came to Marburg and sifted through

576-655: The British Zonal Fine Arts Repository), traveled to the university town in central Hesse to see the procedures at the Collecting Point and to exchange ideas about the joint work. In the German-American feature film " The Monuments Men ", which was released in 2014, the prequel that led to the founding of the Marburg Art Collecting Point is the subject of discussion. After the visit to the Siegen mine, however,

612-500: The Hain mine in early April 1945, the two officers discovered in a separate and guarded room nearly 600 paintings, hundreds of sculptures and other objects that were already attacked by mold due to the prevailing high humidity. To secure the artworks, Stout and Hancock decided to evacuate them as quickly as possible. However, because this was not immediately possible due to the ongoing state of war, they continued their inspection trip. After

648-591: The MFA&;A officers responsible for Hesse decided to merge the art collecting points in Wiesbaden . Beginning in the spring of 1946, objects from Marburg were transferred to the Museum Wiesbaden , where the U.S. military government had established another Art Collecting Point under the art protection officer Walter Farmer and which offered a larger storage capacity. At the same time, those objects that

684-690: The University Museum on November 15, 1945. More followed in the museum as well as in the State Archives until the dissolution of the Collecting Point. To secure the historically significant buildings in Hesse and to provide further support for the collection of objects, Hancock also recruited the working staff of Friedrich Bleibaum, the former provincial conservator of monuments of Hesse. Bleibaum had been active in securing buildings and evacuating valuable Hessian holdings during World War II and remained responsible for these areas on behalf of

720-654: The art itself. , as in the case with Biennales , triennials and quadrennials. The first art exhibition to be called a blockbuster was allegedly the 1960 Picasso show at Tate in London. Interpretive exhibitions are exhibitions that require more context to explain the items being displayed. This is generally true of exhibitions devoted to scientific and historical themes, where text, dioramas , charts , maps and interactive displays may provide necessary explanation of background and concepts. Interpretive exhibitions generally require more text and more graphics than fine art exhibitions do. The topics of interpretive graphics cover

756-612: The artworks for suspected looted objects. But contrary to expectations of finding looted objects everywhere in Germany, apparently only a few such objects came to light in Marburg. A total of approximately 200 works, including the treasure from Metz Cathedral , arrived in Marburg from various depots and were returned to their original owners or taken to the Wiesbaden Central Collecting Point for further examination. It must be noted here, however, that due to

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792-660: The collaborations lasted only about 15 months, the cooperation that Hancock reported allowed the Marburg Central Collecting Point to become a methodological model for the collecting centers subsequently established in Munich Central Collecting Point and Wiesbaden. Representatives of the other art repositories, such as Walter Farmer (head of the Wiesbaden Collecting Point) and Gustav André (working at

828-559: The collection from falling into the hands of the Soviet Union , in whose occupation zone the mine was located, the American military government ordered its immediate evacuation. On May 9, 1945, the first objects from the Bernterode depot arrived in Marburg and the Central Collecting Point began its official activities. Several factors were decisive for the choice of the university town in central Hesse : Marburg

864-654: The end of the Marburg Collecting Point on August 17, 1946. The MFA&A was chronically understaffed. Only Walker Hancock, assisted at times by New York conservator Sheldon Keck , and his successor Francis Bilodeau operated in Marburg. Hancock was thus dependent on local support, which is why he drew on personnel from the State Archives, the university, the State Monuments Office, and the Building Department. Even though

900-463: The exhibition space and give form to the editorial content. Organizing and holding exhibitions also requires effective event planning , management , and logistics. The exhibition came fully into its own in the 19th century, but various temporary exhibitions had been held before that, especially the regular displays of mostly new art in major cities. The Paris Salon of the Académie des Beaux-Arts

936-414: The experience of a physical exhibition. The physical presence of objects, the curated layout of a gallery space, and the social interaction of a museum visit are all aspects missing from the online experience.  Nevertheless, online exhibitions serve as a valuable complement to physical exhibitions, expanding access to cultural heritage and fostering a deeper appreciation for museums and collections around

972-647: The film abruptly switches to the events in Bavaria that led to the establishment of the Munich Collecting Point. 1943 1943 ( MCMXLIII ) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar , the 1943rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 943rd year of the 2nd millennium , the 43rd year of the 20th century , and

1008-472: The promotion of artists, innovators, and industries, acting as a conduit for the exchange of ideas and the celebration of human creativity and achievement. In British English the word "exhibition" is used for a collection of items placed on display and the event as a whole, which in American English is usually an "exhibit". In both varieties of English each object being shown within an exhibition

1044-582: The public, while others can only be attended by company representatives (members of the trade) and members of the press. Online exhibitions are virtual presentations of artifacts, artworks, and other objects typically found in museums, galleries, and archives. They utilize the internet to display collections and educational content, making them accessible to a wider audience than physical exhibitions. Online exhibitions can take various formats, including digital images, scanned documents, 3D modeling, and even virtual reality experiences. The rise of online exhibitions

1080-525: The remaining employees of the State Archives and six workers assigned by the employment office, the objects arriving almost daily were magazined. For the inventory of the artworks, Hancock asked for assistance from Richard Hamann , who was both head of the Art history seminar and of the Foto Marburg Bildarchiv (picture archive) and willingly made his staff available. The Art history department

1116-527: The university museum and the institutes of cultural studies together with their collections, the Marburg Castle , and the State Archives , which was inaugurated in 1938. It was there that Hancock set up his office immediately after his return following the unconditional surrender , having had the building occupied by an American military unit vacated and placed "Off Limits." With the help of

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1152-982: The widespread adoption of photography , the exhibition of a single object could attract large crowds. Visitors might even be overcome with Stendhal syndrome , feeling dizzy or overwhelmed by the intense sensory experience of an exhibit. Today, there is still tension between the design of exhibits for educational purposes or for the purpose of attracting and entertaining an audience, as a tourist attraction . Art exhibitions include an array of artifacts from countless forms of human making: paintings , drawings , crafts , sculpture , video installations , sound installations , performances , interactive art . Art exhibitions may focus on one artist, one group, one genre, one theme or one collection; or may be organized by curators, selected by juries, or show any artwork submitted. Fine arts exhibitions typically highlight works of art with generous space and lighting, supplying information through labels or audioguides designed to be unobtrusive to

1188-466: The withdrawal of military units. For practical implementation, a special military section called the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program , or MFA&A for short, was founded, whose art protection officers were informally referred to as "Monuments Men" because of their activities. In addition, the unit was to collect the cultural assets that had been looted from the occupied countries, primarily by

1224-506: Was commissioned to prepare index cards for each object and to annotate them with photographs taken by the Bildarchiv. It was Hamann who, together with the mayor of the time, Eugen Siebecke, and the university rector, Julius Ebbinghaus, advocated the organization of an exhibition with the Collecting Point objects to the military government. After the permission was granted, a first exhibition of 30 masterpieces of European painting opened in

1260-465: Was located in the American occupation zone , relatively close to other depots in central Germany that were known in the meantime, and had only minor war damage. Moreover, as early as April 1945, during his inspection tour of Hesse and Thuringia , Hancock had registered three buildings in the city that were suitable for this purpose: The Jubilee building of the university, which is still the seat of

1296-572: Was the most famous of these, beginning in 1667, and open to the public from 1737. By the mid-18th century this and its equivalents in other countries had become crucial for developing and maintaining the reputation of contemporary artists. In London the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition has been held annually since 1769, and the British Institution ran temporary exhibitions from 1805 to 1867, typically twice

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