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19-544: Margonin dates back to the 7th century, and in the 9th–12th it was a defensive stronghold , which became part of Poland after the establishment of the state in the 10th century. Margonin was first mentioned when Archbishop Jarosław Bogoria of Skotniki of Gniezno and the Bishop of Poznań , Jan Doliwa, agreed on 15 May 1364 that Margonin parish should belong to the Diocese of Poznań. Town rights were received in 1402. Margonin

38-451: A city or town : The names of many Central and Eastern European cities harken back to their pasts as gords. Some of them are in countries which once were but no longer are mainly inhabited by Slavic-speaking peoples. Examples include: The words in Polish and Slovak for suburbium , podgrodzie and podhradie correspondingly, literally mean a settlement beneath a gord: the gród / hrad

57-540: A garden, and its English descendant horticulture . In Hungarian , kert , the word for a garden, literally means encircled . Because Hungarian is a Uralic rather than an Indo-European language, this is likely a loanword . Further afield, in ancient Iran , a fortified wooden settlement was called a gerd , or certa , which also means garden (as in the suffix -certa in the names of various ancient Iranian cities; e.g., Hunoracerta ). The Persian word evolved into jerd under later Arab influence. Burugerd or Borujerd

76-480: A hollow. Others, built on a natural hill or a man-made mound, were cone-shaped. Those with a natural defense on one side, such as a river or lake, were usually horseshoe-shaped. Most gords were built in densely populated areas on sites that offered particular natural advantages. As Slavic tribes united to form states, gords were also built for defensive purposes in less-populated border areas. Gords in which rulers resided or that lay on trade routes quickly expanded. Near

95-453: Is a city in the west of Iran. The Indian suffix -garh , meaning a fort in Hindi , Urdu , Sanskrit , and other Indo-Iranian languages , appears in many Indian place names. Given that both Slavic and Indo-Iranian are sub-branches of Indo-European and that there are numerous similarities between Slavic and Sanskrit vocabulary, it is plausible that garh and gord are related. However, this

114-527: Is strongly contradicted by the phoneme /g/ in Indo-Iranian, which cannot be a reflex of the Indo-European palatovelar /*ǵ/. A typical gord was a group of wooden houses built either in rows or in circles, surrounded by one or more rings of walls made of earth and wood, a palisade , and/or moats . Some gords were ring-shaped, with a round, oval, or occasionally polygonal fence or wall surrounding

133-411: Is the root of various words in modern Slavic languages pertaining to fences and fenced-in areas (Belarusian гарадз іць, Ukrainian horod yty, Slovak o hrad iť, Czech o hrad it, Russian o grad it, Serbo-Croatian o grad iti, and Polish o grad zać, grod zić, to fence off). It also has evolved into words for a garden in certain languages. Additionally, it has furnished numerous modern Slavic words for

152-724: The Greater Poland uprising (1918–19) broke out, which aim was to reintegrate the region with Poland . Polish insurgents captured Margonin on 6 January 1919. It was recaptured by Germans in February, despite prior agreements. Nevertheless, in accordance to the Treaty of Versailles , it was reintegrated with Poland in January 1920. 18 inhabitants of Margonin and its suburbs died in the Polish–Soviet War , and four were awarded with

171-824: The High Middle Ages , the gord usually evolved into a castle , citadel or kremlin , and the suburbium into a town . Some gords did not stand the test of time and were abandoned or destroyed, gradually turning into more or less discernible mounds or rings of earth ( Russian gorodishche, Polish gród or grodzisko, Ukrainian horodyshche, Slovak hradisko, Czech hradiště, German Hradisch , Hungarian hradis and Serbian gradiška / градишка ). Notable archeological sites include Groß Raden in Germany and Biskupin in Poland. Pi%C5%82a Voivodeship Piła Voivodeship ( Polish : Województwo pilskie )

190-753: The Virtuti Militari , the highest Polish military decoration, for their bravery in the Battle of Warsaw (1920) . In interwar Poland Margonin became a popular tourist destination with several hotels. During World War II , the town was under German occupation from 5 September 1939 to 22 January 1945, the area having been made part of the Reichsgau Wartheland . The Polish population was subjected to various crimes , including murders, deportations to Nazi concentration camps and expulsions . Inhabitants of Margonin were among 41 Poles murdered in

209-649: The 6th and 12th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe . A typical gord consisted of a group of wooden houses surrounded by a wall made of earth and wood, and a palisade running along the top of the bulwark. The term ultimately descends from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root ǵʰortós 'enclosure'. The Proto-Slavic word *gordъ later differentiated into grad ( Cyrillic : град), gorod (Cyrillic: город), gród in Polish , gard in Kashubian , etc. It

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228-578: The German municipalities Puttgarden , Wagria and Putgarten , Rügen . From this same Proto-Indo-European root come the Germanic word elements * gard and * gart (as in Stuttgart ), and likely also the names of Graz , Austria and Gartz , Germany . Cognate to these are English words such as garden , yard , garth , girdle and court. Also cognate but less closely related are Latin hortus ,

247-912: The Germans discovered their operations. Following World War II, the area reverted to Poland. In 1975 the town became part of the Piła Voivodeship , in 1998 part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship . In 2017 the Monument to the Heroes of the Greater Poland Uprising was unveiled in Margonin. Gord (archaeology) A gord is a medieval Slavonic fortified settlement, usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops, riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between

266-407: The gord, or below it in elevation, there formed small communities of servants, merchants, artisans, and others who served the higher-ranked inhabitants of the gord. Each such community was known as a suburbium (literally "undercity") ( Polish : podgrodzie ). Its residents could shelter within the walls of the gord in the event of danger. Eventually the suburbium acquired its own fence or wall. In

285-617: The nearby village of Morzewo on 7 November 1939. On 10–12 December 1939 the Germans expelled many Polish inhabitants to the Warsaw District of the General Government in German-occupied central Poland. The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the town and a forced labour camp for Jews . The Polish underground resistance movement was active in Margonin, and many of its members died in concentration camps, after

304-603: The short-lived Duchy of Warsaw , but in 1815 it was re-annexed by Prussia, and was then part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen until 1848, and then part of the Prussian province of Posen until 1918, also within Germany from 1871. Gas lanterns illuminated the town from 1905. In 1908, the town was connected to the railway spur running between Gołańcz (then officially Gollantsch ) and Chodzież ( Kolmar ). After World War I , in 1918, Poland regained independence and

323-671: Was a private town of Polish nobility , administratively located in the Kcynia County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province . Much of the town was destroyed in 1655 during the Swedish invasion of Poland ( Deluge ) , and the town lost its rights. They were restored on 20 July 1696. An orphanage was established in 1725. The Catholic Church was heavily damaged by a storm in 1737, and

342-482: Was frequently built at the top of a hill, and the podgrodzie / podhradie at its foot. (The Slavic prefix pod- , meaning "under/below" and descending from the Proto-Indo-European root pṓds , meaning foot, being equivalent to Latin sub- ). The word survives in the names of several villages ( Podgrodzie, Subcarpathian Voivodeship ) and town districts (e.g., that of Olsztyn ), as well as in the names of

361-480: Was repaired between 1753 and 1755. As a result of the First Partition of Poland , in 1772, it was annexed by Prussia . Polish jurist, poet, political and military activist Józef Wybicki , best known as the author of the lyrics of the national anthem of Poland , married Kunegunda Drwęska in Margonin in 1773. After the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806 , it was regained by Poles and included within

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