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67-465: The name is derived from that of the former Carthusian monastery in the city, Mariefred Charterhouse , and means "Peace of Mary" (the previous name being Gripsholm). It lies roughly 50 kilometres west of Stockholm by lake Mälaren . Mariefred is, despite its small population, for historical reasons often still referred to as a city . Statistics Sweden , however, only counts localities with more than 10,000 inhabitants as cities. Gripsholm Castle

134-567: A Victorian monument marks the site. The Perth names Charterhouse Lane and Pomarium Flats (built on the site of the Priory's orchard) recall its existence. There is an active Carthusian house in England, St Hugh's Charterhouse, Parkminster , West Sussex. This has cells around a square cloister approximately 400 metres (0.25 mi) on a side, making it the largest cloister in Europe. It was built in

201-481: A cell, usually consisting of a small dwelling. Traditionally there is a one-room lower floor for the storage of wood for a stove and a workshop as all monks engage in some manual labour. A second floor consists of a small entryway with an image of the Virgin Mary as a place of prayer and a larger room containing a bed, a table for eating meals, a desk for study, a choir stall, and a kneeler for prayer. Each cell has

268-643: A crusade to the Holy Lands, there are four extant letters written by Pope Urban himself: one to the Flemish (dated December 1095); one to the Bolognese (dated September 1096); one to Vallombrosa (dated October 1096); and one to the counts of Catalonia (dated either 1089 or 1096–1099). However, whereas the three former letters were concerned with rallying popular support for the Crusades, and establishing

335-579: A great influence on popular conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing the five composed speeches to Urban's actual words. Fulcher of Chartres has Urban saying that the Lord and Christ beseech and command the Christians to fight and reclaim their land. The chronicler Robert the Monk put this into the mouth of Urban II: ... this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by

402-453: A hermitage, consisting of a few wooden cabins opening towards a gallery that allowed them access to the communal areas, the church, the refectory, and the chapter room without having to suffer too much from inclement conditions. Six years later, Bruno's former pupil, Pope Urban II , requested his services. Bruno would only live in Rome for a few short months however, before leaving to establish

469-404: A high-walled garden wherein the monk may meditate as well as grow flowers for himself and/or vegetables for the common good of the community, as a form of physical exercise. Next to the door is a small revolving compartment, called a "turn", so that meals and other items may be passed in and out of the cell without the hermit having to meet the bearer. Most meals are provided in this manner, which

536-402: A life of solitary prayer and join in the communal prayer and Mass in the chapel. However, the lay brothers are monks under a slightly different type of vows and spend less time in contemplative prayer and more time in manual labour. The lay brothers provide material assistance to the choir monks: cooking meals, doing laundry, undertaking physical repairs, providing the choir monks with books from

603-574: A much larger force to retake Jerusalem. Urban II refers to liberating the church as a whole or the eastern churches generally rather than to reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are "churches of God in the eastern region" and "the eastern churches" (to the Flemish), "liberation of the Church" (to Bologna), "liberating Christianity [Lat. Christianitatis]" (to Vallombrosa), and "the Asian church" (to

670-774: A new hermitage in Serra San Bruno , in Calabria , a region of southern Italy. He died there on 6 October 1101. In 1132, an avalanche destroyed the first hermitage, killing 7 monks under the snow. The fifth prior of Chartreuse, Guiges , rebuilt the hermitage. There were ten Carthusian monasteries in Britain before the Reformation, with one in Scotland and nine in England. The first was founded by Henry II of England in 1181 at Witham Friary , Somerset as penance for

737-418: A pastoral or missionary nature. Unlike most monasteries, they do not have retreatants, and those who visit for a prolonged period are people who are contemplating entering the monastery. As far as possible, the monks have no contact with the outside world. Carthusian nuns live a life similar to the monks but with some differences. Choir nuns tend to lead somewhat less eremitical lives, while still maintaining

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804-709: A strong commitment to solitude and silence. Today, the monastery of the Grande Chartreuse is still the Motherhouse of the order. There is a museum illustrating the history of the Carthusian order next to Grande Chartreuse; the monks of that monastery are also involved in producing Chartreuse liqueur . Visits are not possible into the Grande Chartreuse itself, but the 2005 documentary Into Great Silence gave unprecedented views of life within

871-529: A unified defense against them. The most important effect of the First Crusade for Urban himself was the removal of Clement III from Rome in 1097 by one of the French armies. His restoration there was supported by Matilda of Tuscany . Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem , but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was Pope Paschal II . Urban

938-411: A version revised in 1981. Apart from the new elements in this revision, it is substantially the rite of Grenoble in the 12th century, with some admixture from other sources. According to current Catholic legislation, priests can celebrate the traditional rites of their order without further authorization. A feature unique to Carthusian liturgical practice is that the bishop bestows on Carthusian nuns, in

1005-581: Is a member of the exclusive Triple Gold Club , having won the Stanley Cup , Olympics , and World Championship . This article about a location in Södermanland County , Sweden is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Carthusian The Carthusians , also known as the Order of Carthusians ( Latin : Ordo Cartusiensis ), are a Latin enclosed religious order of

1072-414: Is contemplation. To this end, there is an emphasis on solitude and silence. Carthusians do not have abbots —instead, each charterhouse is headed by a prior and is populated by two types of monks: the choir monks , referred to as hermits , and the lay brothers. This reflects a division of labor in providing for the material needs of the monastery and the monks. For the most part, the number of brothers in

1139-456: Is located in the town. Adjacent to the castle is the nature reserve and deer park Gripsholms hjorthage . Gripsholms kungsladugård , an old barn of Gripsholm Castle, housed a centre for fine arts printmaking called Grafikens Hus, the largest of its kind in Sweden at the time, before being destroyed in a fire in 2014. The East Södermanland Railway has a railway museum in the city with one of

1206-529: Is the river Sherbourne which runs underneath the centre of the city. The best preserved remains of a medieval Charterhouse in the UK are at Mount Grace Priory near Osmotherley, North Yorkshire . One of the cells has been reconstructed to illustrate how different the layout is from monasteries of most other Christian orders, which are normally designed with communal living in mind. The London Charterhouse gave its name to Charterhouse Square and several streets in

1273-476: Is the will of God!" Within Fulcher of Chartres account of pope Urban's speech there was a promise of remission of sins for whoever took part in the crusade. All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. It is disputed whether the famous slogan "God wills it" or "It

1340-659: Is the will of God" ( deus vult in Latin, Dieu le veut in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the Council. While Robert the Monk says so, it is also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy propaganda motto afterwards. Urban II's own letter to the Flemish confirms that he granted "remission of all their sins" to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate the eastern churches. One notable contrast with

1407-710: The Carthusian Rite . The name Carthusian is derived from the Chartreuse Mountains in the French Prealps : Bruno built his first hermitage in a valley of these mountains. These names were adapted to the English charterhouse , meaning a Carthusian monastery . Today, there are 23 charterhouses, 18 for monks and 5 for nuns. The alcoholic cordial Chartreuse has been produced by the monks of Grande Chartreuse since 1737, which gave rise to

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1474-595: The Catholic Church . The order was founded by Bruno of Cologne in 1084 and includes both monks and nuns . The order has its own rule, called the Statutes , and their life combines both eremitical and cenobitic monasticism . The motto of the Carthusians is Stat crux dum volvitur orbis , Latin for 'The Cross is steady while the world turns'. The Carthusians retain a unique form of liturgy known as

1541-635: The City of London , as well as to the Charterhouse School which used part of its site before moving out to Godalming , Surrey . Nothing remains at Hull or Sheen, although Hull Charterhouse is an almshouse that shared the site of the monastery. Axholme, Hinton, and Witham have slight remains. Perth Charterhouse , the single Carthusian Priory founded in Scotland during the Middle Ages ,

1608-665: The Council of Piacenza , where, in March 1095, Urban II received an ambassador from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos asking for help against the Turkish tribes who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine Anatolia . The Council of Clermont met, attended by numerous Italian, Burgundian , and French bishops . All of the sessions except the final one took place either in the cathedral of Clermont or in

1675-646: The First Crusade (1096–1099). He promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the past sins of those who would fight to reclaim the holy land from Muslims and free the eastern churches. This pardon would also apply to those that would fight the Muslims in Spain. While the First Crusade resulted in occupation of Jerusalem from the Fatimids , Pope Urban II died before he could receive this news. He also set up

1742-584: The United Kingdom (1) and the United States (1). Pope Urban II Pope Urban II ( Latin : Urbanus II  ; c.  1035 – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery , was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for convening the Council of Clermont which ignited

1809-418: The 19th century to accommodate two communities which were expelled from the continent. The monastery is generally a small community of hermits based on the model of the 4th-century Lauras of Palestine. A Carthusian monastery consists of a number of individual cells built around a cloister. The individual cells are organised so that the door of each cell comes off a large corridor. The focus of Carthusian life

1876-583: The Catalan counts). Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of Urban's speech makes no explicit reference to Jerusalem. Rather it more generally refers to aiding the crusaders' Christian "brothers of the eastern shore," and to their loss of Asia Minor to the Turks. It is still disputed what Pope Urban's motives were as evidenced by the different speeches that were recorded, all of which differ from each other. Some historians believe that Urban wished for

1943-535: The Order has remained the same for centuries, as it is now: seven or eight brothers for every ten fathers. Humility is a characteristic of Carthusian spirituality. The Carthusian identity is one of shared solitude. Similar to the tradition of the Byzantine Rite , Carthusians eschew the use of musical instruments in worship. Each hermit, a monk who is or who will be a priest, has his own living space, called

2010-510: The cell: he meditates, prays the minor hours of the Liturgy of the Hours on his own, eats, studies and writes, and works in his garden or at some manual trade. Unless required by other duties, the Carthusian hermit leaves his cell daily only for three prayer services in the monastery chapel, including the community Mass, and occasionally for conferences with his superior. Additionally, once a week,

2077-533: The ceremony of their profession, a stole and a maniple . The nun, who may receive the consecration of virgins is then also invested with a crown and a ring. The nun wears these ornaments again only on the day of her monastic jubilee and on her bier after her death. At Matins , if no priest or deacon is present, a nun assumes the stole and reads the Gospel; and although in the time of the Tridentine Mass

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2144-474: The chanting of the Epistle was reserved to an ordained subdeacon, a consecrated virgin sang the Epistle at the conventual Mass, though without wearing the maniple. For centuries Carthusian nuns retained this rite, administered by the diocesan bishop four years after the nun took her vows. The formation of a Carthusian begins with 6 to 12 months of postulancy . This is followed by two years of novitiate , where

2211-497: The chronicle account of the First Crusade called the Gesta Francorum (written c. 1101), which includes a version of it. Fulcher of Chartres was present at the Council, though he did not start writing his history of the crusade, including a version of the speech until c. 1101. Robert the Monk may have been present, but his version dates from about 1106. As a better means of evaluating Urban's true motives in calling for

2278-517: The community members take a long walk in the countryside during which they may speak. On Sundays and solemn feast days a community meal is taken in silence. Twice a year there is a day-long community recreation, and the monk may receive an annual visit from immediate family members. There have always been lay brothers in the charterhouse. When Bruno retired to the Chartreuse, two of his companions were secular ones: Andrew and Guerin. They also live

2345-422: The controversy, although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of Louis . ) Urban further authorised itinerant preachers such as Robert of Arbrissel to spread the knowledge of Christian faith and promote the ideas of the reform movement, contributing to the mass phenomenon of spirituality at the end of the 11th century. Urban II's movement took its first public shape at

2412-475: The desires of all who were present, that they cried out "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered

2479-505: The emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of Matilda , countess of Tuscany, with Welf II , duke of Bavaria . He supported the rebellion of Prince Conrad against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at Cremona in 1095. While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and Maximilla , the daughter of Count Roger of Sicily , which occurred later that year at Pisa ; her large dowry helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns. The Empress Adelaide

2546-541: The essentials were the same, there were variations in prayers and practices from region to region or among the various religious orders . When Pope Pius V made the Roman Missal mandatory for all Catholics of the Latin Church, he permitted the continuance of other forms of celebrating Mass that had an antiquity of at least two centuries. The rite used by the Carthusians was one of these and continues in use in

2613-518: The finest collections of 600 mm narrow-gauge passenger railcars anywhere. Kurt Tucholsky , a famous German author, is buried in the town cemetery. Swedish pop and jazz singer Lisa Ekdahl was raised in Mariefred. Swedish actor Dolph Lundgren has a summer home in Mariefred, Kalkudden. Mikael Samuelsson , a former professional ice hockey player in the NHL , was born in Mariefred. Samuelsson

2680-458: The hermit then eats in the solitude of his cell. There are two meals provided for much of the year: lunch and supper. During seasons or days of fasting , just one meal is provided. The hermit makes his needs known to the lay brother by means of a note, requesting items such as a fresh loaf of bread, which will be kept in the cell for eating with several meals. Carthusians observe a perpetual abstinence from meat. The hermit spends most of his day in

2747-551: The hermitage. Today, Carthusians live very much as they originally did, without any relaxing of their rules. Generally, those wishing to enter must be between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five. Nowadays, medical examinations are considered necessary before the Novitiate and Profession. The Carthusian novice is introduced to Lectio divina (spiritual reading). In the 21st century, the Sélignac Charterhouse

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2814-468: The letters to Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers to the crusaders' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than to his own desire that Jerusalem be freed from Seljuk rule. It was believed that originally that Urban wanted to send a relatively small force to aid the Byzantines, however after meeting with two prominent members of the crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, Urban decided to rally

2881-483: The library and managing supplies. The life of the brothers complements that of the choir monks and makes the fathers' lives of seclusion possible. During the brothers' seven-year formation period, some time is given each day to the study of the Bible, theology, liturgy, and spirituality. They can continue their studies throughout their lives. All of the monks live lives of silence. The Carthusians do not engage in work of

2948-434: The modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. He was beatified by Pope Leo XIII on 14 July 1881. Urban, baptized Eudes (Odo), was born to a family of Châtillon-sur-Marne. In 1050, he begun his studies at the nearby cathedral school of Reims . He was prior of the abbey of Cluny , and Pope Gregory VII later named him cardinal-bishop of Ostia c.  1080 . He

3015-566: The murder of Thomas Becket . Hugh of Lincoln was its first prior. The third Charterhouse built in Britain was Beauvale Priory , remains of which can still be seen in Beauvale , Greasley , Nottinghamshire . The Carthusians, as with all Catholic religious orders, were variously persecuted and banned during the Reformation . The abolition of their priories, which were sources of charity in England, particularly reduced their numbers. This

3082-480: The name of the color , though the liqueur is in fact produced not only as green chartreuse, but also as yellow chartreuse. In Italy, the Carthusians are known as Certosini and their monastery as a Certosa. In 1084 Bishop Hugh of Grenoble offered Bruno, the former Chancellor of the Diocese of Reims, a solitary site in the mountains of his diocese, in the valley of Chartreuse. There Bruno and six companions built

3149-478: The new archbishop of Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate Hugh of Die 's excommunication of King Philip over his doubly bigamous marriage with Bertrade de Montfort , wife of the Count of Anjou . (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her. A public penance in 1104 ended

3216-585: The novice wears a black cloak over the white Carthusian habit. Subsequently, the novice takes simple vows and becomes a junior professed for three years, during which the professed wears the full Carthusian habit. The simple vows may be renewed for another two years. Finally, the Carthusian makes the solemn profession. As of March 2024 , there are 21 extant charterhouses, 16 for monks and 5 for nuns, on three continents: Argentina (1), Brazil (1), France (6), Germany (1), Italy (3), Korea (2), Portugal (1), Slovenia (1), Spain (4), Switzerland (1),

3283-574: The objectives, his letters to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against the Moors , assuring them that doing so would offer the same divine rewards as a conflict against the Seljuks. It is Urban II's own letters, rather than the paraphrased versions of his speech at Clermont, that reveal his actual thinking about crusading. Nevertheless, the versions of the speech have had

3350-570: The outset, Urban had to reckon with the presence of Guibert , the former bishop of Ravenna who held Rome as the antipope "Clement III". Gregory had repeatedly clashed with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over papal authority. Despite the Walk to Canossa , Gregory had backed the rebel Duke of Swabia and again excommunicated the emperor. Henry finally took Rome in 1084 and installed Clement III in his place. Urban took up

3417-580: The people to wrest the Holy Land , and the eastern churches generally, from the domination of the Seljuks. This was the speech that triggered the Crusades . There exists no exact transcription of the speech that Urban delivered at the Council of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written down some time later, and they differ widely from one another. All versions of the speech except that by Fulcher of Chartres were probably influenced by

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3484-471: The policies of Pope Gregory VII and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome, Urban toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended synods held in Rome , Amalfi , Benevento , and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony , lay investitures , clerical marriages (partly via the cullagium tax), and

3551-695: The recent "triumph" of the Pisans over Saracen forces. Urban received vital support in his conflict with the Byzantine Empire , Romans and the Holy Roman Empire from the Norman of Campania and Sicily . In return he granted Roger I the freedom to appoint bishops (the right of lay investiture ), to collect Church revenues before forwarding to the papacy, and the right to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions. Roger I virtually became

3618-569: The reunification of the eastern and western churches, a rift that was caused by the Great Schism of 1054 . Others believe that Urban saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as at the time he was contending with the antipope Clement III. A third theory is that Urban felt threatened by the Seljuk conquests in Europe and saw the crusades as a way to unite the Christian world into

3685-547: The road to the Holy Sepulchre ; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves ... God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the Kingdom of Heaven . Robert continued: When Pope Urban had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose

3752-407: The same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It

3819-552: The same remission of sin for those that fought in Spain and discouraged those that wished to travel east from Spain. A similar line is taken by Erdmann, who views the conflict in Iberia as being premeditated by the Mahdia campaign of 1087 conducted by Pope Victor III due to the granting of an indulgence. This campaign, Erdmann argues, was considered a success because of the elevation of the see of Pisa in 1092 in which Urban acknowledges

3886-430: The seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon

3953-440: The series of Christian military expeditions known as the Crusades . Pope Urban was a native of France and was a descendant of a noble family from the French commune of Châtillon-sur-Marne . Before his papacy, Urban was the grand prior of Cluny and bishop of Ostia . As pope, he dealt with Antipope Clement III , infighting of various Christian nations, and the Turkish invasions into Anatolia . In 1095 he started preaching

4020-408: The speeches recorded by Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent , and Baldric of Dol is the lesser emphasis on Jerusalem itself, which Urban only once mentions as his own focus of concern. In the letter to the Flemish he writes, "they [the Turks] have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and blasphemy to say—have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery." In

4087-414: The suburban church of Notre-Dame-du-Port. Though the Council was primarily focused on reforms within the church hierarchy, Urban II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 at the conclusion of the Council to a broader audience. The speech was made outside in the open air to accommodate the vast crowd that had come to hear him. Urban II's sermon proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and

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4154-422: Was converted into a house in which lay people could come and experience Carthusian retreats, living the Carthusian life for shorter periods (an eight-day retreat being fixed as the minimum, to enter at least somewhat into the silent rhythm of the charterhouse). Before the Council of Trent in the 16th century, the Catholic Church in Western Europe had a wide variety of rituals for the celebration of Mass. Although

4221-421: Was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV. He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of Anselm , negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with King William II of England and finally receiving England's support against the Imperial pope in Rome. Urban maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms, however, and did not shy from supporting Anselm when

4288-408: Was followed by the French Revolution which had a similar effect in France. The Charterhouse, Coventry has been conserved and was opened to the public in April 2023. The area, about a mile from the centre of the city, is a conservation area, and the buildings had been in use as part of a local college. Inside the building is a medieval wall painting, alongside many carvings and wooden beams. Nearby

4355-432: Was involved in Iberia from the very beginning of his time as pontiff. Of his involvements in Iberia there were two main engagements, namely the: Urban here gave support to the crusades in Spain against the Moors there. According to Chevedden, Urban was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain. He saw the fight in the east and in Spain as part of the same crusade so he would offer

4422-500: Was located in Perth . It stood just west of the medieval town and was founded by James I (1406–1437) in the early 15th century. James I and Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots (died 1445) were both buried in the priory church, as was Queen Margaret Tudor (died 1541), widow of James IV of Scotland . The Priory, said to have been a building of "wondrous cost and greatness", was sacked during the Scottish Reformation in 1559, and swiftly fell into decay. No remains survive above ground, though

4489-476: Was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms , especially as legate in the Holy Roman Empire in 1084. He was among the three whom Gregory VII nominated as papabile (possible successors). Desiderius , the abbot of Monte Cassino , was chosen to follow Gregory in 1085 but, after his short reign as Victor III, Odo was elected by acclamation at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina in March 1088. From

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