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97-476: Marmalade (from the Portuguese marmelada ) is a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. The well-known version is made from bitter orange . It is also made from lemons , limes , grapefruits , mandarins , sweet oranges , bergamots , and other citrus fruits , or a combination. Citrus is the most typical choice of fruit for marmalade, though historically
194-598: A condiment or spread . There are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by the method of preparation, type of fruit used, and its place in a meal. Sweet fruit preserves such as jams, jellies, and marmalades are often eaten at breakfast with bread or as an ingredient of a pastry or dessert, whereas more savory and acidic preserves made from " vegetable fruits " such as tomato, squash or zucchini , are eaten alongside savory foods such as cheese, cold meats, and curries. There are several techniques of making jam, with or without added water. One factor depends on
291-516: A gelling agent , meaning when the pectin chains combine, they create a network that results in a gel. The strength and effectiveness of the side chains and the bonds they form depend on the pH of the pectin, the optimal pH is between 2.8 and 3.2. Marmalade is a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. It can be produced from lemons, limes, grapefruits, mandarins, sweet oranges, bergamots and other citrus fruits, or any combination thereof. Marmalade
388-528: A recommendation letter of Constant d'Hermenches , and made a pilgrimage to Rome, where his portrait was painted by George Willison . Boswell also travelled to Corsica and spent seven weeks there, meeting the Corsican resistance leader Pasquale Paoli , and sending reports to London newspapers. His diaries and correspondence of this time have been compiled into two books, Boswell in Holland and Boswell on
485-438: A Bawdy-house and past a whole night in the arms of a Whore. She indeed was a fine strong spirited Girl, a Whore worthy of Boswell if Boswell must have a whore." A few years earlier, he wrote that during a night with an actress named Louisa, "five times was I fairly lost in supreme rapture. Louisa was madly fond of me; she declared I was a prodigy and asked me if this was not extraordinary for human nature." Though he sometimes used
582-625: A bath of honey diluted with defrutum —Roman marmalade. Preserves of quince and lemon appear—along with rose, apple, plum and pear—in the Book of ceremonies of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos . Medieval quince preserves, which went by the French name cotignac , produced in a clear version and a fruit pulp version, began to lose their medieval seasoning of spices in
679-639: A careful journal, written in full, and the volume covering this period was published in 1950 as the London Journal . On 16 May 1763, Boswell met Johnson for the first time. The pair became friends almost immediately, though Johnson became more of a parental figure in Boswell's eyes. In Boswell's Life of Johnson , he records the first conversational exchange between himself and Johnson as follows: [Boswell:] "Mr Johnson, I do indeed come from Scotland, but I cannot help it." [Johnson:] "That, Sir, I find,
776-515: A chemical to adjust the pH; and/or an antifoaming agent . In the European Union , the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979) set minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam, but the definition of fruit was expanded to take account of several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU. For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated in
873-522: A child, he was delicate. Kay Jamison , Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins, in her book Touched with Fire , believes that Boswell may have suffered from bipolar disorder , and this condition would afflict him sporadically all through his life. At the age of five, he was sent to James Mundell 's academy, an advanced institution by the standards of the time, where he was instructed in English, Latin , writing and arithmetic. The eight-year-old Boswell
970-520: A condom for protection, he contracted venereal disease at least seventeen times. Boswell married his cousin, Margaret Montgomerie , on 25 November 1769. She remained faithful to Boswell, despite his frequent liaisons with prostitutes, until her death from tuberculosis in 1789. After his infidelities, he would deliver tearful apologies to her and beg her forgiveness, before again promising her, and himself, that he would reform. James and Margaret had four sons and three daughters. Two sons died in infancy;
1067-478: A culinary sense as fruits, such as tomatoes, cucumbers , and pumpkins; fruits that are not normally made into jams; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, and sweet potatoes . This definition continues to apply in the new directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to fruit jams, jellies and marmalades and sweetened chestnut purée intended for human consumption. Extra jam
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#17327945014281164-417: A distinctive bitter taste which it imparts to the preserve. Fruit preserves are used in many food preparations and recipes; some examples include: In general, jam is produced by taking mashed or chopped fruit or vegetable pulp and boiling it with sugar and water. The proportion of sugar and fruit varies according to the type of fruit and its ripeness, but a rough starting point is equal weights of each. When
1261-477: A little ginger to enhance the flavor. The origin of the term is obscure, but it is theorized that it came from the French. The word is also based on the French term confiture via the Dutch confident (meaning candied fruit). A conserve , or whole fruit jam , is a preserve made of fruit stewed in sugar. The making of conserves can be trickier than making a standard jam; it requires cooking or sometimes steeping
1358-416: A minimum percentage of water-soluble solids. Jams "shall be the product made by boiling fruit, fruit pulp or canned fruit to a suitable consistency with water and a sweetening ingredient", jellies "shall be the product made by boiling fruit juice or concentrated fruit juice that is free from seeds and pulp with water and a sweetening ingredient until it acquires a gelatinous consistency". In Canada, fruit jam
1455-404: A pin in the mother's hair. In Agatha Christie 's 1953 detective novel A Pocket Full of Rye , the first victim of the murderer is given poison hidden in orange marmalade consumed at breakfast. Notes Further reading Fruit preserves Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid , often stored in glass jars and used as
1552-469: A preserve made from citrus fruits occurred in the 17th century, when citrus first began to be plentiful enough in England for the usage to become common. Greek μελίμηλον melimēlon 'sweet apple', from μέλη 'honey' + μῆλον mēlon 'apple, round fruit', became Galician-Portuguese marmelo 'quince'. In Portuguese, marmelada is a preserve made from quinces, quince cheese . There
1649-546: A process similar to that used for making jam, with the additional step of filtering out the fruit pulp after the initial cooking. Good jelly is clear and sparkling and has a fresh flavor of the fruit from which it is made. It is tender enough to quiver when moved but holds angles when cut. The characteristic clarity and jellied consistency of a jelly are qualities it shares with the gelatin-based dessert also called jelly in some places. High pectin fruits such as quinces, apples, or redcurrants are used for making jelly. In
1746-432: A product made of whole fruit cut into pieces or crushed, then heated with water and sugar until it reaches "jelling" or "setting" point, which is achieved through the action of natural or added pectin . It is then sealed in containers. Jam making became "a great new industry" in 19th century England, at which point English jam makers were jam makers for the world, thriving after the repeal of sugar duties in 1874. Pectin
1843-498: A replaceable tightly-fitting lid can be used. Other methods of packaging jam, especially for industrially produced products, include cans and plastic packets, especially used in the food service industry for individual servings. Under the Processed Products Regulations (C.R.C., c. 291), jams, jellies, citrus marmalade, and preserves are defined. Each must contain a minimum percentage of the named fruit and
1940-527: A sieve to give a smooth consistency. After sieving, cook the pulp ... add sugar and cook as rapidly as possible with constant stirring.… The finished product should mound up when dropped from a spoon, but should not cut like jelly. Nor should there be any free liquid. Fruit curd is a dessert topping and spread usually made with lemon, lime , orange, or raspberry . The basic ingredients are beaten egg yolks, sugar, fruit juice and zest which are gently cooked together until thick and then allowed to cool, forming
2037-474: A signature marmalade producer today. According to a Scottish legend, the creation of orange marmalade in Dundee occurred by accident. The legend tells of a ship carrying a cargo of oranges that broke down in the port , resulting in some ingenious locals making marmalade out of the cargo. However, this legend was "decisively disproved by food historians", according to a New York Times report. Paddington Bear
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#17327945014282134-518: A significant portion of the fruit. In the English-speaking world, the two terms are more strictly differentiated and, when this is not the case, the more usual generic term is 'jam'. The singular preserve or conserve is used as a collective noun for high fruit content jam, often for marketing purposes. Additionally, the name of the type of fruit preserves will also vary depending on the regional variant of English being used. Cheong
2231-568: A soft, smooth, flavorful spread. Some recipes also include egg whites or butter. In the United States the FDA has Requirements for Specific Standardized Fruit Butters, Jellies, Preserves, and Related Products , "fruit spread" is not defined. The term is sometimes used for a jam or preserve with no added sugar, but there are many foodstuffs described as "fruit spreads" by leading manufacturers that do contain added sugar. Jam refers to
2328-488: A strictly fact-based record of Johnson's public life in the style of the time, he painted a more personal and intimate portrait of the man than was normal in biographies of the day. Macaulay and Carlyle , among others, have attempted to explain how a man such as Boswell could have produced a work as detailed as the Life of Johnson . The former argued that Boswell's uninhibited folly and candour were his greatest qualifications;
2425-488: A superficial Enlightenment sensibility for reason and taste with a genuine and somewhat romantic love of the sublime and a propensity for occasionally puerile whimsy. The latter, along with his tendency for drink and other vices, caused many contemporaries and later observers to regard him as being too lightweight to be an equal in the literary crowd that he wanted to be a part of. However, his humour and innocent good nature won him many lifelong friends. In 1773 Boswell bought
2522-407: A vacuum which both helps prevent spoilage and pulls down a tamper-evident "safety button" when used. The high sugar content makes jam keep for exceedingly long times before unsealing the packaging, and for a long time at room temperature after opening, as fruit preserves are typically of low water activity . Glass or plastic jars are often used to store jam that is not all to be used at once, as
2619-480: Is Vihreät kuulat ( Finnish for "green balls"), a brand of pear -flavored gummy candies created by Finnish confectioner Karl Fazer from a recipe from St. Petersburg . Under the Food and Drug Regulations (C.R.C., c. 870), marmalade is a standardized food and defined as a food of jelly-like composition that consists of at least 65% water-soluble solids. The regulations permit the use of pH adjusting agents to prevent
2716-486: Is a name for various sweetened foods in the form of syrups, marmalades, and fruit preserves in Korean cuisine. It is used as a tea base, as a honey-or-sugar substitute in cooking, and as a condiment. There are liquid varieties such as maesil-cheong ( plum syrup ), jam -like varieties such as yuja-cheong ( yuja marmalade ), and conserve -like varieties such as mogwa-cheong (preserved quince ). A chutney
2813-419: Is a relish of Indian origin made of fruit, spices and herbs. Although originally intended to be eaten soon after preparation, modern chutneys are often made to be sold, so they require preservatives – often sugar and vinegar – to ensure they have a suitable shelf life. Mango chutney, for example, is mangoes reduced with sugar. Confit , the past participle of the French verb confire , "to preserve",
2910-520: Is added to the fruit in a marmalade, the extra liquid being set by the high pectin content of the fruit. In this respect it is like a jelly , but whereas the fruit pulp and peel are strained out of jelly to give it its characteristic clarity, it is retained in a marmalade. The Romans learned from the Greeks that quinces slowly cooked with honey would "set" when cool. The Apicius gives a recipe for preserving whole quinces, stems and leaves attached, in
3007-436: Is an alternative definition of a conserve: a preserve made from a mixture of fruits or vegetables. Conserves in this sense may also include dried fruit or nuts. Fruit butter , in this context, refers to a process where the whole fruit is forced through a sieve or blended after the heating process. Fruit butter are generally made from larger fruits, such as apples, plums, peaches, or grapes. Cook until softened and run through
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3104-668: Is an apocryphal story that Mary, Queen of Scots consumed marmalade as a treatment for seasickness , and that the name is derived from her maids' whisper of Marie est malade ('Mary is ill'). In reality, the word's origin has nothing to do with Mary. In much of Europe and Latin America, cognates for the English term marmalade are still used as a generic term for pulpy preserves of all fruits, whereas in Britain it refers solely to preserves typically of citrus peel , such as from grapefruit , orange or lemon . The name originated in
3201-608: Is applied both to preservation of meats, and to fruits or vegetables seasoned and cooked with honey or sugar till jam-like. Savory confits, such as those made with garlic or fennel, may call for an oil, such as virgin olive oil, as the preserving agent. Konfyt ( Afrikaans : "jam" or "fruit preserve" ) is a type of jam eaten in Southern Africa. It is made by boiling selected fruit or fruits (such as strawberries, apricots, oranges, lemons, watermelons, berries, peaches, prickly pears, or others) and sugar, and optionally adding
3298-609: Is categorized into two types: fruit jam and fruit jam with pectin . Both types contain fruit, fruit pulp or canned fruit and are boiled with water and a sweetening ingredient. Both must have 66% water-soluble solids. Fruit jam and fruit jam with pectin may contain a class II preservative , a pH adjusting agent or an antifoaming agent . Both types cannot contain apple or rhubarb fruit. Though both types of jam are very similar, there are some differences in fruit percent, added pectin, and added acidity . Fruit jam must have at least 45% fruit and may contain added pectin to compensate for
3395-412: Is distinguished from jam by the inclusion of citrus peel, and the use of more water, in which respect it resembles a jelly. It is distinguished from a jelly by containing pieces of fruit peel. The benchmark citrus fruit for marmalade production in Britain is the bitter Spanish Seville orange , Citrus aurantium var. aurantium , prized for its high pectin content, which gives a good set. The peel has
3492-628: Is known for his liking of marmalade, particularly in sandwiches, and kept it in his hat wherever he went. Paddington Bear is now used on the label of the smaller peel ("shred") and clearer/milder Robertson's "Golden Shred" marmalade, in place of the previous icon, " Golliwog ", which is considered racially offensive. The 2014 movie Paddington led to a slight increase in marmalade sales in the UK. In Jane Austen 's 1811 novel Sense and Sensibility an over-indulgent mother feeds apricot marmalade to her fussy three-year-old child who has been slightly scratched by
3589-721: Is mainly D-galacturonic acid connected by α (1–4) glycosidic linkages. The side chains of pectin may contain small amounts of other sugars such as L-fructose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-xylose. In jams, pectin thickens the final product via cross-linking of the large polymer chains. Recipes without added pectin use the natural pectin in the fruit to set. Tart apples , sour blackberries , cranberries , currants, gooseberries , Concord grapes , soft plums , and quinces work well in recipes without added pectin. Other fruits, such as apricots, blueberries, cherries, peaches, pineapple, raspberries, rhubarb, and strawberries are low in pectin. In order to set, or gel, they must be combined with one of
3686-582: Is since the discovery of these journals that Boswell has become recognized as a major literary artist. In his openness to every nuance of feeling, his delicacy in capturing fugitive sentiments and revealing gestures, his comic self-regard and (at times) self-contempt, Boswell was willing to express what other authors of the time repressed. Boswell was initiated into Freemasonry in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning on 14 August 1759. He subsequently became Master of that Lodge in 1773 and in that year
3783-415: Is subject to somewhat stricter rules that set higher standards for the minimum fruit content (45% instead of 35% as a general rule, but lower for some fruits such as redcurrants and blackcurrants), specifying the use of unconcentrated fruit pulp, and forbidding the mixture of certain fruits and vegetables with others. Extra jelly similarly specifies that the proportion of fruit juice or aqueous extracts in
3880-412: Is the open pan method, which is essentially a larger scale version of the method a home jam maker would use. This gives a traditional flavor, with some caramelization of the sugars. The second commercial process involves the use of a vacuum vessel, where the jam is placed under a vacuum, which has the effect of reducing its boiling temperature to anywhere between 65 and 80 °C depending on the recipe and
3977-454: Is what a very great many of your countrymen cannot help." On 6 August, Boswell departed England for Europe, with the initial goal of continuing his law studies at Utrecht University . He spent a year there and although desperately unhappy the first few months, eventually quite enjoyed his time in Utrecht. He mixed with prominent families, and pursued his studies industriously. Boswell admired
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4074-556: The 16th century from Middle French marmelade and Portuguese , where marmelada applied to quince jam . In Finnish , Russian and former Soviet cuisine , marmalade (Finnish: marmeladi and Russian: мармелад , marmelad ) refers to a sugar-coated gummy candy made from agar and adapted from a French confectionery in the late 18th century. It is often sold in the form of marmalade slices made to resemble citrus wedges. An example of marmeladi candies in Finland
4171-796: The Battle of Ponte Novu in 1769. Boswell attended the masquerade held at the Shakespeare Jubilee in Stratford-upon-Avon in September 1769 dressed as a Corsican Chief. He was also, much to the chagrin of his friend Johnson, a strong defender of the American Revolution. Some of his journal entries and letters from this period describe his amatory exploits. Thus, in 1767, in a letter to William Johnson Temple , he wrote, "I got myself quite intoxicated, went to
4268-440: The pulp of juice of the fruit with water, and a sweetening ingredient. Pineapple or fig marmalade should contain at least 45% of the named fruit. Since 1979, the EU directive 79/693/CEE defines marmalade as a jam made from citrus fruits. The directive was replaced on 20 December 2001 by the ruling 32001L0113. The translated versions of this document keep the English definition of "marmalade" as referring to citrus fruits, even if
4365-523: The 16th century. In the 17th century, La Varenne provided recipes for both thick and clear cotignac . In 1524, Henry VIII received a "box of marmalade" from Mr Hull of Exeter. As it was in a box, this was probably marmelada , a solid quince paste from Portugal, still made and sold in southern Europe. "Marmalet" was served at the wedding banquet of the daughter of John Neville in Yorkshire in 1530. Its Portuguese origins can be detected in
4462-536: The 1920s a great part of Boswell's private papers, including intimate journals for much of his life, were discovered at Malahide Castle , north of Dublin . These provide a hugely revealing insight into the life and thoughts of the man. They were sold to the American collector Ralph H. Isham and have since passed to Yale University , which has published popular and scholarly editions of his journals and correspondence, mostly edited by Frederick A. Pottle . A second cache
4559-545: The Chester Record Office in the Cheshire county archives, has one of the earliest marmalade recipes ("Marmelet of Oranges") which produced a firm, thick dark paste. The Scots are credited with developing marmalade as a spread, with Scottish recipes in the 18th century using more water to produce a less solid preserve. The first printed recipe for orange marmalade, though without the chunks typically used now,
4656-489: The English language in 1480, borrowed from French marmelade which, in turn, came from the Galician-Portuguese word marmelada . According to José Pedro Machado's Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa , the oldest known document where this Portuguese word is to be found is Gil Vicente 's play Comédia de Rubena , written in 1521: The extension of marmalade in the English language to refer to
4753-582: The Grand Tour . Boswell returned to London in February 1766 accompanied by Rousseau's mistress Thérèse Levasseur , with whom he had a brief affair on the journey home. After spending a few weeks in the capital, he returned to Scotland, buying (or perhaps renting) the former house of David Hume on James Court on the Lawnmarket . He studied for his final law exam at Edinburgh University . He passed
4850-520: The Home Secretary to help gain royal pardons for four Botany Bay escapees, including Mary Bryant . He also offered to stand for Parliament but failed to get the necessary support, and he spent the final years of his life writing his Life of Samuel Johnson . During this time his health began to fail due to venereal disease and his years of drinking. Boswell died in London in 1795. Close to
4947-408: The United States, jellies made from strawberries or concord grapes are most popular and are used for making peanut butter and jelly sandwiches . Fruit jellies may be used in a meal or dish in a similar way to jam. Some jellies, such as redcurrant , or mint , are classic accompaniments to roasted meats such as turkey, game, and lamb. Pectin is essential to the formation of jelly because it acts as
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#17327945014285044-483: The cause ... became inimical to it". Boswell's most prominent display of support for slavery was his 1791 poem "No Abolition of Slavery; or the Universal Empire of Love", which lampooned Clarkson, Wilberforce and Pitt . The poem also supports the common suggestion of the pro-slavery movement, that the slaves actually enjoyed their lot: "The cheerful gang! – the negroes see / Perform the task of industry." In
5141-495: The country. The play was first produced at the Edinburgh International Festival in 1962 and adapted for BBC Television in 1965. In 1981 the cartoonist R. Crumb published the piece "Boswell's London Journal" in the anthology magazine Weirdo . Presented as a "Klassic Komic," the piece featured meticulous cross-hatched illustrations and excerpts from Boswell's writing to tell a satirical story of
5238-521: The eating of marmalade in the evening. Marmalade's place in British life appears in literature. James Boswell remarks that he and Samuel Johnson were offered it at breakfast in Scotland in 1773. When American writer Louisa May Alcott visited Britain in the 1800s, she described "a choice pot of marmalade and a slice of cold ham" as "essentials of English table comfort". Marmalade first appeared in
5335-399: The end of his life he became strongly convinced that the " Shakespeare papers ", including two previously unknown plays Vortigern and Rowena and Henry II , allegedly discovered by William Henry Ireland , were genuine. After Boswell's death they proved to be forgeries created by Ireland himself. Boswell's remains were interred in the crypt of the Boswell family mausoleum in what is now
5432-417: The end result desired. The lower boiling temperature enables the water to be driven off as it would be when using the traditional open pan method, but with the added benefit of retaining more of the volatile flavor compounds from the fruit, preventing caramelization of the sugars, and of course reducing the overall energy required to make the product. However, once the desired amount of water has been driven off,
5529-535: The exam and became an advocate . He practised the law in Edinburgh for over a decade, and most years spent his annual break in London, mingling with Johnson and many other London-based writers, editors, and printers, and furthering his literary ambitions. He contributed a great many items to newspapers and magazines, in London and Edinburgh. He found enjoyment in playing the intellectual rhyming game crambo with his peers. In 1768 he published An account of Corsica,
5626-551: The exception of the copyright infringement case of Donaldson v Beckett , where Boswell represented the Scottish bookseller Alexander Donaldson . By the late 1770s, Boswell descended further and further into alcoholism and gambling addiction. Throughout his life, from childhood until death, he was beset by severe swings of mood. His depressions frequently encouraged and were exacerbated by his various vices. His happier periods usually saw him relatively vice-free. His character mixed
5723-460: The finished product must not be less than that laid down for the manufacture of extra jam. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published standards of identity in 21 CFR 150, and treats jam and preserves as synonymous, but distinguishes jelly from jams and preserves. All of these are cooked and pectin-gelled fruit products, but jellies are made from fruit juice, without seeds and pulp, while jams and preserves are gelled fruit that may include
5820-417: The fruit in the hot sugar mixture for just long enough to allow the flavor to be extracted from the fruit, and sugar to penetrate it, but not so long that the fruit breaks down and liquefies. This process can also be achieved by spreading the dry sugar over raw fruit in layers, and leaving for several hours to penetrate into the fruit and soak the water out, then heating the resulting mixture to bring it just to
5917-482: The fruits in sugar overnight and cook this down to a syrup. The term preserves is usually interchangeable with jams even though preserves contain chunks or pieces of the fruit whereas jams in some regions do not. Closely related names include: chutney , confit , conserve , fruit butter , fruit curd , fruit spread , jelly , cheese , leather and marmalade . Some cookbooks define preserves as cooked and gelled whole fruit (or vegetable), which includes
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#17327945014286014-480: The higher pectin fruits or used with commercially produced or homemade pectin. Use of added pectin decreases cooking time. Freezer jam is uncooked (or cooked less than 5 minutes), then stored frozen. It is popular in parts of North America for its very fresh taste. [REDACTED] The category of fruit preserve referred to as a jelly (from the French gelée ) is a clear or translucent fruit spread made by
6111-493: The house of David Hume (who moved to a new house on South St David Street/St Andrew Square) on the south east corner of James Court. He lived there until 1786. Boswell's residency at James Court has been well established, but not the exact location. For example, a later edition of Traditions of Edinburgh by Robert Chambers suggests that Boswell's residence at James Court was actually in the Western wing. His James Court flat
6208-426: The jam still needs to be heated briefly to 95 to 100 °C (203 to 212 °F) for safety, to kill pathogens that would otherwise proliferate. During commercial filling it is common to use a flame to sterilize the rim and lid of jars to destroy any yeasts and molds which could cause spoilage during storage. Steam is commonly injected immediately before lidding; when the steam condenses after lidding it creates
6305-562: The journal of a tour to that island, and memoirs of Pascal Paoli. The book contained both a history and description of Corsica, as well as an account of his visit. Boswell was a major supporter of the Corsican Republic . Following the island's invasion by France in 1768, Boswell attempted to raise public awareness and rally support for the Corsicans. He sent arms and money to the Corsican fighters, who were ultimately defeated at
6402-755: The latter replied that beneath such traits was a mind to discern excellence and a heart to appreciate it, aided by the power of accurate observation and considerable dramatic ability. Boswell was present at the meeting of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in May 1787 set up to persuade William Wilberforce to lead the abolition movement in Parliament. However, the abolitionist Thomas Clarkson records that by 1788 Boswell "after having supported
6499-431: The life of a libertine , before he was taken back to Scotland by his father. Upon returning, he was re-enrolled at Edinburgh University and forced by his father to sign away most of his inheritance in return for an allowance of £100 a year. On 30 July 1762, Boswell passed his oral law exam, after which his father decided to raise his allowance to £200 a year and permitted him to return to London. Boswell had started keeping
6596-527: The marmalade from dehydration , antifoaming agents to prevent blemishes on surface coatings and enable efficient filling of containers, and an acid ingredient to compensate for the natural acidity of the citrus fruit used. If pectin is added, the marmalade must contain at least 27% of peel, pulp, or juice of citrus fruit. Class II preservatives may also be used. The Canadian Food and Drug Regulations (C.R.C., c. 870) specify that pineapple or fig marmalade must be of jelly-like consistency, achieved by boiling
6693-427: The mixture is then poured into glasses, covered and left until set. As the acid would create a jelly, this meant that the mixture could be pulled from the heat before it had turned to a paste, keeping the marmalade much brighter and the appearance more translucent, as in modern-day marmalade. The Scots moved marmalade to the breakfast table, and in the 19th century, the English followed the Scottish example and abandoned
6790-496: The mixture reaches a temperature of 104 °C (219 °F), the acid and the pectin in the fruit react with the sugar, and the jam will set on cooling. Most home cooks work by trial and error rather than temperature measurement, bringing the mixture to a "fast rolling boil ", watching to see if the seething mass changes texture , and dropping small samples on a plate to see if they run or set. Commercially produced jams are usually produced using one of two methods. The first
6887-408: The natural pectin content of the ingredients. When making jam with low-pectin fruits like strawberries, high-pectin fruit like orange can be added, or additional pectin in the form of pectin powder, citric acid or citrus peels. Often the fruit will be heated gently in a pan to release its juices (and pectin), sometimes with a little added water, before the sugar is added. Another method is to macerate
6984-459: The natural acidity of the fruit, a chemical to adjust the pH, and/or an antifoaming agent . Jelly with pectin must be made with a minimum of 62% water-soluble solids and a minimum of 32% juice of the named fruit, and may contain an acid ingredient that compensates for the lack in the natural acidity of the fruit; the additional juice of another fruit; a gelling agent; food color; a Class II preservative (such as benzoates , sorbates , or nitrites );
7081-590: The natural pectin level found in the fruit. Fruit jam with pectin need only contain 27% fruit and is allowed to contain added acidity to compensate for the natural acidity of the fruit. In Canada , the Food and Drug Regulations of the Food and Drugs Act of Canada categorizes jelly into two types: jelly, and jelly with pectin . Jelly may be made from the fruit, the fruit juice, or a fruit juice concentrate, and must contain at least 62% water-soluble solids. Jelly may contain an acid ingredient that makes up for any lack in
7178-558: The old Auchinleck Kirkyard in Ayrshire . The mausoleum is attached to the old Auchinleck kirk . When the Life of Samuel Johnson was published in 1791, its style was unique in that, unlike other biographies of that era, it directly incorporated conversations that Boswell had noted down at the time for his journals. He also included more personal and human details than those to which contemporary readers were accustomed. Instead of writing
7275-492: The other languages use the corresponding word normally in the broader sense of a "jam". The Scottish city of Dundee has a long association with marmalade. James Keiller and his mother, Janet , ran a small sweet and preserves shop in the Seagate area of Dundee. In 1797, they opened a factory to produce "Dundee Marmalade", a preserve distinguished by thick chunks of bitter Seville orange rind. The business prospered, and remains
7372-418: The other two were Alexander (1775–1822) and James (1778–1822). Their daughters were Veronica (1773–1795), Euphemia (1774 – c. 1834) and Elizabeth, known as 'Betsy', (1780–1814). Boswell also had at least two extramarital children, Charles (1762–1764) and Sally (1767 – c. 1768). Despite his relative literary success with accounts of his European travels, Boswell was only a moderately successful advocate, with
7469-726: The purposes of biographing them. Boswell was played by Miles Jupp . American novelist Philip Baruth wrote a fictional account of James Boswell's early life in The Brothers Boswell (Soho Press 2009). The novel, which includes scenes that feature Samuel Johnson, is a thriller that focuses on the tense relationship between James and his younger brother John. Boswell also features as a character in James Robertson 's novel, Joseph Knight (2003). After Boswell's private papers were recovered, and brought together by Ralph Isham, they were acquired by Yale University, where
7566-412: The remarks in letters to Lord Lisle , from William Grett, 12 May 1534, "I have sent to your lordship a box of marmaladoo, and another unto my good lady your wife" and from Richard Lee, 14 December 1536, "He most heartily thanketh her Ladyship for her marmalado". It was a favourite treat of Anne Boleyn and her ladies in waiting . The English recipe book of Eliza Cholmondeley, dated from 1677 and held at
7663-683: The research edition of Boswell's journals and letters, each including never before published material, was ceased by Yale University in June 2021, prior to the completion of the project . These detailed and frank journals include voluminous notes on the Grand Tour of Europe that he took as a young man and, subsequently, of his tour of Scotland with Johnson. His journals also record meetings and conversations with eminent individuals belonging to The Club , including Lord Monboddo , David Garrick , Edmund Burke , Joshua Reynolds and Oliver Goldsmith . It
7760-503: The road, but not to him and his heirs." Boswell was a frequent guest of Lord Monboddo at Monboddo House , a setting where he gathered significant observations for his writings by association with Samuel Johnson , Lord Kames and other notable attendees. After Johnson's death in 1784, Boswell moved to London to try his luck at the English Bar , which proved even less successful than his career in Scotland. In 1792 Boswell lobbied
7857-642: The seeds and pulp. The United States Department of Agriculture offers grading service based on these standards. [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Agriculture . [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the U.S. Government Publishing Office . James Boswell James Boswell, 9th Laird of Auchinleck ( / ˈ b ɒ z w ɛ l , - w əl / ; 29 October 1740 ( N.S. ) – 19 May 1795),
7954-512: The set point. As a result of this minimal cooking, some fruits are not particularly suitable for making into conserves, because they require cooking for longer periods to avoid faults such as tough skins and spoiling. Currants and gooseberries , and a number of plums are among these fruits. Because of this shorter cooking period, not as much pectin will be released from the fruit, and consequently conserves, particularly if home-cooked, will sometimes be slightly softer set than some jams. There
8051-480: The tales, "I am lost without my Boswell." The comedy Young Auchinleck (1962) by Scottish playwright Robert McLellan depicts Boswell's various courtships and troubled relations with his father in the period after his return to Scotland in 1766, culminating in his eventual marriage to his cousin Margaret Montgomery (Peggy) in 1769 on the same day as his father's second marriage in a different part of
8148-423: The term has often been used for non-citrus preserves. One popular citrus fruit used in marmalade production is the bitter orange, Citrus aurantium var. aurantium , prized for its high pectin content, which sets readily to the thick consistency expected of marmalade. The peel imparts a bitter taste. The Portuguese original word marmelada means made of ' quince ' . Unlike jam , a large quantity of water
8245-600: The young Boswell attempting to establish himself in London society, dallying with prostitutes and suffering from venereal disease. Boswell was played by John Sessions in Boswell & Johnson's Tour of the Western Isles , a 1993 BBC 2 play. In February and March 2015, BBC Radio 4 broadcast three episodes of "Boswell's Lives", writer Jon Canter's comedic take on Boswell meeting later historical figures (Sigmund Freud, Maria Callas and Harold Pinter, respectively) for
8342-541: The young widow Geelvinck who refused to marry him. He befriended and fell in love with Isabelle de Charrière , also known as Belle van Zuylen, a vivacious young Dutchwoman of unorthodox opinions, his social and intellectual superior. On 18 June 1764, Boswell set out from Utrecht by coach, and spent most of the next two years travelling around the continent, his Grand Tour . He travelled through Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Corsica and France. He arranged to meet European intellectuals Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire with
8439-649: Was Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. From 1776 to 1777 he was the Depute Grand Master of that Grand Lodge. Boswell's surname has passed into the English language as a term ( Boswell , Boswellian , Boswellism ) for a constant companion and observer, especially one who records those observations in print. In " A Scandal in Bohemia ", Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's character Sherlock Holmes affectionately says of Dr. Watson , who narrates
8536-508: Was a Scottish biographer, diarist, and lawyer, born in Edinburgh . He is best known for his biography of the English writer Samuel Johnson , Life of Samuel Johnson , which is commonly said to be the greatest biography written in the English language. A great mass of Boswell's diaries, letters, and private papers were recovered from the 1920s to the 1950s, and their publication by Yale University has transformed his reputation. Boswell
8633-635: Was a little awkward, as there had been no communication between the families for several of the last years of my father's life [...] I, however, wished to live on civil terms with such near neighbours". On October 27, 1782, Boswell writes, "we looked at Lord Dumfries's gate and the famous road. [...] I showed him that granting it would make the Auchinleck improvements appear part of the Earl of Dumfries's domains. [...] If Lord Eglinton – if my Earl – were Earl of Dumfries and living at Dumfries House, he should have
8730-467: Was born in Blair's Land on the east side of Parliament Close behind St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh on 29 October 1740 ( N.S. ). He was the eldest son of a judge, Alexander Boswell, Lord Auchinleck , and his wife Euphemia Erskine. As the eldest son, he was heir to his family's estate of Auchinleck in Ayrshire . Boswell's mother was a strict Calvinist , and he felt that his father was cold to him. As
8827-508: Was discovered soon after and also purchased by Isham. A substantially longer edition of The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides was published in 1936 based on his original manuscript, edited by L. F. Powell . His London Journal 1762–63 , the first of the Yale journal publications, appeared in 1950. The last popular edition, The Great Biographer, 1789–1795 , was published in 1989. Publication of
8924-403: Was exceedingly attentive to me [...] I was upon my guard, as I well knew that he and his Countess flattered themselves that they would get from me that road through our estate which my father had refused, and which in truth I was still more positive for refusing". He saw the Earl as “very attentive” . Having hosted the Earl, Boswell and his wife also decide to visit Dumfries House "[o]ur visit
9021-524: Was in Mary Kettilby 's 1714 cookery book, A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts (pages 78–79). Kettilby called for whole oranges, lemon juice and sugar, with the acid in the lemon juice helping to create the pectin set of marmalade, by boiling the lemon and orange juice with the pulp. Kettilby then directs: "boil the whole pretty fast 'till it will jelly" – the first known use of the word "jelly" in marmalade making. Kettilby then instructs that
9118-614: Was notable for having two levels, and although a modern renovation in the Eastern section reveals such a possibility, it is likely that Boswell's residence was a similarly equipped one in the Western section that no longer exists, having burned down in the mid 1800s. Boswell became quite friendly with the 6th Earl of Dumfries , as well as seeing him in Scotland he also visited him in Rosemount, London in 1787 and 1788. In Boswell's of November 2, 1778 journal he writes, "[The Earl of Dumfries]
9215-525: Was of average height, and he tended to plumpness. His appearance was said to be alert and masculine. Upon turning nineteen, he was sent to continue his studies at the University of Glasgow , where he attended the lectures of Adam Smith . While at Glasgow, Boswell decided to convert to Catholicism and become a monk . Upon learning of this, his father ordered him home. Instead of obeying, though, Boswell ran away to London, where he spent three months, living
9312-401: Was rapid and complete, and Boswell may have decided that travel and entertainment exerted a calming therapeutic effect on him. At thirteen, Boswell was enrolled into the arts course at the University of Edinburgh , studying there from 1753 to 1758. Midway through his studies, he suffered an episode of serious depression but recovered fully. Boswell had swarthy skin, black hair and dark eyes; he
9409-512: Was unhappy there, and suffered from nightmares and extreme shyness. Consequently, he was removed from the academy and educated by a string of private tutors. The most notable and supportive of these, John Dunn, exposed Boswell to modern literature, such as The Spectator essays, and religion. Dunn was also present during Boswell's serious affliction of 1752, when he was confined to the town of Moffat in northern Dumfriesshire. This afforded Boswell his first experience of genuine society. His recovery
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