José Xavier Mouzinho da Silveira (12 July 1780 in Castelo de Vide – 4 April 1849 in Lisbon ) was a Portuguese statesman, jurist and politician, as well as one of the most important personalities of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 , responsible for legislation and administrative reforms that shaped Portuguese institutions, taxation and justice in the period after the Constitutional Charter. Imprisoned after the Abrilada , he became one of the most uncompromising defenders of the Charter, remaining in exile for several years after 1828, and only returning in 1834 to defend his legislative agenda, exiling himself once again in 1836. In the final ten years of his life, Mouzinho da Silveira retired from public life, before his untimely death.
37-448: Mártires ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmaɾtiɾɨʃ] ) is a former civil parish ( freguesia ) in the city and municipality of Lisbon , Portugal. It was one of the oldest civil parishes of Lisbon, dated from 1147. It had less than 400 inhabitants, and its area was 0.10 km. At the administrative reorganization of Lisbon on 8 December 2012 it became part of the parish Santa Maria Maior . This Lisbon location article
74-616: A juiz de fora (itinerant judge) for Marvão , where he had lived over the previous three years (preparing the defenses during the Napoleonic invasion). At the end of his mandate, he returned to Lisbon (on 15 October 1812), before once again heading out, this time for Castelo Branco , where he worked from 29 May 1813 to 22 November 1816. Returning to Lisbon, Mouzinho was named Provedor of the comarca for Portalegre . Having arrived on 21 January 1817, he took up his post on 5 March and continued in this role until 2 January 1821. Following
111-419: A land area of 888.35 km (342.99 sq mi), and the smallest parish by area is São Bartolomeu (Borba), with a land area of 0.208 km (0.080 sq mi). The most populous parish is Algueirão - Mem Martins, with a population of 68,649 people and the least populous is Mosteiro, with a population of just nineteen people. A freguesia is a subdivision of a município (municipality), which
148-527: A liberal monarchy, and departed on 25 January 1832 for Terceira , from Belle-Isle . He was appointed Ministro e Secretário de Estado dos Negócios da Fazenda ( Minister and Secretary of State for Finance Affairs ) and interim Ministro dos Negócios Eclesiásticos ( Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs ) and Ministro da Justiça ( Minister of Justice ) in Angra on 2 March 1832. On 23 April 1832, accompanied by Peter IV, he traveled to Ponta Delgada , before departing
185-426: A plan to reform the administrative divisions, claiming it would create efficiencies and save money. The plan envisioned the reform of the management, territorial geography and political form of how Portugal functioned at the local level, including specifically at the freguesia and concelho levels. It was determined that these changes would then be formalized before the 2013 local government elections, as part of
222-409: A process to reduce expenditures, a condition of the $ 110 billion accord. In addition to the reduction of the number of representatives in the local boards, the plan also established criteria for the reduction, amalgamation or extinction of various civil parishes. The reform was implemented according to Law 11-A/2013 of 28 January 2013, which defined the reorganization of the civil parishes. This way,
259-598: A reform in the judicial system. In this short span, and during the civil war, Mouzinho affirmed his position as one of the more important personalities of Liberalism in Portugal. While the tax system has evolved significantly, Mouzinho was responsible for the foundations of the Supreme Court of Justice and re-structuring of the Public Ministry. During the month of December 1832, and month of January 1833, he
296-459: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Freguesia Freguesia ( Portuguese pronunciation: [fɾɛɣɨˈzi.ɐ] ), usually translated as " parish " or "civil parish", is the third-level administrative subdivision of Portugal , as defined by the 1976 Constitution . It is also the designation for local government jurisdictions in the former Portuguese overseas territories of Cape Verde and Macau (until 2001). In
333-424: Is a cluster of freguesias , like a US county . Most often, a parish takes the name of its seat, which is usually the most important (or the single) human agglomeration within its area, which can be a neighbourhood or city district, a group of hamlets, a village, a town or an entire city. In cases where the seat is itself divided into more than one parish, each one takes the name of a landmark within its area or of
370-881: The Liberal Revolution of 1820 , Mouzinho da Silveira ran in the elections, although he was unsuccessful in obtaining a posting in the Chamber of Deputies. In February 1821, he was entrusted with the collections for the Ministry of Finance in Estremoz , in addition to visiting the comarcas of Évora and Ourique , which he was unable to complete, being dispatched on 11 April to the Alfândega Grande do Açúcar ( Great Sugar Customshouse ) in Lisbon, where he began exercising his role on 15 May. From this position he
407-621: The Monastery of Batalha , where he remained until 14 May, when he was liberated, along with other political prisoners. By decree, on 8 August 1825, Mouzinho was elevated to the honors of Noble Knight of the Royal Household ( Portuguese : Casa Real ). He continued to occupy positions of fiscal oversight; he was named on 12 November 1825 to the Board responsible for elaborating a general customs authority for Lisbon, and began working on
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#1732776513578444-597: The Portuguese Empire until its handover to China in 1999. During the period of Portuguese rule it was divided into two municipalities which were subdivided into a total of seven parishes. In 2001 the municipalities were dissolved and their administrative functions transferred to the Municipal Affairs Bureau . The parishes were legally retained but no longer serve an administrative function. Mouzinho da Silveira Mouzinho da Silveira
481-655: The Sala dos Passos Perdidos , in the Palace of São Bento , Mouzinho da Silveira was homaged with an oil painting by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro , while a comparable painting in Municipal hall of Lisbon, painted by José Rodrigues (executed in 1866) honours the politician, and in the Grão Vasco Museum ( Viseu ) a similar painting of Mouzinho by Columbano was framed. While, in the secondary centenary of his birth (1980)
518-403: The assembleia de freguesia are publicly elected every four years. The presidents of the parish boards are also members of the municipal assembly . The parish, in contrast with the municipalities, had their base in the ecclesiastical divisions that "had its origin in the fact that neighbours professed the same religion and professed their faith and divinity in the same temple". Freguesia ,
555-591: The Azores with an expeditionary force to Mindelo . While in the Azores, Mouzinho promulgated 24 decrees and ordinances to reform the administration of the islands’ government. He disembarked in Mindelo on 8 July, where he traveled to Porto, encircled by Miguelist forces . After their defeat, he remained in Porto, promulgating several reforms, publishing 20 decrees and ordinance. On 9 August, in complete disagreement with
592-505: The Chamber of Deputies on 15 February, and remained in this post until 1840, and continued to intervene on matters of public finances. In 1842 he became a candidate for deputy to the Alentejo, but lost by two votes. On 1 December 1844, Mouzinho was charged with elaborating a general regulation for the customs-houses. His personal finances improved in 1846, but his hopes for his son were dashed, and his personal health began to deteriorate, at
629-551: The Chamber of Deputies, where he remained until 1836, always uncompromising in his defense of his legislation and maintaining a constant intervention in matters of the public finances. In the 1835 elections he was re-elected deputy for the Alentejo. On 16 August 1836, he refused to pledge allegiance to the 1822 Constitution, and resigned from his post as Director of Customs. He was imprisoned, and when released, he returned to exile in France. He returned to Portugal in 1839, returning to
666-519: The absolute monarchy, I was fired on the 15th and returned to my job in the customshouse, retaining my honors as Minister" In this short passage through the corridors of government, Mouzinho was able to promulgate the decree of 12 June 1823, revoking the taxes and 10% special fees, which were established by law in March 1823. During the Abrilada , Mouzinho was arrested (30 April 1824), and imprisoned in
703-495: The ascendancy of King Miguel , in March 1828, he requested a years sabbatical to travel, and left Lisbon on 3 April 1828, arriving in Paris on 15 April. He remained in Paris until 1832, developing studies on taxation, while maintaining an intense letter-writing exchange with friends and family in Portugal. During this period, his patrimonial situation deteriorated significantly, reflecting his absence from Portugal and economic crisis of
740-538: The boards responsible for the revision of the 1810 treaty with the United Kingdom, and in 1825, with Brazil. In the elections of October 1826, he was elected deputy for the Alentejo , becoming part of the commission for finances, in the Chamber of Deputies, centering his parliamentary activities on material associated with taxation and management of the national heritage. Feeling the need to go into exile with
777-576: The consultative commission that substituted the Council of State, during the Regency, in the name of Queen Maria II of Portugal . On 6 June, he was also asked to join the Chamber of Deputies' Finance Commission, the council responsible for collecting funds and loans necessary to subsidize the Liberal cause. While in Paris, he was invited to accompany Peter IV during his campaign to return Portugal to
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#1732776513578814-414: The country at the time. With his wife and child in Paris, Mouzinho attempted to reinforce his son’s education, that included languages (including German), chemistry and other sciences, which were not available in Portugal. Mouzinho also attempted to force his son into copperage, which Mouzinho had already established, but had never attained the level of income that he once had. On 7 February 1831, he joined
851-443: The head of the household, obtaining financial independence. Always frugal, Mouzinho kept copious registers of his receipts and personal expenses, including them later in his autobiography. He returned to Castelo de Vide where, between 1803 and 1804, he occupied his time with tasks associated with the family estate, especially after the death of his maternal grandmother. At the end of 1804, he left for Lisbon where, until 1897, he attended
888-466: The municipalities with the same name (except for Sé, which belongs to Funchal ). Of Cape Verde 's 22 municipalities , which form the highest level of sub-national government in the small African state, some but not all are subdivided into parishes. There are 32 parishes in the country. Macau is an autonomous special administrative region in Southern China that was historically a part of
925-421: The municipality directly. Barcelos is the municipality with the most civil parishes (61, since 2013). Portugal has no unincorporated areas ; all the national territory (apart from the above-mentioned example of Corvo) belongs to a civil parish, including uninhabited islands: Selvagens Islands to Sé , and Berlengas to Peniche , Desertas Islands to Santa Cruz , and Formigas Islets to Vila do Porto , in
962-449: The number of parishes was reduced from 4,259 to 3,091. Municipalities in Portugal are usually divided into multiple freguesias , but seven municipalities are not: Alpiarça , Barrancos , Castanheira de Pera , Porto Santo , São Brás de Alportel and São João da Madeira all consist of a single civil parish, and Corvo is a special case of a municipality without civil parishes, where all usual parish duties and functions are performed by
999-410: The parish the smallest division. But, the power of the clergy built these areas, accumulating immense wealth and power. The liberal government of Mouzinho da Silveira abolished the parishes in 1832, but the government of Manuel da Silva Passos restored them in 1836. The freguesia began to refer to the civil/administrative entity, while the paróquia ( Latin : parochia ) became affiliated with
1036-508: The past, it was also an administrative division of the other Portuguese overseas territories. The parroquia in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia and Asturias is similar to a freguesia . The average land area of a Portuguese parish is about 29.83 km (11.52 sq mi) and an average population of about 3,386 people. The largest parish by area is Alcácer do Sal (Santa Maria do Castelo e Santiago) e Santa Susana, with
1073-603: The patron saint from the usually coterminous Catholic parish ( paróquia in Portuguese). Be it a city district or village, the civil parish is often based on an ecclesiastical parish. Since the creation of a democratic local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese parishes have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body (the junta de freguesia , "parish board/council") and a deliberative body (the assembleia de freguesia , "parish assembly"). The members of
1110-435: The progress of public finances, particularly with loans obtained by Palmela , and harassed by his opponents, who accused him of radicalism and folly, he sought a resignation from the positions he held, which was granted on 3 December 1832 by Pedro IV. He abandoned the Ministry exactly nine months after being nominated, leaving behind 44 decrees and ordinances, that were the base of the modern Portuguese tax system, and introduced
1147-723: The religious entity. Before the 2013 local government reforms, the 308 municipalities were subdivided into 4,259 civil parishes. In 2011, after more than two weeks of bailout negotiations in light of the sovereign debt crisis with the International Monetary Fund , the European Central Bank and the European Commission , the Portuguese government was obliged to reduce the number of municipal and parish local governments after July 2012. The government of Pedro Passos Coelho introduced
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1184-525: The royal court, an obligation of his family’s position. He was present in Lisbon at the arrival of French troops, under the command of Junot (in November 1807), during the first French Invasion of Portugal . Having completed the obligations that had called him to Lisbon, Mouzinho da Silveira opted not to return to Castelo de Vide, where he might have joined the magisterium (the legal body of Portuguese magistrates). Instead, he took office on 1 March 1809, as
1221-479: The time that his wife began residing in Paris. José Xavier Mouzinho da Silveira died in Lisbon, on 4 April 1849, after a fall on his staircase, caused when he was moving a piano, resulting in his being crushed. Starting in 1875, with erection of a monument in the parish of Margem, municipality of Gavião , sculpted by Célestin Anatole Calmels, many Portuguese community have honored this notable citizen. In
1258-504: The traditional Portuguese word for parish, had its beginning in the filius ecclesiae (child of the church) and filius gregis (child of the shepherds's flock), the collectivity of the religious faithful, with similar aspirations and interests. Between 1216 and 1223, Afonso II of Portugal began a process of legitimizing the Portuguese territory by conferring charters to nobles, clergy and municipal chambers (which would not be completed until after 1249, under Afonso III of Portugal ), making
1295-570: Was born on 12 July 1780, in Castelo de Vide , son of a wealthy rural property-owner. After learning arithmetic, Latin and Greek, he departed for Porto in October 1796, where he remained until June of the following year, taking preparatory classes for Law classes (which he registered for in October 1797). He completed his studies on 19 July 1802. Following the death of his father, in May 1799, he assumed
1332-463: Was named Minister for Finances on 28 May 1823. Surviving the expulsions of the Vilafrancada , Mouzinho was confirmed as Minister by decree on 31 May, but immediately fired by decree on 19 June 1823. Referring to this nomination, Mouzinho wrote: "Being administrator of the customs house, I was obligated, against my will, to be Minister of Finance on 29 May 1823, and surviving the reestablishment of
1369-555: Was placed in the task of obtaining funds for Liberal forces participating in the Barra de Lisboa (the city was still in the control of Miguelist forces), and developed activities in Vigo . Continuing to disagree with the condition of the public finances, he was fired from these tasks, and renominated Director of Customs. However, he left for a new period of exile in Paris on 19 March 1833. He returned to Portugal on 11 September 1834, and joined
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