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53-554: Considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque, Wazir Khan Mosque is renowned for its intricate faience tile work known as kashi-kari , as well as its interior surfaces that are almost entirely embellished with elaborate Mughal-era frescoes . The mosque has been under extensive restoration since 2009 under the direction of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Government of Punjab , with contributions from

106-661: A central brick paved courtyard - a typical feature of imperial Persian mosques in Iran . The mosque's courtyard contains a pool used for the Islamic ritual washing, wudu that measures 35 feet by 35 feet. The courtyard features a subterranean crypt which contains the tomb of the 14th century Sufi saint Syed Muhammad Ishaq Gazruni, also known by the name Miran Badshah . The courtyard is flanked on four sides by 32 khanas , or small study cloisters for religious scholars. The mosque's four 107 foot tall minarets are located in each corner of

159-492: A painted majolica ware on a clean, opaque pure-white ground, was produced for export as early as the fifteenth century. Technically, lead-glazed earthenware , such as the French sixteenth-century Saint-Porchaire ware , does not properly qualify as faience, but the distinction is not usually maintained. Semi- vitreous stoneware may be glazed like faience. Egyptian faience is not really faience, or pottery, at all, but made of

212-490: A square pavilion - a Persian architectural form known as a Char Taq . The remaining compartment in the prayer hall are topped by a 21 foot tall dome with a diameter of 19 feet, built in a style similar to that of the earlier Lodi dynasty . The northernmost and southernmost compartments also contain small cells which house spiral staircases that lead to the rooftop. Walls of the prayer hall's interior are also decorated with calligraphy in both Arabic and Persian . Each wall

265-413: A vitreous frit , and so closer to glass. In English 19th-century usage "faience" was often used to describe "any earthenware with relief modelling decorated with coloured glazes", including much glazed architectural terracotta and Victorian majolica , adding a further complexity to the list of meanings of the word. The Moors brought the technique of tin-glazed earthenware to Al-Andalus , where

318-604: A vitreous frit , either self-glazing or glazed. The Metropolitan Museum of Art displays a piece known as " William the Faience Hippopotamus " from Meir, Egypt , dated to the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt , c.  1981 –1885 BC. Different to those of ancient Egypt in theme and composition, artefacts of the Nubian Kingdom of Kerma are characterized by extensive amounts of blue faience, which

371-475: A wide range of wares. Large painted dishes were produced for weddings and other special occasions, with crude decoration that later appealed to collectors of English folk art . Many of the early potters in London were Flemish. By about 1600, blue-and-white wares were being produced, labelling the contents within decorative borders. The production was slowly superseded in the first half of the eighteenth century with

424-611: Is a term for English faience, mostly of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Not all of it imitated Dutch delftware, though much did. It was replaced by the much better creamware and other types of refined earthenware Staffordshire pottery developed in the 18th century, many of which did not need tin-glazes to achieve a white colour. These were hugely successful and exported to Europe and the Americas. They are not called "faience" in English, but may be in other languages, e.g. creamware

477-670: Is divided further, and contain unique mosaic designs. The acoustic properties of the dome allow for the imam's sermon to be projected across the mosque's courtyard. The mosque complex is listed on the Protected Heritage Monuments of the Archaeology Department of Punjab. In 1993 the site was added to UNESCO's tentative list for World Heritage Site status . In 2004, the Government of Punjab embarked on conservations and restoration efforts for

530-696: Is located. The Masjid also faces a town square known as Wazir Khan Chowk , and the Chitta Gate . The mosque hosts the shrine of Saint Sakhi Saif Souf. The mosque was commissioned by the chief physician to the Mughal Court, Hakeem Ilam-ud-din Ansari, better known by his royal title of Wazir Khan . Wazir Khan later became the subahdar , or Viceroy of Punjab , and commissioned several monuments in Lahore . Wazir Khan owned substantial amounts of property near

583-538: Is occasionally used for some species of fustic and for bald cypress , and it often denotes jack pine in eastern Canada . Species that are commonly known as cypresses include: Other species include: The word cypress is derived from Old French cipres , which was imported from Latin cypressus , the latinisation of the Greek κυπάρισσος ( kyparissos ). In Greek mythology , Cyparissos , Cyparissus or Kyparissos ( Ancient Greek : Κυπάρισσος, "cypress")

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636-627: Is the Arabic Islamic declaration of faith written in intricate tilework. The panels flanking the iwan contain Persian quatrains written by the calligraphist Muhammad Ali, who was a disciple of the Sufi saint Mian Mir . The panel on the right of the iwan reads: To all who turn towards the Qibla in prayer, may this door remain wide open with prosperity till the day of resurrection. While

689-642: Is the first Mughal monument to have borrowed this motif from Persia. The façade of the entry portal facing Wazir Khan Chowk is decorated with elaborate tile work and calligraphy that includes verses of the Quran , the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad , prayers for the Prophet, and calligraphic insignias. Above the iwan entrance to the main prayer hall are verses from the Quran's surah Al-Baqara written by

742-548: Is the general English language term for fine tin-glazed pottery . The invention of a white pottery glaze suitable for painted decoration, by the addition of an oxide of tin to the slip of a lead glaze, was a major advance in the history of pottery . The invention seems to have been made in Iran or the Middle East before the ninth century. A kiln capable of producing temperatures exceeding 1,000 °C (1,830 °F)

795-629: The Alhambra in Spain , as well as on several imperial mosques in Iran . The low domes over the prayer hall reflect the style of the earlier Lodi dynasty , which ruled Lahore prior to the Mughal era. Entry into Wazir Khan Mosque is through a large Timurid-style Iwan over a smaller portal which faces the Wazir Khan Chowk . The iwan is flanked by two projecting balconies. Above the iwan

848-697: The Pilot Urban Conservation and Infrastructure Improvement Project—the Shahi Guzargah Project was launched by the Government of Punjab and the Aga Khan Trust for culture which restored a section of Shahi Guzargah between the mosque and Delhi Gate. The project was completed in 2015 with support from the governments of Norway and the United States of America . Prior to completion of the project's first phase,

901-517: The body , the character and palette of the glaze , and the style of decoration, faïence blanche being left in its undecorated fired white slip. Faïence parlante bears mottoes often on decorative labels or banners. Wares for apothecaries , including albarello , can bear the names of their intended contents, generally in Latin and often so abbreviated to be unrecognizable to the untutored eye. Mottoes of fellowships and associations became popular in

954-422: The sap that typically drips down the tree's trunk represents Cyparissus' tears. Consequently, the cypress emerged as a symbol of mourning, sadness, and loss in classical mythology, thereby serving an aetiological purpose in explaining its cultural significance. Due to its connection to grief, the cypress became one of the symbols of Hades and has been planted in cemeteries since the classical era . During

1007-648: The 18th century, leading to the Faïence patriotique that was a specialty of the years of the French Revolution . In the course of the later 18th century, cheaper porcelain , and the refined earthenwares first developed in Staffordshire pottery such as creamware took over the market for refined faience. The French industry was given a nearly fatal blow by a commercial treaty with Great Britain in 1786, much lobbied for by Josiah Wedgwood , which set

1060-600: The Central Asian charsu bazaar concept, or four-axis bazaar, to be introduced into South Asia. Two of the four axes are aligned as the Calligrapher's Bazaar, while the other two align in a straight line from the mosque's entry portal, to the centre of the main prayer hall. Passage through the portal and octagonal chamber leads into the mosque's central courtyard. The courtyard measures approximately 160 feet by 130 feet, and features high arched galleries surrounding

1113-605: The Delhi Gate, and commissioned the Wazir Khan mosque in 1634 in order to enclose the tomb of Miran Badshah, an esteemed Sufi saint whose tomb now lies in the courtyard of the mosque. Prior to the construction of the Wazir Khan Mosque, the site had been occupied by an older shrine to the saint. The mosque's interior was richly embellished with frescoes that synthesize Mughal and local decorative traditions, while

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1166-539: The art of lustreware with metallic glazes was perfected. From at least the 14th century, Málaga in Andalusia and later Valencia exported these " Hispano-Moresque wares ", either directly or via the Balearic Islands to Italy and the rest of Europe. Later these industries continued under Christian lords. " Majolica " and " maiolica " are garbled versions of "Maiorica", the island of Majorca , which

1219-454: The calligraphist Haji Yousaf Kashmiri . Unlike the contemporary Shah Jahan Mosque in Sindh , the interior walls of Wazir Khan Mosque are plastered and adorned with highly detailed buon frescoes The interior decorative style is unique for Mughal-era mosques, as it combines imperial Mughal elements with local Punjabi decorative styles. The main prayer hall contains a square pavilion over which

1272-439: The courtyard. The mosque's prayer hall lies at the westernmost portion of the site, and is approximately 130 feet long and 42 feet wide. It is divided into five sections aligned into a single long aisle running north to south, similar to the prayer hall at the older Mosque of Mariyam Zamani Begum . The central section of the prayer hall is topped by a 31 foot tall dome with a diameter of 23 feet resting upon four arches that form

1325-547: The early forms, is called maiolica in English, Dutch wares are called Delftware , and their English equivalents English delftware , leaving "faience" as the normal term in English for French, German, Spanish, Portuguese wares and those of other countries not mentioned (it is also the usual French term, and fayence in German). The name faience is simply the French name for Faenza , in the Romagna near Ravenna , Italy, where

1378-613: The end of the nineteenth century, William de Morgan re-discovered the technique of lustered faience "to an extraordinarily high standard". The term faience broadly encompassed finely glazed ceramic beads, figures and other small objects found in Egypt as early as 4000 BC, as well as in the Ancient Near East , the Indus Valley civilisation and Europe. However, this material is not pottery at all, containing no clay, but

1431-452: The exterior of the mosque was lavishly decorated with intricate Persian-style kashi-kari tile work. Wazir Khan's mosque superseded the older Maryam Zamani Mosque as the Lahore main mosque for congregational Friday prayers . Wazir Khan's mosque was part of a larger complex that included a row of shops traditionally reserved for calligraphers and bookbinders, and the town square in front of

1484-587: The governments of Germany , Norway , and the United States . The mosque is located in the Walled City of Lahore along the southern side of Lahore's Shahi Guzargah , or "Royal Road," which was the traditional route traversed by Mughal nobles on their way to royal residences at the Lahore Fort . The mosque is situated approximately 260 meters west of the Delhi Gate , where the masjid's Shahi Hammam

1537-414: The import duty on English earthenware at a nominal level. In the early 19th century, fine stoneware —fired so hot that the unglazed body vitrifies —closed the last of the traditional makers' ateliers even for beer steins . At the low end of the market, local manufactories continued to supply regional markets with coarse and simple wares, and many local varieties have continued to be made in versions of

1590-590: The introduction of cheap creamware . Dutch potters in northern (and Protestant) Germany established German centres of faience: the first manufactories in Germany were opened at Hanau (1661) and Heusenstamm (1662), soon moved to nearby Frankfurt . In Switzerland, Zunfthaus zur Meisen near Fraumünster church houses the porcelain and faience collection of the Swiss National Museum in Zürich . By

1643-467: The late 1880s, John Lockwood Kipling , father of Rudyard Kipling , wrote about the mosque and its decorative elements in the former Journal of Indian Art . The British scholar Fred Henry Andrews noted in 1903 that the mosque had fallen into disrepair. The mosque is built on an elevated plinth , with the main portal opening onto the Wazir Khan Chowk . The outer perimeter of the Wazir Khan Mosque measures 279 feet (85 m) by 159 feet (48 m), with

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1696-596: The leading French centres of faience manufacturing in the 17th century, both able to supply wares to the standards required by the court and nobility. Nevers continued the Italian istoriato maiolica style, painted with figurative subjects, until around 1650. Many others centres developed from the early 18th century, led in 1690 by Quimper in Brittany [1] , followed by Moustiers , Marseille , Strasbourg and Lunéville and many smaller centres. The cluster of factories in

1749-533: The long axis parallel to the Shahi Guzargah . It was built with bricks laid in kankar lime . Wazir Khan mosque is renowned for its elaborate embellishment in a style which draws from the decorative traditions from several regions. While other monuments in Lahore from the Shah Jahan period feature intricate kashi-kari tile work, none match the enormous scale of the Wazir Khan Mosque. Bricks facing

1802-464: The mid-18th centuries many French factories produced (as well as simpler wares) pieces that followed the Rococo styles of the French porcelain factories and often hired and trained painters with the skill to produce work of a quality that sometimes approached them. The products of French faience manufactories, rarely marked, are identified by the usual methods of ceramic connoisseurship: the character of

1855-568: The mosque's exterior are richly embellished with the Persian-style title work known as kashi-kari . Façades facing the inner courtyard are richly embellished with motifs and palette which display strong influences from 17th century Persia. Persian-style colours used include lajvard ( cobalt blue ), firozi ( cerulean ), white, green, orange, yellow and purple, while Persian-influenced motifs include star-shaped flowers and grapevines. The mosque also contains motifs of cypress trees, and

1908-498: The mosque's largest dome rests - a Persian form known as Char Taq . The underside of the dome feature frescoes depicting trees in pairs, pitchers of wine, and platters of fruit, which are an allusion to the Islamic concept of Paradise . The arched niche at the mosque's entrance facing Wazir Khan Chowk is richly decorated with floral motifs, and features one of Lahore's first examples of a muqarna - an architectural element found at

1961-497: The mosque's main entrance. The mosque also rented space to other types of merchants in the mosque's northern and eastern façades, and ran the nearby Shahi Hammam . Revenues from these sources were meant to serve as a waqf , or endowment, for the mosque's maintenance. Main Construction of the mosque began under the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in either 1634 or 1635, and was completed in approximately seven years. In

2014-626: The mosque. In 2007, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture partnered with the Government of Punjab to restore the monument, and in 2009 began a two year long in-depth survey of the mosque as part of a larger effort to restore the Walled City of Lahore . In 2015, the site was mapped in 3D through a partnership between the Lahore University of Management Sciences and the United States Agency for International Development . Restoration works at Wazir Khan Mosque began in 2004. In 2012,

2067-507: The mosque. Wazir Khan Chowk was extensively rehabilitated by removal of encroachments, while the well of Dina Nath was restored. Power lines along the project corridor were also placed underground, and the Chitta Gate at the eastern entrance to Wazir Khan Chowk was rehabilitated. [REDACTED] Media related to Wazir Khan Mosque at Wikimedia Commons Faience Faience or faïence ( / f aɪ ˈ ɑː n s , f eɪ ˈ -, - ˈ ɒ̃ s / ; French: [fajɑ̃s] )

2120-524: The names of their intended contents, generally in Latin and often so abbreviated to be unrecognizable to the untutored eye. Mottoes of fellowships and associations became popular in the 18th century, leading to the faïence patriotique that was a specialty of the years of the French Revolution . " English delftware " produced in Lambeth , London, and at other centres, from the late sixteenth century, provided apothecaries with jars for wet and dry drugs, among

2173-755: The old styles as a form of folk art , and today for tourists. In the 19th century two glazing techniques revived by Minton were: 1. Tin-glazed pottery in the style of Renaissance Italian maiolica and, 2. The pottery of coloured glazes decoration over unglazed earthenware molded in low relief. At the Great Exhibition of 1851 and at the International Exhibition of 1862 both were exhibited. Both are known today as Victorian majolica . The coloured glazes majolica wares were later also made by Wedgwood and numerous smaller Staffordshire potteries round Burslem and Stoke-on-Trent . At

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2226-429: The outer surface, and cover the stem in opposite pairs, giving the branchlet a four-sided appearance. Cypress is any of the twelve species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers constituting the genus Cupressus of the family Cupressaceae . Many resinous , aromatic evergreen trees called cypress belong to other genera of the same family, especially species of false cypress and cypress pine . The name cypress

2279-413: The panel to the left of the iwan reads: Tillers! Everything we sow in this world we will reap in the next. Lay a good foundation in this life, for everyone must pass through this gate to Paradise. Entry through the small portal leads into a covered octagonal chamber which lies in the centre of the mosque's "Calligrapher's Bazaar." The octagonal chamber lies in the centre of what is the first example of

2332-532: The quality of painting declined, with geometric designs and simple shapes replacing the complicated and sophisticated scenes of the best period. Production continues to the present day in many centres, and the wares are again called "faience" in English (though usually still maiolica in Italian). At some point "faience" as a term for pottery from Faenza in northern Italy was a general term used in French, and then reached English. The first northerners to imitate

2385-613: The south were generally the most innovative, while Strasbourg and other centres near the Rhine were much influenced by German porcelain. The products of faience manufactories are identified by the usual methods of ceramic connoisseurship: the character of the clay body, the character and palette of the glaze , and the style of decoration, faïence blanche being left in its undecorated fired white slip. Faïence parlante (especially from Nevers) bears mottoes often on decorative labels or banners. Apothecary wares, including albarelli , can bear

2438-524: The tin-glazed earthenwares being imported from Italy were the Dutch. Delftware is a kind of faience, made at potteries round Delft in the Netherlands , characteristically decorated in blue on white. It began in the early sixteenth century on a relatively small scale, imitating Italian maiolica, but from around 1580 it began to imitate the highly sought-after blue and white Chinese export porcelain that

2491-486: The vicinity around the Wazir Khan mosque had been encroached upon by illegally erected shops which blocked off much of the mosque from the surrounding neighbourhood. Tangled power lines further spoiled views of the mosque, and the Wazir Khan Chowk had been badly neglected and had shrunk in size due to illegally constructed shops. The first phase of the project removed illegally constructed shops, restoring views of

2544-415: Was a male lover of Apollo , as well as other deities in other versions of mythology. In the most prevalent version of the story, Cyparissus receives a stag as a gift from Apollo, which he accidentally kills with a spear while hunting in the forest. Cyparissus is overwhelmed by pain and sorrow, and asks Apollo to allow his tears to flow for eternity. Apollo transforms Cyparissus into a cypress tree, and

2597-511: Was a transshipping point for refined tin-glazed earthenwares shipped to Italy from the kingdom of Aragon at the close of the Middle Ages . This type of pottery owed much to its Moorish inheritance. In Italy, locally produced tin-glazed earthenwares, now called maiolica , initiated in the fourteenth century, reached a peak in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. After about 1600, these lost their appeal to elite customers, and

2650-467: Was beginning to reach Europe, soon followed by Japanese export porcelain . From the later half of the century the Dutch were manufacturing and exporting very large quantities, some in its own recognisably Dutch style, as well as copying East Asian porcelain. In France, the first well-known painter of faïence was Masseot Abaquesne , established in Rouen in the 1530s. Nevers faience and Rouen faience were

2703-537: Was developed by the natives of Kerma independently of Egyptian techniques. Examples of ancient faience are also found in Minoan Crete , which was likely influenced by Egyptian culture. Faience material, for instance, has been recovered from the Knossos archaeological site. Many centres of traditional manufacture are recognized, as well as some individual ateliers . A partial list follows. English delftware

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2756-1226: Was known as faience fine in France. Austria Cypress Cypress is a common name for various coniferous trees or shrubs from the Cupressus genus of the Cupressaceae family, typically found in warm-temperate and subtropical regions of Asia , Europe , and North America . Cypress trees typically reach heights of up to 25 metres (82 ft) and exhibit a pyramidal form, particularly in their youth. Many are characterised by their needle-like, evergreen foliage and acorn -like seed cones. Some species develop flattened, spreading heads at maturity, while certain variants may manifest as shrubs, standing at less than 6 metres (20 ft). The bark of cypress trees varies, with some species having smooth surfaces, while most exhibit bark that separates into thin plates or strips, often shedding over time. Leaves of young cypress trees are spreading and awl-shaped, and are typically small, scale-like formations that tightly adhere to older branches. They are usually aromatic , with glandular pits on

2809-411: Was required to achieve this result, the result of millennia of refined pottery-making traditions. The term is now used for a wide variety of pottery from several parts of the world, including many types of European painted wares, often produced as cheaper versions of porcelain styles. English generally uses various other terms for well-known sub-types of faience. Italian tin-glazed earthenware, at least

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