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42-496: The system was first published in 1939 by George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer . With a few exceptions, it does not attempt to transliterate Korean hangul but rather represents the phonetic pronunciation. A variant of McCune–Reischauer is still used as the official system in North Korea . South Korea formerly used another variant of McCune–Reischauer as its official system between 1984 and 2000, but replaced it with

84-533: A crisis because of McCune's health problems; his heart had been weakened by the rheumatic fever that he suffered from as a child. McCune began teaching Korean language and history at Occidental College, where he taught from 1939 to 1946, advancing from the rank of Instructor to Associate Professor. Soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States entered World War II . In 1942, McCune

126-456: A few are two character names. The given name, which follows the surname, usually has two characters but sometimes only one. In both two character surnames and two character given names the general rules of euphonic change should be observed, and the two syllables should be written together. The problem of the euphonic changes between a surname and given name or title is very difficult. A man known as Paek Paksa 백 박사 (Dr. Paek) might prove to have

168-519: A few instances of rather well-established romanizations for proper names which might be left unchanged, just as the names of some of the provinces of China still have traditional romanizations not in accord with the Wade–Giles system. There is, for example, Seoul, which some may prefer to the Sŏul of our system. Another very important example is 李 , the surname of the kings of the last Korean dynasty and still

210-548: A number of cities with Kuomintang mayors. However, the current Tsai Ing-wen administration and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) along with the majority of the people in Taiwan, both native and overseas, use spelling and transcribe their legal names based on the Wade–Giles system, as well as the other aforementioned systems. The tables below show the Wade–Giles representation of each Chinese sound (in bold type), together with

252-458: A syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized , even if it is part of a proper noun . The use of apostrophe-like characters, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Taiwanese people write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See also Chinese names .) Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn,

294-487: A syllable on its own, Wade–Giles writes ê or o depending on the character. In all other circumstances, it writes ê . What is pronounced in Peking dialect as [wo] is usually written as o in Wade–Giles, except for wo , shuo (e.g. "說" shuo ) and the three syllables of kuo , kʻuo , and huo (as in 過, 霍, etc.), which contrast with ko , kʻo , and ho that correspond to Pīnyīn ge , ke , and he . This

336-400: A syllable on its own, it is written ê or o depending on the character. Wade–Giles writes [-wo] as -uo after kʻ , k , h and sh , otherwise as -o : kʻuo , kuo , huo , shuo , bo , tso . After chʻ , it is written chʻo or chʻuo depending on the character. For -ih and -ŭ , see below . Giles's A Chinese–English Dictionary also includes

378-425: A very common Korean surname. Actually it is pronounced in the standard dialect and should be romanized I , but some may prefer to retain the older romanization, Yi , because that is already the familiar form. In any case the other romanizations of 李 , Ri and Li , should not be used. The original paper also gives McCune–Reischauer romanizations for a number of other personal names: A variant of McCune–Reischauer

420-604: A way that is easily recognizable and misrepresents the way that the unaspirated consonants are actually pronounced. Regardless of the official adoption of the new system in South Korea, North Korea continues to use a version of McCune–Reischauer. This is a simplified guide for the McCune–Reischauer system. For ㄱ , ㄷ , ㅂ , and ㅈ , the letters g , d , b , or j are used if voiced, k , t , p , or ch otherwise. Pronunciations such as those take precedence over

462-582: Is ŭ , ㅗ is o and ㅓ is ŏ . Because of the dual use of apostrophes—the more common being for syllabic boundaries—it can be ambiguous for persons unfamiliar with McCune–Reischauer as to how a romanized Korean word is pronounced. For example, 뒤차기 → twich'agi , which consists of the syllables twi , ch'a and gi ). In the early days of the Internet, the apostrophe and breve were even omitted altogether for both technical and practical reasons, which made it impossible to differentiate

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504-601: Is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese . It developed from the system produced by Thomas Francis Wade during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert Giles 's A Chinese–English Dictionary (1892). The romanization systems in common use until the late 19th century were based on the Nanjing dialect , but Wade–Giles was based on the Beijing dialect and was the system of transcription familiar in

546-736: Is based on the Wade–Giles derived romanized form, for example Kaohsiung , the Matsu Islands and Chiang Ching-kuo . Wade–Giles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade , a scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at the University of Cambridge . Wade published Yü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi ( 語言自邇集 ; 语言自迩集 ) in 1867, the first textbook on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin in English, which became

588-522: Is because characters like 羅, 多, etc. (Wade–Giles: lo , to ; Pīnyīn: luó , duō ) did not originally carry the medial [w] . Peking dialect does not have phonemic contrast between o and -uo / wo (except in interjections when used alone) and a medial [w] is usually inserted in front of -o to form [wo] . Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write [wo] as ㄛ -o after ㄅ b , ㄆ p , ㄇ m and ㄈ f , and as ㄨㄛ -uo after all other initials. Tones are indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after

630-552: Is currently in official use in North Korea . The following are the differences between the original McCune–Reischauer and the North Korean variant: The following table illustrates the differences above. A variant of McCune–Reischauer was in official use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000. The following are the differences between the original McCune–Reischauer and the South Korean variant: The following table illustrates

672-557: Is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ, Legge romanization , Simplified Wade , and EFEO Chinese transcription use the letter ⟨h⟩ instead of an apostrophe-like character to indicate aspiration. (This is similar to the obsolete IPA convention before the revisions of the 1970s ). The convention of an apostrophe-like character or ⟨h⟩ to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such as McCune–Reischauer for Korean and ISO 11940 for Thai . People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore

714-629: The Cyrillic script . Like McCune–Reischauer romanization it attempts to represent the pronunciation of a word, rather than provide letter-to-letter correspondence. George M. McCune George McAfee " Mac " McCune ( / m ə ˈ k j uː n / mə- KEWN ; June 16, 1908 – November 5, 1948) was an American scholar of Korea who developed the McCune–Reischauer romanization system of Korean with Edwin O. Reischauer . He taught Korean history and language at Occidental College and

756-542: The Revised Romanization of Korean in 2000. Under the McCune–Reischauer system, aspirated consonants like k' , t' , p' and ch' are distinguished by apostrophes from unaspirated ones. The apostrophe is also used to distinguish ㄴㄱ from ㅇㅇ : 연구 is transcribed as yŏn'gu while 영어 is yŏngŏ . The breve is used to differentiate vowels in Korean: ㅜ is spelled u , ㅡ

798-653: The University of California, Berkeley . Born in Pyongyang , Korea, George McAfee McCune was the son of Helen McAfee and George Shannon McCune, American Presbyterian educational missionaries who had sailed to the country in 1905. Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910. The McCunes worked in Pyongyang and Sinch'ŏn . The young George had a younger brother, Shannon , and two sisters, Catherine and Margaret. They received their elementary educations in Korea. McCune moved to

840-556: The unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using a character resembling an apostrophe . Thomas Wade and others used the spiritus asper (ʽ or ʻ), borrowed from the polytonic orthography of the Ancient Greek language. Herbert Giles and others used a left (opening) curved single quotation mark (‘) for the same purpose. A third group used a plain apostrophe ('). The backtick , and visually similar characters, are sometimes seen in various electronic documents using

882-1056: The East Asiatic Library several hundred volumes in the Korean language: "These constitute one of the first such collections in this country." "He was a member of the Far Eastern Association, the Foreign Policy Association, the American Historical Association, the Council on Foreign Relations , the Institute of Pacific Relations, the American Association of University Professors and the World Affairs Institute. In 1947 he

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924-574: The English-speaking world for most of the 20th century. Both of these kinds of transcription were used in postal romanizations (romanized place-names standardized for postal uses). In mainland China , Wade–Giles has been mostly replaced by Hanyu Pinyin , which was officially adopted in 1958, with exceptions for the romanized forms of some of the most commonly used names of locations and persons, and other proper nouns. The romanized name for most locations, persons and other proper nouns in Taiwan

966-663: The Korean language, which was widely used for decades. He married Evelyn Margaret Becker (1907-2012) in Honolulu , Hawaii , on April 22, 1933. She was a child of American Methodist missionary parents and also had been born in Pyongyang. They had met there while both were visiting their respective families. She was teaching at the Seoul Foreign School in Seoul , Korea, after getting her BA at University of California, Berkeley. They became engaged and then married during

1008-528: The US and completed his MA at Occidental College in 1935. He started doctoral work at the University of California, Berkeley . He was granted a Mills Traveling Fellowship to continue his studies in Korea. He spent a year working on the official Yi dynasty chronicles in connection with his dissertation. In 1941, he received his PhD from Berkeley. In 1939, he and Edwin O. Reischauer , also an East Asian scholar, published their McCune-Reischauer romanization of

1050-624: The United States to attend Huron College in South Dakota , where his father was president, and after a year transferred to Rutgers University in New Jersey. He graduated from Occidental College with a bachelor's degree in 1930. McCune returned to Korea for a few years, and taught at Union Christian College in Pyongyang, where his parents were working. He also owned and managed Taeon, a formerly Chinese-owned business, which enabled him to finance his graduate education. McCune returned to

1092-650: The apostrophe-like characters are kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap: Like Yale and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II , Wade–Giles renders the two types of syllabic consonant ( simplified Chinese : 空韵 ; traditional Chinese : 空韻 ; Wade–Giles: kʻung -yün ; Hànyǔ Pīnyīn : kōngyùn ) differently: These finals are both written as -ih in Tongyòng Pinyin , as -i in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (hence distinguishable only by

1134-475: The aspirated consonants k' , t' , p' and ch' from the unaspirated consonants k , t , p and ch , ㄴㄱ ( n'g ) from ㅇㅇ ( ng ), and the vowels ㅜ and ㅡ as well as ㅗ from ㅓ . As a result, the South Korean government adopted a revised system of romanization in 2000. However, Korean critics claimed that the Revised System fails to represent ㅓ and ㅡ in

1176-715: The basis for the system later known as Wade–Giles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists, was further refined in 1892 by Herbert Giles (in A Chinese–English Dictionary ), a British diplomat in China, and his son Lionel Giles , a curator at the British Museum. Taiwan used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (1986), and Tongyong Pinyin (2000). The Kuomintang (KMT) has previously promoted pinyin with Ma Ying-jeou 's successful presidential bid in 2008 and in

1218-555: The corresponding IPA phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in Bopomofo and Hanyu Pinyin . Instead of ts , tsʻ and s , Wade–Giles writes tz , tzʻ and ss before ŭ (see below ). Wade–Giles writes -uei after kʻ and k , otherwise -ui : kʻuei , kuei , hui , shui , chʻui . It writes [-ɤ] as -o after kʻ , k and h , otherwise as -ê : kʻo , ko , ho , shê , chʻê . When [ɤ] forms

1260-486: The differences above. The ALA-LC romanization of Korean is based on but deviates from McCune–Reischauer. The following table illustrates the differences above. A third system, the Yale romanization system, which is a transliteration system, exists but is used only in academic literature, especially in linguistics. The Kontsevich system , based on the earlier Kholodovich system, is used for transliterating Korean into

1302-408: The finals -io (in yo , chio , chʻio , hsio , lio and nio ) and -üo (in chüo , chʻüo , hsüo , lüo and nüo ), both of which are pronounced -üeh in modern Standard Chinese : yüeh , chüeh , chʻüeh , hsüeh , lüeh and nüeh . Wade–Giles writes the syllable [i] as i or yi depending on the character. A feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of

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1344-568: The full name of Paeng Nakchun 백낙준 because of the assimilation of the final k of his surname and the initial n of his given name. The use in romanization of both Dr. Paek and Paeng Nakchun for the same person would result in considerable confusion. Therefore it seems best for romanizations purposes to disregard euphonic changes between surnames and given names or titles, so that the above name should be romanized Paek Nakchun. For ordinary social use our romanization often may not prove suitable for personal names. Even in scholarly work there are also

1386-539: The government's leading expert on Korean affairs." In 1946, he began teaching at UC, Berkeley. In 1948, he was promoted to associate professor of history at Berkeley, but he died that year because of heart problems. At Berkeley, he had helped establish an intensive course in the Korean language in the Far Eastern and Russian Language School of the University Extension. In addition, he acquired for

1428-532: The initial from [i] as in li ), and as -y in Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Simplified Wade . They are typically omitted in Zhùyīn (Bōpōmōfō) . Final o in Wade–Giles has two pronunciations in modern Peking dialect: [wo] and [ɤ] . What is pronounced in vernacular Peking dialect as a close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] is written usually as ê , but sometimes as o , depending on historical pronunciation (at

1470-418: The past. For example, the geographic term 光州 should be romanized Kwangju. Irregularities occurring in proper names such as in P'yŏngyang 平壤 which is colloquially pronounced P'iyang or P'eyang, should usually be ignored in romanizations intended for scholarly use. Personal names demand special consideration. As in China, the great majority of surnames are monosyllables representing a single character, while

1512-473: The rules in the table above. The rules stated above are also applied in personal names, except between a surname and a given name. A surname and a given name are separated by a space, but multiple syllables within a surname or within a given name are joined without hyphens or spaces. The original 1939 paper states the following: The Romanization of Proper Names and Titles Proper names like words should not be divided into syllables, as has often been done in

1554-676: The spiritus asper, sometimes omitting them when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch. Partly because of the popular omission of apostrophe-like characters, the four sounds represented in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn by j , q , zh , and ch often all become ch , including in many proper names. However, if

1596-465: The syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīn qiàn (fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalent chʻien . ( s ; t ; lit ) Wade–Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or closing (right) single quotation marks as appropriate). If

1638-469: The system. Examples using the spiritus asper: p , pʻ , t , tʻ , k , kʻ , ch , chʻ . The use of this character preserves b , d , g , and j for the romanization of Chinese varieties containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and Min Nan (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization)

1680-437: The time Wade–Giles was developed). Specifically, after velar initials k , kʻ and h (and a historical ng , which had been dropped by the time Wade–Giles was developed), o is used; for example, "哥" is ko (Pīnyīn gē ) and "刻" is kʻo (Pīnyīn kè ). In Peking dialect, o after velars (and what used to be ng ) have shifted to [ɤ] , thus they are written as ge , ke , he and e in Pīnyīn. When [ɤ] forms

1722-682: Was appointed a member of the Advisory Editorial Board of the Far Eastern Quarterly and in the same year was a delegate to the National Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations, at Coronado, California." His brother, Shannon Boyd-Bailey McCune (1913–1993), became a geographer and wrote several books about Korea for the general public. Wade%E2%80%93Giles Wade–Giles ( / ˌ w eɪ d ˈ dʒ aɪ l z / WAYD JYLZE )

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1764-767: Was given a leave of absence to serve the war effort. He worked as a Social Science Analyst in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). After serving in the OSS for two years and briefly on the Board of Economic Warfare , McCune was appointed as officer of the Korea Desk in the State Department . During those years, he was "generally recognized as

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