Misplaced Pages

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48-397: MCF was developed by Ramanathan V. Guha at Apple Computer's Advanced Technology Group between 1995 and 1997. Rooted in knowledge-representation systems such as CycL , KRL , and KIF , it sought to describe objects, their attributes, and the relationships between them. One application of MCF was HotSauce , also developed by Guha while at Apple. It generated a 3D visualization of

96-541: A ACM Fellow for contributions to structured data representation and specification and their impact on the Web NewHoo DMOZ (stylized dmoz in its logo; from directory.mozilla.org , an earlier domain name ) was a multilingual open-content directory of World Wide Web links. The site and community who maintained it were also known as the Open Directory Project ( ODP ). It

144-545: A Google Fellow. While at Google he has been responsible for Google Custom Search and a number of enhancements to Adwords . He is also one of the founders of Schema.org and Datacommons.org . After nearly two decades with the company, he announced his departure in August 2024. On January 26, 2013, Guha was named as a Distinguished Alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. December 8, 2015 named as

192-645: A loosely consistent manner; conventions for the naming and building of categories; conflict of interest limitations on the editing of sites which the editor may own or otherwise be affiliated with; and a code of conduct within the community. Editors who are found to have violated these guidelines may be contacted by staff or senior editors, have their editing permissions cut back, or lose their editing privileges entirely. DMOZ Guidelines are periodically revised after discussion in editor forums. There have long been allegations that volunteer DMOZ editors give favorable treatment to their own websites while concomitantly thwarting

240-467: A news aggregation site operated by DMOZ founder Rich Skrenta, had more than 17,000 listings. Early in the history of DMOZ, its staff gave representatives of selected companies, such as Rolling Stone or CNN , editing access in order to list individual pages from their websites. Links to individual CNN articles were added until 2004, but were entirely removed from the directory in January 2008 due to

288-433: A private forum which can only be accessed by DMOZ's staff and meta editors. Volunteer editors who are being discussed are not given notice that such proceedings are taking place. Some people find this arrangement distasteful, wanting instead a discussion modeled more like a trial held in the U.S. judicial system. In the article "Editor Removal Explained", DMOZ meta editor Arlarson states that "a great deal of confusion about

336-429: A single directory category. Similarly, catmod privileges are similar to meta , but only for a single directory category. Catmv privileges allow editors to make changes to directory ontology by moving or renaming categories. All of these privileges are granted by admins and staff, usually after discussion with meta editors. In August 2004, a new level of privileges called admin was introduced. Administrator status

384-720: A special directory within DMOZ was created for people under 18 years of age. Key factors distinguishing this "Kids and Teens" area from the main directory are: By May 2005, this portion of DMOZ included over 32,000 site listings. From early 2004, the whole site was in UTF-8 encoding. Prior to this, the encoding had been ISO 8859-1 for English language categories and a language-dependent character set for other languages. The RDF dumps were encoded in UTF-8 from early 2000. Directory listings were maintained by editors. While some editors focused on

432-481: A static archive of DMOZ, and to the DMOZ discussion forum, where plans to rebrand and relaunch the directory were being discussed. As of September 2017 , a non-editable mirror remained available at dmoztools.net, and it was announced that while the DMOZ URL would not return, a successor version of the directory named Curlie would be provided. By 2018 ODP, DMoz and Curlie were considered synonyms. Curlie

480-621: A web site's table of contents, based on MCF descriptions. By late 1996, a few hundred sites were creating MCF files and Apple HotSauce allowed users to browse these MCF representations in 3D. When the research project was discontinued, Guha left Apple for Netscape , where, in collaboration with Tim Bray , he adapted MCF to use XML and created the first version of the Resource Description Framework (RDF). An MCF file consists of one or more blocks, each corresponding to an entity. A block looks like this: The identifier

528-430: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ramanathan V. Guha Ramanathan V. Guha (born 1965) is the creator of widely used web standards such as RSS , RDF and Schema.org . He is also responsible for products such as Google Custom Search . He was a co-founder of Epinions and Alpiri. He worked at Google for nearly two decades, most recently as a Google Fellow, before announcing his departure from

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576-400: Is a unique identifier for that entity (more on the scope of the identifier below) and is used to refer to that entity. The following lines each specify a property and one or more values, separated by commas. Each value can be a reference to another entity (via its identifier), a string (enclosed by double quotes) or a number. For example: NOTE: This artificial intelligence -related article

624-508: Is published on a download server, older versions are also archived there. New versions are usually generated weekly. A DMOZ editor has catalogued a number of bugs that are encountered in the DMOZ RDF dump, most importantly that the file format is not RDF. So while today the so-called RDF dump is valid XML , it is not valid RDF and as such, software to process the DMOZ RDF dump needs to be specifically written for DMOZ data. DMOZ data powers

672-581: The Free Software Foundation to refer to the Open Directory License as a non-free documentation license, citing the right to redistribute a given version not being permanent and the requirement to check for changes to the license. In 2011, DMOZ silently changed its license to a Creative Commons Attribution license , which is a free license (and GPL compatible). DMOZ data is made available through an RDF-like dump that

720-616: The Meta Content Framework (MCF) format. In 1997 he joined Netscape where, in collaboration with Tim Bray , he created a new version of MCF that used the XML language and which became the main technical precursor to W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF) standard. Guha also contributed to the "smart browsing" features of Netscape 4.5 and was instrumental in Netscape's acquisition of NewHoo , which Netscape rebranded

768-515: The Editing Guidelines, they are welcome to apply for additional editing privileges in either a broader category or else another category in the directory. Mentorship relationships between editors are encouraged, and internal forums provide a vehicle for new editors to ask questions. DMOZ has its own internal forums, the contents of which are intended only for editors to communicate with each other primarily about editing topics. Access to

816-697: The Open Directory Project. He created the first version of RSS as part of a move in which the My.Netscape portal was opened to wider participation in March 1999. In 1999 he left Netscape and in May co-founded Epinions , where he worked until 2000. Guha founded Alpiri in late 2000 which created TAP, a semantic web application and knowledge base . In 2002, he became a researcher at IBM Almaden Research Center . In 2005 Guha joined Google and became

864-480: The RDF dump offered to users. There were about 7330 active editors during August 2006. 75,151 editors had contributed to the directory as of March 31, 2007. As of April 2013, the number of contributing editors had increased to 97,584. On October 20, 2006, DMOZ's main server suffered a catastrophic failure that prevented editors from working on the directory until December 18, 2006. During that period, an older build of

912-905: The ability to approve new editor applications, which eventually led to a stratified hierarchy of duties and privileges among DMOZ editors, with DMOZ's paid staff having the final say regarding DMOZ's policies and procedures. Robert Keating, a principal of Touchstone Consulting Group in Washington, D.C., worked as AOL's program manager for DMOZ beginning in 2004. He started working for AOL in 1999 as senior editor for AOL Search, then as managing editor for AOL's DMOZ program, and then as media ecosystem manager of AOL Product Marketing. DMOZ's editor removal procedures are overseen by DMOZ's staff and meta-editors. According to DMOZ's official editorial guidelines, editors are removed for abusive editing practices or uncivil behaviour. Discussions that may result in disciplinary action against volunteer editors take place in

960-551: The addition of new listings, others focused on maintaining the existing listings, and some did both. This included tasks such as the editing of individual listings to correct spelling and/or grammatical errors, as well as monitoring the status of linked sites. Still others went through site submissions to remove spam and duplicate submissions. Robozilla was a Web crawler written to check the status of all sites listed in DMOZ. Periodically, Robozilla would flag sites which appeared to have moved or disappeared and editors follow up to check

1008-689: The alias The Cunctator , both claim to have been removed for disagreeing with staff about changes to policies, particularly DMOZ's copyright policies. According to their claims, staff use the excuse of uncivil behaviour as a means to remove bothersome editors. Senior DMOZ editors have the ability to attach "warning" or "do not list" notes to individual domains but no editor has the unilateral ability to block certain sites from being listed. Sites with these notes might still be listed and at times notes are removed after some discussion. Criticism of DMOZ's hierarchical structure emerged by around 2005. Many believe hierarchical directories are too complicated. With

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1056-450: The applicant would likely mesh with the DMOZ culture and mission. A majority of applications are rejected but reapplying is allowed and sometimes encouraged. The same standards apply to editors of all categories and subcategories. DMOZ's editing model is a hierarchical one. Upon becoming editors, individuals will generally have editing permissions in only a small category. Once they have demonstrated basic editing skills in compliance with

1104-713: The company in August 2024. Guha did his schooling from Loyola High School , Pune and graduated with Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Master of Science from University of California, Berkeley and Ph.D from Stanford University . Guha was one of the early co-leaders of the Cyc Project where he worked from 1987 through 1994 at Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation in collaboration with Douglas Lenat . He

1152-402: The content being outdated and not considered worth the effort to maintain. There have been no similar experiments with the editing policy since then. Underlying some controversy surrounding DMOZ is its ownership and management. Some of the original GnuHoo volunteers felt that they had been deceived into joining a commercial enterprise. To varying degrees, those complaints have continued up until

1200-953: The core directory services for many of the Web's largest search engines and portals, including Netscape Search, AOL Search, and Alexa . Google Directory used DMOZ information, until being shuttered in July 2011. Other uses are also made of DMOZ data. For example, in the spring of 2004 Overture announced a search service for third parties combining Yahoo! Directory search results with DMOZ titles, descriptions and category metadata. The search engine Gigablast announced on May 12, 2005, its searchable copy of DMOZ. The technology permits search of websites listed in specific categories, "in effect, instantly creating over 500,000 vertical search engines". As of 8 September 2006 , DMOZ listed 313 English-language Web sites that use DMOZ data as well as 238 sites in other languages. However, these figures do not reflect

1248-474: The directory was visible to the public. On January 13, 2007, the Site Suggestion and Update Listings forms were again made available. On January 26, 2007, weekly publication of RDF dumps resumed. To avoid future outages, the system resided on a redundant configuration of two Intel-based servers from then on. The site's interface was given an upgrade in 2016, branded "DMOZ 3.0", but AOL took it offline

1296-478: The emergence of Web 2.0 , folksonomies began to appear, and some editors proposed that folksonomies, networks and directed graphs are more "natural" and easier to manage than hierarchies. The ODPSearch software is a derivative version of Isearch which is open-source , licensed under the Mozilla Public License . The ODP Editor Forums were originally run on software that was based on

1344-654: The following year. As DMOZ became more widely known, two other major web directories edited by volunteers and sponsored by Go.com and Zeal emerged, both now defunct. These directories did not license their content for open content distribution. The concept of using a large-scale community of editors to compile online content has been successfully applied to other types of projects. DMOZ's editing model directly inspired at least three other open content volunteer projects: music site MusicMoz, an open content restaurant directory known as ChefMoz and an encyclopedia known as Open Site . Finally, according to Larry Sanger , DMOZ

1392-616: The forums requires an editor account and editors are expected to keep the contents of these forums private. Over time, senior editors can be granted additional privileges which reflect their editing experience and leadership within the editing community. The most straightforward is edit all privileges, which allow an editor to access all categories in the directory. Meta privileges additionally allow editors to perform tasks such as reviewing editor applications, setting category features, and handling external and internal abuse reports. Cateditall privileges are similar to edit all , but only for

1440-410: The full picture of use, as those sites that use DMOZ data without following the terms of the DMOZ license are not listed. Restrictions are imposed on who can become an DMOZ editor. The primary gatekeeping mechanism is an editor application process wherein editor candidates demonstrate their editing abilities, disclose affiliations that might pose a conflict of interest , and otherwise give a sense of how

1488-681: The good faith efforts of their competition. Such allegations are fielded by ODP's staff and meta editors, who have the authority to take disciplinary action against volunteer editors who are suspected of engaging in abusive editing practices. In 2003, DMOZ introduced a new Public Abuse Report System that allows members of the general public to report and track allegations of abusive editor conduct using an online form. Uninhibited discussion of DMOZ's purported shortcomings has become more common on mainstream webmaster discussion forums. Although site policies suggest that an individual site should be submitted to only one category, as of October 2007, Topix.com,

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1536-571: The non-English components of the directory had been greater than the English component since 2002. While the English component of the directory held almost 75% of the sites in 2003, the World level grew to over 1.5 million sites as of May 2005, forming roughly one-third of the directory. The ontology in non-English categories generally mirrors that of the English directory, although exceptions which reflect language differences are quite common. Several of

1584-445: The ontology of second- and lower-level categories has undergone a gradual evolution; significant changes are initiated by discussion among editors and then implemented when consensus had been reached. In July 1998, the directory became multilingual with the addition of the World top-level category. The remainder of the directory lists only English language sites. By May 2005, seventy-five languages were represented. The growth rate of

1632-457: The popular threaded Usenet newsreader for Unix systems. The original category structure of the Gnuhoo directory was based loosely on the structure of Usenet newsgroups then in existence. The Gnuhoo directory went live on June 5, 1998. After Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation objected to the use of Gnu in the name, GnuHoo was changed to NewHoo . Yahoo! then objected to

1680-511: The present. At DMOZ's inception, there was little thought given to the idea of how DMOZ should be managed and there were no official forums , guidelines or FAQs . As time went on, the ODP editor forums became the de facto DMOZ parliament, and when one of DMOZ's staff members would post an opinion in the forums, it would be considered an official ruling. Even so, DMOZ staff began to give trusted senior editors additional editing privileges, including

1728-437: The public about the development of the project. The first report covered the year 2005. Monthly reports were issued subsequently until September 2006. These reports gave greater insight into the functioning of the directory than the simplified statistics provided on the front page of the directory. The number of listings and categories cited on the front page included "Test" and "Bookmarks" categories but these were not included in

1776-542: The removal of editors from DMOZ results from false or misleading statements by former editors". The DMOZ's confidentiality guidelines prohibit any current DMOZ editors in a position to know anything from discussing the reasons for specific editor removals, however a list of potential reasons was provided in the guidelines. In the past, this has led to removed DMOZ editors wondering why they cannot log in at DMOZ to perform their editing work. David F. Prenatt Jr., former DMOZ editor netesq , and another former editor known by

1824-531: The sites and take action. This process was critical for the directory in striving to achieve one of its founding goals: to reduce the link rot in web directories. Shortly after each run, the sites marked with errors were automatically moved to the unreviewed queue where editors may investigate them when time permits. Due to the popularity of DMOZ and its resulting impact on search engine rankings (See PageRank ), domains with lapsed registration that were listed on DMOZ attracted domain hijacking , an issue that that

1872-895: The time Netscape assumed stewardship, the Open Directory Project had about 100,000 URLs indexed with contributions from about 4500 editors. On October 5, 1999, the number of URLs indexed by DMOZ reached one million. According to an unofficial estimate, the URLs in DMOZ numbered 1.6 million in April 2000, surpassing those in the Yahoo! Directory . DMOZ achieved the milestones of indexing two million URLs on August 14, 2000, three million listings on November 18, 2001, and four million on December 3, 2003. As of April 2013 there were 5,169,995 sites listed in over 1,017,500 categories. On October 31, 2015, there were 3,996,412 sites listed in 1,026,706 categories. In January 2006, DMOZ began publishing online reports to inform

1920-468: The top-level categories have unique characteristics. The Adult category is not present on the directory homepage but it is fully available in the RDF dump that DMOZ provides. While the bulk of the directory is categorized primarily by topic, the Regional category is categorized primarily by region. This has led many to view DMOZ as two parallel directories: Regional and Topical . On November 14, 2000,

1968-462: The use of Hoo in the name, prompting a proposed name change to ZURL . Prior to switching to ZURL , NewHoo was acquired by Netscape Communications Corporation in October 1998 and became the Open Directory Project. Netscape released Open Directory data under the Open Directory License. Netscape was acquired by AOL shortly thereafter and DMOZ was one of the assets included in the acquisition. By

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2016-448: Was addressed by regularly removing expired domains from the directory. While corporate funding and staff for DMOZ diminished over time, volunteers created editing tools such as linkcheckers to supplement Robozilla, category crawlers, spellcheckers, search tools that directly sift a recent RDF dump, bookmarklets to help automate some editing functions, mozilla based add-ons, and tools that helped work through unreviewed queues. DMOZ data

2064-470: Was granted to a number of long serving metas by staff. Administrators have the ability to grant editall+ privileges to other editors and to approve new directory-wide policies, powers which had previously only been available to root (staff) editors. All DMOZ editors are expected to abide by DMOZ's Editing Guidelines. These guidelines describe editing basics: which types of sites may be listed and which may not; how site listings should be titled and described in

2112-445: Was owned by AOL (now a part of Yahoo! Inc ) but constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. DMOZ used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories which then included smaller categories. DMOZ closed on March 17, 2017, because AOL no longer wished to support the project. The website became a single landing page on that day, with links to

2160-708: Was part of the inspiration for the Nupedia project, out of which Misplaced Pages grew. Gnuhoo borrowed the basic outline for its initial ontology from Usenet . In 1998, Rich Skrenta said, "I took a long list of groups and hand-edited them into a hierarchy." For example, the topic covered by the comp.ai.alife newsgroup was represented by the category Computers/AI/Artificial_Life. The original divisions were for Adult , Arts , Business , Computers , Games , Health , Home , News , Recreation , Reference , Regional , Science , Shopping , Society , Sports and "World". While these sixteen top-level categories have remained intact,

2208-412: Was previously made available under the terms of the Open Directory License, which required a specific DMOZ attribution table on every Web page that uses the data. The Open Directory License also included a requirement that users of the data continually check DMOZ site for updates and discontinue use and distribution of the data or works derived from the data once an update occurs. This restriction prompted

2256-651: Was responsible for the design and implementation of key parts of the Cyc system, including the CycL knowledge representation language, the upper ontological layers of the Cyc Knowledge Base and some parts of the original Cyc Natural Language understanding system. Leaving what became Cycorp , Guha founded Q Technology, which created a database schema mapping tool called Babelfish. In 1994, he moved to work at Apple Computer , reporting to Alan Kay , where he developed

2304-539: Was well established by 2022, using the hierarchy from Dmoz. DMOZ was founded in the United States as GnuHoo by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel in 1998 while they were both working as engineers for Sun Microsystems . Chris Tolles, who worked at Sun Microsystems as the head of marketing for network security products, also signed on in 1998 as a co-founder of Gnuhoo along with co-founders Bryn Dole and Jeremy Wenokur. Skrenta had developed TASS , an ancestor of tin ,

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