The Casa de Moneda de México is the national mint of Mexico and is the oldest mint in the Americas .
31-702: The Casa de Moneda was established on 11 May 1535 by the Spanish viceroy Antonio de Mendoza by a decree from the Spanish Crown to create the first mint in the Americas. It was built on top of Moctezuma's Casa Denegrida , the black house where the last emperor of the Aztecs used to meditate, and which was part of the Casas Nuevas de Moctezuma . The mint's silver eight-real coins and its successor coin,
62-494: A group of women in 1523 to Mexico City to rejoin her husband, Alonso. During that voyage, Marina traveled along with her two youngest children, and her brother, Diego de Caballeria . The group arrived to Mexico City and rejoined Alonso. The city was mostly populated by natives, especially from the nations allied to Cortés. Marina surrounded her household with native women and learned basic Nahuatl in order to interact properly with merchants and neighbors. Her home soon became one of
93-521: A noble and his family's loyalty to the Spanish crown made him a suitable candidate for appointment. Don Antonio and Bishop Juan de Zumárraga were key in the formation of two institutions of Mexico : the Colegio de Santa Cruz at Tlatelolco (1536), where the sons of Aztec nobles studied Latin , rhetoric , philosophy and music , and the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico (1552), modeled on
124-625: A rival of Cortés as its president to counter Cortés's power. In 1530 the crown granted Cortés the title of the Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca with multiple encomiendas . With the arrival of Viceroy Mendoza in 1535, Cortés pursued his own economic interests from his palace in Cuernavaca. Although the Spanish had occupied and expanded explorations, conquest, and settlement in the Caribbean, it
155-492: A special privilege her husband and other first-line-conquerors had enjoyed. Marina kept using this strategy of social influence, use of the legal system, and strategic marriages of her children to expand her influence and patrimony, while reporting poorness and economic misery in her letters to the king of Spain. By the end of her life Marina had accumulated one of the largest patrimonies and richest encomiendas of New Spain. Beyond her personal ambition, Marina's relentless energy
186-512: A well-respected and prosperous family. Through her, Marina acquired noble status and the right to the title of doña . Her father, Juan Gutierrez de la Caballeria was a highly successful merchant and supplier of the Order of Calatrava . Marina had five siblings who lived until adulthood. Four of them, like Marina, kept their mother's last name first, a common practice in Spain when the mother's last name
217-413: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Antonio de Mendoza Antonio de Mendoza (1495 – 21 July 1552) was a Spanish colonial administrator who was the first viceroy of New Spain , serving from 14 November 1535 to 25 November 1550, and the second viceroy of Peru , from 23 September 1551, until his death on 21 July 1552. Mendoza was born at Alcalá la Real ( Jaén , Spain),
248-579: Is in the Cathedral of Lima , along with that of the Spanish conqueror of Peru, Francisco Pizarro . Cape Mendocino in Humboldt County, California was named in his honor in 1565. From the cape, Mendocino County , the town of Mendocino , and Mendocino National Forest were named in the 19th and 20th centuries. Marina de la Caballer%C3%ADa Marina de la Caballería , full name Doña Marina Flores Gutierrez de la Caballería , (died 1540),
279-552: Is the Bank of Mexico . Since January 13, 2014, the general mint director is Guillermo Hopkins Gamez. He is also the vice-president of the Mint Directors Conference. 19°25′43″N 99°9′57″W / 19.42861°N 99.16583°W / 19.42861; -99.16583 This coin-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Mexico corporation or company
310-865: The University of Salamanca , which trained young men for the Catholic Church. These institutions were the first and second universities respectively to be established in the mainland of the Americas . In 1536 he began the minting of silver and copper coins, known as macuquinas . Also under his instructions, the first printing press in the New World was brought to Mexico in 1539, by printer Juan Pablos (Giovanni Paoli). The first book printed in Mexico: La Escala Espiritual de San Juan Clímaco . On 18 May 1541 don Antonio founded
341-520: The Zapotecs . As viceroy, Mendoza commissioned the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540–42, the expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo to explore the western coastline of Alta California in 1542–43, and the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippines in 1542–43. The Codex Mendoza created by
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#1732773172648372-804: The silver peso , circulated widely in the Americas and Asia well into the 19th century and became the basis of the modern national currencies of many countries in these parts of the world, including the United States dollar , the Japanese yen and the Chinese yuan . Since 1983, coins are only produced in San Luis Potosí . The ancient headquarters are currently the Museo Nacional de las Culturas in Mexico City . The mint's main client
403-459: The New Laws resulted in outright rebellion and the assassination of the viceroy. In reaction to the crisis caused by the New Laws, Mendoza introduced the policy of obedezco pero no cumplo ("I obey but do not comply"), which means "I respect the authority of the crown, but in my judgment I do not implement particular legislation." He tried to not implement the New Laws, and therefore stabilized
434-426: The case of many other converso families that were considered of proven loyalty or towards whom the crown felt indebted, the crown issued special documents declaring them pure of blood regardless of their ancestry. Marina spent her youth being taught the proper ways for a woman. Elizabeth Howe believes that, thanks to her family's proximity to Isabella, Marina probably benefited from the insistence of Queen Isabella on
465-442: The centers of local social life. In 1530 Alonso died. Marina was left to fend for herself and three unmarried daughters. According to Spanish law, a widow was to receive the same social status and courtesies as her deceased husband until she remarried. She was also the universal heir of her husband and administrator of her daughters' inheritance. She fought several litigations in court, both for control of her husband's assets and for
496-682: The city council, and the family's forebears had been long time royal advisors. The ambience of tolerance towards the Jews and conversos in Spain was approaching its end though. After the Alhambra Decree various Jewish families of Almagro chose to leave the city instead of converting. Those who converted faced a period of close scrutiny by the Spanish Inquisition due to concerns of Crypto-Judaism . Marina's family didn't suffer this inconvenience as much as others. In their case, as in
527-459: The city of Valladolid (now Morelia , Michoacán ). When the Spanish crown issued the New Laws that put restrictions on the grants of elite conquerors awarded grants of labor encomenderos , the viceroy prudently refrained from implementing the most draconian aspects of the edicts, which no longer permitted an encomendero family holding the grant in perpetuity. In Peru, the implementation of
558-571: The crown in reparation for the missing money, until she could repay it. For three years Marina wrangled with the Council of the Indies about a shipment of silver that Alonso had sent to his children in Spain. The argument was whether this money was personal or official, and therefore stolen. She also fought in court for the ownership of various encomiendas with so much insistence that Joanna of Castile personally intervened. She married her daughters to
589-509: The education of noble women in every other subject, such as math and history. This would explain her impressive future impact on Mexican society. Despite their certificate of purity of blood, it's possible that the growing religious tensions limited Marina's options to marry within her own city. In 1508 Marina married Alonso de Estrada in Ciudad Real . Alonso de Estrada was the illegitimate son of King Ferdinand II and had been raised in
620-555: The most important people in Mexico. One of them she married close to the Mendoza family, powerful thanks to Antonio de Mendoza ´s influence, and no friends of Hernán Cortés , to help her pursue her claims. The other she married to the new treasurer. Marina also fought to receive all the recognition her husband used to enjoy. After several years she was granted an exception to the Spanish anti-slavery law and permission to own two slaves,
651-673: The order of Mendoza, and subsequently named for him. During his term of office, Mendoza is credited with consolidating the sovereignty of the Crown throughout the Spanish conquests in New Spain and limiting the power and ambition of the first conquistadors . Many of the political and economic policies he established endured throughout the entire colonial period. He promoted the construction of hospitals and schools and encouraged improvements in agriculture, ranching and mining. His administration did much to bring stability and peace to New Spain. He
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#1732773172648682-700: The region. In 1542 an insurrection of the Indians , called the Mixtón Rebellion threatened to push the Spaniards out of northwestern Mexico, bringing the area under indigenous control. The Viceroy himself had to take the field and bring all disposable manpower. The rebellion was quashed and the surviving Indians were harshly punished. By the viceroy's order men, women and children were seized and executed, some by cannon fire, some torn apart by dogs, and others stabbed. In 1548 he suppressed an uprising of
713-638: The right to bury him in the manner she considered proper for his rank. Marina was also in charge of carrying her husband's last year as treasurer to term. The Spanish crown audited the accounting books of their secretaries yearly, in search of discrepancies or irregularities that needed punishment. In Alonso's absence it fell on his widow to provide explanations and reconcile the reports of all New Spain, which she successfully managed to do. Alonso's books turned out to have large amounts of missing money in them. Marina's properties in Ciudad Real were confiscated by
744-435: The royal court, was of old Christian blood, respected in Ciudad Real, wealthy, and fiercely intelligent. Their partnership produced the best possible scenario. As the nephew of Charles I of Spain , Alonso ascended quickly. Marina took charge of the administration of the couple's ever-growing estates and possessions, while her husband traveled to Mexico City in service of the king. They had five children together. In 1522 Alonso
775-446: The son of the 2nd Count of Tendilla Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones , and Francisca Pacheco. He was married to María Ana de Trujillo de Mendoza. Mendoza became Viceroy of New Spain in 1535 and governed for 15 years, longer than any subsequent viceroy. On his arrival in New Spain, he found a recently conquered territory beset with Indigenous unrest and rivalry among the Spanish conquerors and Spanish settlers. His difficult assignment
806-455: Was a Spanish pioneer, settler and noblewoman that colonized New Spain in the 16th century. She arrived to the New World in 1528 to reunite with her husband, Alonso de Estrada . She was born in Almagro , a city that was home to a powerful Jewish community. Her mother was Mayor Flores de Guevara, belonged to the local nobility and was distantly related to Isabella I of Castile . She was part of
837-489: Was given the position of treasurer and governor of New Spain and had to depart for the New World. Marina stayed behind with their children until she considered that her eldest child—a son—was ready to take charge of the family's properties, then she readied to travel to the new world. There were various voyages organized by the crown to reunite conquerors in America with their families. It is likely that she traveled along with
868-493: Was not until the conquest of central Mexico that the crown appointed a viceroy (vice king), who would be the king's living image in Mexico and envisioned to effectively assert royal authority in the Kingdom of New Spain. To further cement his authority and establish a solid society he established marital alliances with powerful settlers committed to the development of New Spain, such as Marina de la Caballería . Mendoza's status as
899-470: Was succeeded as viceroy of New Spain by Don Luís de Velasco . It is reported that his advice to his successor was: "Do little and do that slowly." On 4 July 1549 in Brussels , Emperor Charles V named Mendoza viceroy of Peru. He traveled overland from Mexico to Panama, and then by boat to Peru. He arrived and took up his new office on 25 November 1550. However, he soon became ill, and died in 1552. His tomb
930-404: Was the most prestigious; a fifth one kept his father's last name first and his mother's second. Modern historians believe that Marina belonged to a family of New Christians . Marina's family were known as a converso family in the city. Despite this, the family was well respected, strongly involved in the city's daily life, and in its power structure. Five of Marina's relatives were members of
961-639: Was to govern in the king's name without making an enemy of Hernán Cortés . Cortés himself had expected to be made the permanent ruling crown official of New Spain, since he had led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire . The Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) and the Council of the Indies judged Cortés too independent of crown authority to be made viceroy and had created a high court ( audiencia ) in New Spain in 1528, appointing Nuño de Guzmán ,