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57-488: It was founded in 1255 with the name Villa Real ('Royal Town') under the auspices of Alfonso X , who granted it a charter that followed the model of Cuenca 's. It was not founded from scratch, but founded over Pozuelo de San Gil, a hamlet belonging to the land of Alarcos . An independent royal demesne enclave embedded within the dominion of the Military Order of Calatrava , repopulation struggled initially. Weary of

114-512: A heliocentric understanding in astronomy. Because of this work, the lunar crater Alphonsus is named after him. One famous, but apocryphal, quote attributed to him upon his hearing an explanation of the extremely complicated mathematics required to demonstrate Ptolemy 's theory of astronomy was "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on creation thus, I should have recommended something simpler." Gingerich (1990) says that

171-505: A compilation of chronicles , the Crónica general , completed in 1264. This chronicle sought to establish a general history and drew from older chronicles, folklore and Arabic sources. This work enjoyed renewed popularity starting in the sixteenth century, when there was a revival of interest in history; Florián de Ocampo published a new edition and Lorenzo de Sepúlveda used it as the chief source of his popular romances . Sepúlveda wrote

228-614: A daughter of Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim through the Hohenstaufen line. Alfonso's election as German king by the prince-electors misled him into complicated schemes that involved excessive expense but never succeeded. Alfonso never even traveled to Germany, and his alliance with the Italian Ghibelline Lord Ezzelino IV da Romano deprived him of the initial support of Pope Alexander IV . His rival, Richard of Cornwall , went to Germany and

285-612: A daughter, Beatrice . In 1240, he married Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, but the marriage was later annulled and their issue declared illegitimate. In the same period (1240–1250) he conquered several Muslim strongholds in Al-Andalus alongside his father, such as Murcia , Alicante and Cadiz . In 1249, Alfonso married Violant , the daughter of King James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary , although betrothed already in 1246. Alfonso succeeded his father as King of Castile and León in 1252. The following year he invaded Portugal, capturing

342-527: A form of this alleged quotation was mentioned (but rejected) as early as the 16th century by the historian Jerónimo de Zurita , and that Soriano Viguera (1926) states that "nothing of the sort can be found in Alfonso's writings." Nevertheless, Dean Acheson (U.S. Secretary of State, 1949–1953) used it as the basis for the title and epigraph of his memoir Present at the Creation. Alfonso also commissioned

399-634: A military campaign in lower Andalusia. Writing in Estoria de España , Alfonso describes having seen St. James on a white horse with a white banner and a legion of knights fighting a war above the soldiers of Spain. This vision of a heavenly army fighting in Jerez and participation in military campaigns likely left Alfonso X with a high degree of knowledge and respect for military operations and chivalric knights. Alfonso's respect for chivalry can also be seen in his writing of Spanish law. Spanish Chivalric conduct

456-493: A near urban continuum with neighbouring Miguelturra . The city has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk ), with cool winters (due to its altitude) and hot to very hot dry summers. Like many other cities of Castilla-La-Mancha, the precipitation is limited throughout the year. It has one of the highest annual temperature ranges in the Iberian Peninsula, exceeding 20.0 °C (68.0 °F). The precipitation in

513-545: A number of romances having Alfonso X as their hero. Alfonso's court compiled in Castilian a work titled General Estoria . This work was an attempt at a world history that drew from many sources and included translations from the Vulgate Old Testament mixed with myths and histories from the classical world, mostly Egypt, Greece, and Rome. This world history was left incomplete, however, and so it stops at

570-419: A weekday is 33 min. 3% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 8 min, while 1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2 km, while 0% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. The Plaza Mayor sits in

627-593: Is Gothic , and it houses the tomb of Chantre de Coca , confessor and chaplain of the Catholic Monarchs . Ciudad Real Cathedral , built in the 16th century, has the second-largest nave in Spain and a magnificent Baroque altarpiece . Ciudad Real has 24 primary schools and 6 secondary schools. The high school "Torreón del Alcázar" was founded in 1987. In the first years there were only vocational studies, thirty teachers and 350 students. Some years later

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684-707: Is Alfonso's Cantigas de Santa Maria (song CLXXXVII) from XII A.C. In this depiction, three rectangular hórreos of Gothic style are illustrated. Alfonso also had the Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas ( "Libro de los Juegos" (The Book of Games) ) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work. It was completed in 1283. The Libro de juegos contains an extensive collection of writings on chess , with over 100 chess problems and chess variants . Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works of music during his reign. These works included Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer and

741-696: The Alphonsus crater on the Moon is named after him. He also sponsored the work of historians who, for the first time since Isidore of Seville in c600CE, placed Spain in the context of world history. As a lawmaker he introduced the first vernacular law code in Castile, the Siete Partidas . He created the Mesta , an association of sheep farmers in the central plain, but debased the coinage to finance his claim to

798-508: The Battle of Écija against the Moroccan and Granadan invasion armies, leaving two infant sons. Alfonso's second son, Sancho , claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of proximity of blood and agnatic seniority . Alfonso preferred to leave the throne to his grandsons, but Sancho had the support of

855-507: The Montes and La Mancha , remarkable in the context of the Iberian Peninsula because of its volcanic origin. The plaza del Pilar is precisely built on the centre of a shallow volcanic maar . As Ciudad Real itself was the capital of the province of La Mancha in the 18th century, the whole province of Ciudad Real is often considered as part of La Mancha in a wider sense. The location of Ciudad Real—without any major water stream passing through

912-532: The Peninsular War , French troops defeated the Spanish army and occupied the town, using the local hospital as their headquarters and barracks. Following the creation of the province of Ciudad Real as per the 1833 territorial division , the status of provincial capital of Ciudad Real was challenged by the cities of Almagro and Manzanares , with a similar population by the mid-nineteenth century. However

969-764: The Virgin Mary . One of the miracles Alfonso relates is his own healing in Puerto de Santa María . Violante was twelve or thirteen years old at the time of her marriage to Alfonso; she produced no children for several years and it was feared that she was barren. Alfonso almost had their marriage annulled, but they went on to have eleven children: Alfonso X also had several illegitimate children. With Mayor Guillén de Guzmán , daughter of Guillén Pérez de Guzmán and of María González Girón, he fathered: With Elvira Rodríguez de Villada, daughter of Rodrigo Fernández de Villada , he fathered: With María Alfonso de León , his aunt,

1026-620: The election of 1257 , a dissident faction chose him to be king of Germany on 1 April. He renounced his claim to Germany in 1275, and in creating an alliance with the Kingdom of England in 1254, his claim on the Duchy of Gascony as well. Alfonso's scientific interests—he is sometimes nicknamed the Astrologer ( el Astrólogo )—led him to sponsor the creation of the Alfonsine tables , and

1083-640: The Campo de Calatrava is sparse, with a high year-to-year variability and the area features high levels of evapotranspiration , particularly in Summer. The city previously had a handball team, the BM Ciudad Real , which was the winner of the handball EHF Champions League in 2006, 2008 and 2009. The handball club was one of the best in the world and its home arena, the Don Quixote Arena ,

1140-506: The German crown. He fought a successful war with Portugal , but a less successful one with Granada . The end of his reign was marred by a civil war with his eldest surviving son, the future Sancho IV , which continued after his death. Born 23 November 1221 in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III and Elizabeth (Beatrice) of Swabia . His mother

1197-470: The Muslims of southern Iberia and north Africa—was a Castilian version of the animal fable Kalila wa-Dimna , a book that belongs to the genre of wisdom literature labeled Mirrors for Princes : stories and sayings meant to instruct the monarch in proper and effective governance. The primary intellectual work of these scholars centered on astronomy and astrology. The early period of Alfonso's reign saw

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1254-619: The Order established a market in the village seeking to disrupt the economic activity of nearby Ciudad Real , a realengo town embedded within the Calatravan territory. The order's feudal authority frequently quarrelled with the royal ones in Ciudad Real. In the 14th century troops from the latter stormed Miguelturra in seven occasions. Currently Miguelturra is separate from Ciudad Real by just 500 meters. This article about

1311-464: The birth of Christ. The main significance of this work lies in the translations from Latin into Castilian. Much like his chronicles, the ability of Alfonso's court to compile writings from a variety of cultures and translate them into Castilian left a historic impact on Spain. Alfonso X is credited with the first depiction of an hórreo , a typical granary from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The oldest document containing an image of an hórreo

1368-429: The centre of Ciudad Real. Today, only two parts of the wall that surrounded the city in medieval times remain standing: The Toledo Gate. Don Quixote's Museum is situated next to Parque de Gasset. The Museo Elisa Cendreros exhibits an old collection of fans and carved wood. The Ermita de Alarcos is the oldest church in Ciudad Real. The Iglesia of Santiago is also the most beautiful and oldest church in Ciudad Real, it

1425-859: The city—leaves the Guadiana to the North and the Jabalón  [ es ] (a left-bank tributary of the former) to the South. The urban nucleus was founded 7.5 km to the North-East of Alarcos (a fortified archeological site located on a hill). Despite enjoying a location at the crossroads of the Madrid – Andalusia and the Levante – Portugal corridors, the city did not particularly prosper historically thanks to this circumstance. The city currently forms

1482-403: The country (as wool became Castile's first major exportable commodity and reported a trade surplus, called "white gold", as the wool amount was critical to the health of the population during the winter), and eventually its privileges were to prove a deadly wound in the Castilian economy. One side effect of the quickly expanding sheep herds was the decimation to the Castilian farmland through which

1539-641: The end, after Richard's death, the German princes elected Rudolph I of Habsburg (1273), Alfonso being declared deposed by Pope Gregory X . In 1275 Alfonso tried to meet with his imperial vicar in Italy, William VII of Montferrat (who had succeeded Ezzelino) and his Ghibelline allies in Piedmont and Lombardy to celebrate the victory against the Guelph Charles I of Anjou and be crowned in Lombardy; he

1596-543: The extensive written use of the Castilian language instead of Latin as the language used in courts, churches, and in books and official documents (although his father, Ferdinand III , had begun to use it for some documents). This translation of Arabic and Classic documents into vernacular encouraged the development of Spanish sciences, literature, and philosophy. From the beginning of his reign, Alfonso employed Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars at his court, primarily for

1653-506: The faith. A reaction in his favor was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at Seville in 1284, leaving a will, by which he endeavored to exclude Sancho, and a heritage of civil war. In 1273, he created the Mesta , an association of some 3,000 petty and great sheep holders in Castile, in reaction to less wool being exported from the traditional sites in England. This organization later became exceedingly powerful in

1710-425: The foundations of the new Spanish language . This evolved version of the Castilian language also acquired significant relevance in the royal chancery, where it came to replace Latin, which until then had been the language commonly used for royal diplomacy in Castile and León. The very first translation, commissioned by his brother, Fernando de la Cerda—who had extensive experience, both diplomatic and military, among

1767-448: The high school incorporated the compulsory secondary studies and A levels. At the moment there are 80 teachers and 1200 students. In the year 1995 the high school was offered the opportunity to become a bilingual school. In the year 2005 the first bilingual group arrived. See University of Castilla–La Mancha (UCLM), Campus of Ciudad Real. One of the most popular festivals in the city is La Pandorga , which takes place July 30 and 31. On

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1824-623: The illegitimate daughter of the King Alfonso IX of León and Teresa Gil de Soverosa he had: Miguelturra Miguelturra is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Ciudad Real , Castilla–La Mancha . The municipality spans across a total area of 118.12 km and, as of 1 January 2020, it has a registered population of 15,498. Located within the possessions of the Order of Calatrava —the Campo de Calatrava —the masters of

1881-507: The influence of Villa Real, the masters of the Order of Calatrava established a rival market in nearby Miguelturra seeking to disrupt the town's economic activity. Jews soon settled in Villa Real, with the existence of a middle-sized jewry already documented by 1290, only three decades after the foundation of Villa Real. Friction between Villa Real and the Order of Calatrava reached its climax towards 1323, with an armed conflict between

1938-605: The initiatives intending to take the provincial capital out of Ciudad Real did not succeed. Much of the centre was destroyed during the Spanish Civil War . Ciudad Real is located in the southern half of the Inner Plateau , in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula , at about 625 metres above sea level . The city is part of the Campo de Calatrava natural region, a transitional region between

1995-400: The kingdoms of Castile and León . He began his career as a soldier, under the command of his father, when he was sixteen years old. After the accession of King Theobald I of Navarre , Ferdinand tried to arrange a marriage for Alfonso with Theobald's daughter, Blanche , but the move was unsuccessful. At the same time, he had a romantic relationship with Mayor Guillén de Guzmán , who bore him

2052-455: The last day of the month the festival honours its patroness, La Virgen del Prado . The usual attire of the participants consists of jeans, a white shirt, and the traditional handkerchief. Alfonso X Alfonso X (also known as the Wise , Spanish : el Sabio ; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile , León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284. During

2109-651: The nobility of Castile, was only promulgated by his great-grandson. Because of this, and because the Partidas remain fundamental law in the American Southwest, he is one of the 23 lawmakers depicted in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . From a young age Alfonso X showed an interest in military life and chivalry. In 1231 Alfonso traveled with Pérez de Castron on

2166-495: The nobility. A bitter civil war broke out resulting in Alfonso's being forced in 1282 to accept Sancho as his heir instead of his young grandsons; only the cities of Seville , Murcia and Badajoz remained faithful to him. Son and nobles alike supported the Moors when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with Abu Yusuf Yakub , the ruling Marinid sultan of Morocco , they denounced him as an enemy of

2223-436: The purpose of translating books from Arabic and Hebrew into Latin and Castilian, although he always insisted on personally supervising the translations. This group of scholars formed his royal scriptorium , continuing the tradition of the twelfth-century Escuela de Traductores de Toledo ( Toledo School of Translators ). Their final output promoted Castilian as a learning language both in science and literature, and established

2280-610: The region of the Algarve . King Afonso III of Portugal had to surrender, but he gained an agreement by which, after he consented to marry Alfonso X's daughter Beatrice of Castile , the land would be returned to their heirs. In 1261 he captured Jerez . In 1263 he returned Algarve to the King of Portugal and signed the Treaty of Badajoz (1267) . In 1254 Alfonso X signed a treaty of alliance with King Henry III of England , supporting him in

2337-501: The sheep grazed. The original function of the Mesta was to separate the fields from the sheep-ways linking grazing areas. As a ruler, Alfonso showed legislative capacity, and a wish to provide the kingdoms expanded under his father with a code of laws and a consistent judicial system. The Fuero Real was undoubtedly his work. He began medieval Europe's most comprehensive code of law, the Siete Partidas , which, however, thwarted by

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2394-427: The singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization and also the combination of firmness with temper needed for dealing with his nobles although this is not a view taken by all. Others have argued that his efforts were too singularly focused on the diplomatic and financial arrangements surrounding his bid to become Holy Roman Emperor. Alfonso's eldest son, Ferdinand , died in 1275 at

2451-521: The time and despite having celebrated Cortes once, the dominant city in the area was still Almagro . After the unification of the Iberian kingdoms under the Catholic Monarchs , Ciudad Real became the capital of the province of La Mancha  [ es ] in 1691. This fact favoured its economic development which was shown by the construction of several important buildings. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake destroyed many of these buildings. In 1809, during

2508-515: The time and the Ptolemaic cosmology as known to him through the Arabs . He surrounded himself with mostly Jewish translators who rendered Arabic scientific texts into Castilian at Toledo. His fame extends to the preparation of the Alfonsine tables , based on calculations of al-Zarqali, "Arzachel" . Alexander Bogdanov maintained that these tables formed the basis for Copernicus 's development of

2565-587: The translation of selected works of magic ( Lapidario , Picatrix , Libro de las formas et las ymagenes ) all translated by a Jewish scholar named Yehuda ben Moshe (Yhuda Mosca, in the Old Spanish source texts). These were all highly ornate manuscripts (only the Lapidario survives in its entirety) containing what was believed to be secret knowledge on the magical properties of stones and talismans . In addition to these books of astral magic, Alfonso ordered

2622-578: The translation of well-known Arabic astrological compendia, including the Libro de las cruzes and Libro conplido en los iudizios de las estrellas . The first of these was, ironically, translated from Latin (it was used among the Visigoths ), into Arabic , and then back into Castilian and Latin. Most of the texts first translated at this time survive in only one manuscript each. As an intellectual he gained considerable scientific fame based on his encouragement of astronomy , which included astrology at

2679-655: The two parties. Villa Real hosted the Cortes of Castile in 1346. The local aljama was by and large dismantled upon the 1391 pogroms . The endogenous element of antisemitism was underpinned by the Jews' deals with the Calatravans throughout the 14th century and their local reputation as loan sharks. Juan II of Castile granted Villa Real the status of city in 1420, thus becoming Ciudad Real ('Royal City'). The city most probably did not have more than 2000 inhabitants by

2736-469: The use of violence for only just (state-sponsored) usage . King Alfonso X developed a court culture that encouraged cosmopolitan learning. Alfonso had many works previously written in Arabic and Latin translated into vernacular Castilian in his court. Alfonso "turned to the vernacular for the kind of intellectual commitments that formerly were inconceivable outside Latin ." He is credited with encouraging

2793-604: The vast compilation Cantigas de Santa Maria ("Songs to the Virgin Mary"), which was written in Galician-Portuguese and figures among the most important of his works. The Cantigas de Santa Maria form one of the largest collections of vernacular monophonic songs to survive from the Middle Ages . They consist of 420 poems with musical notation. The poems are for the most part on miracles attributed to

2850-486: The war against King Louis IX of France . In the same year Alfonso's half-sister, Eleanor , married Henry's son Edward : with this act Alfonso renounced forever all claim to the Duchy of Gascony , to which Castile had been a pretender since the marriage of Alfonso VIII of Castile with Eleanor of England . In 1256, at the death of William II of Holland , Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother,

2907-429: Was built at the end of the 13th century in romanic style. Its style is Gothic . It is decorated with gothic paintings and with seven-headed dragons, the ceiling is decorated with stones forming eight pointed stars. Another important church in Ciudad Real is Iglesia de San Pedro (Church of Saint Peter ). It is the most interesting and typical monument of the city. It was built during the 14th and 15th centuries. Its style

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2964-519: Was codified in the Siete Partidas (2,21) where he wrote that knights should be, "of good linage and distinguished by gentility, wisdom, understanding, loyalty, courage, moderation, justice, prowess, and the practical knowledge necessary to assess the quality of horse and arms ( Siete Partidas , 21,1–10)." These efforts to make a codified standard of chivalric conduct were likely meant to both encourage strength of arms (prowess) and to restrain

3021-411: Was crowned in 1257 at Aachen . To obtain money, Alfonso debased the coinage and then endeavored to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary tariff . The little trade of his dominions was ruined, and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended. His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him in 1272. Reconciliation was bought by Alfonso's son Ferdinand in 1273. In

3078-435: Was for sale for €100 million plus payment of the developer's debt. In July 2014 this was reduced to €80 million in a further attempt to find a buyer. In July 2015 the airport was auctioned to the lone bidder, Chinese company Tzaneen International offering €10,000. The airport was reopened on 12 September 2019. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Ciudad Real, for example to and from work, on

3135-685: Was however halted in his imperial ambitions in Provence by the Pope who, after a long negotiation, obtained Alfonso's oral renunciation of any claims to the Holy Roman Empire. Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, particularly the families of Nuño González de Lara , Diego López de Haro and Esteban Fernández de Castro , all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental in maintaining Castile's military strength in frontier territories. According to some scholars Alfonso lacked

3192-497: Was one of the biggest in the Spanish professional league. BM Ciudad Real, however, moved its team to Madrid in 2011; renamed as "Atlético Madrid", it dissolved in 2013. The city has a railway station on a high-speed rail line, the Ciudad Real railway station . A high-capacity airport ( Ciudad Real Central Airport ) was built in the city, but closed in 2012. The privately funded airport cost an estimated €1 billion to build, and

3249-411: Was the paternal cousin of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II , to whom Alfonso is often compared. His maternal grandparents were Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina . Little is known about his upbringing, but he was most likely raised in Toledo. For the first nine years of his life Alfonso was only heir to Castile until his paternal grandfather king Alfonso IX of León died and his father united

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