91-563: The Medan Post and Telegraph Office (Indonesian: Kantor Pos Medan) is a historic building in Medan , Indonesia . It was designed by Ir. S. Snuyf from Burgelijke Openbare Werken (BOW) and opened in 1911. Located in downtown Medan, several other important colonial era buildings are located nearby including Old City Hall Medan , Inna Dharma Deli Hotel , Grand Mosque , Maimoon Palace , Immanuel Church , Tjong A Fie Mansion and Sri Mariamman Temple . The post office remains in operation and includes
182-639: A centre of the tobacco trade, which continued to grow with the 1869 opening of the Suez Canal . Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah , who ruled from 1873 to 1924, moved the kingdom's capital to Medan. He became known as the builder of early Medan, finishing the construction of the Maimun Palace in 1888 and building the Great Mosque of Medan in 1907. In 1898, a Dutch businessman named Aeint Herman de Boer built Hotel de Boer to accommodate
273-419: A curved wooden tool or deer antler. After making two holes to the right and left, the planter would move forward two feet, select plants from his/her bag, and repeat. Various mechanical tobacco planters like Bemis, New Idea Setter, and New Holland Transplanter were invented in the late 19th and 20th centuries to automate the process: making the hole, watering it, guiding the plant in—all in one motion. Tobacco
364-498: A glut in the tobacco market. This surplus has resulted in lower prices, which are devastating to small-scale tobacco farmers. According to the World Bank, between 1985 and 2000, the inflation-adjusted price of tobacco dropped 37%. Tobacco is the most widely smuggled legal product. Tobacco production requires the use of large amounts of pesticides . Tobacco companies recommend up to 16 separate applications of pesticides just in
455-472: A hundred statues of various deities. Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni , a Catholic church in an Indo-Mogul style, was built on Jalan Sakura III in 2005, dedicated to a Marian apparition in 17th century Tamil Nadu . At one point before and during the Japanese occupation of the city, Japanese migrants created a Shinto shrine, Hirohara Shrine , to accommodate the increasing worshipers of Japanese residents. It
546-564: A major industry in Europe and its colonies by 1700. Tobacco has been a major cash crop in Cuba and in other parts of the Caribbean since the 18th century. Cuban cigars are world-famous. In the late 19th century, cigarettes became popular. James Bonsack invented a machine to automate cigarette production. This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the tobacco industry until
637-629: A medicine and advocate for its respectful usage, rather than a commercial one. Following the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, tobacco became increasingly popular as a trade item. Francisco Hernández de Toledo , Spanish chronicler of the Indies, was the first European to bring tobacco seeds to the Old World in 1559 following orders of King Philip II of Spain . These seeds were planted in
728-604: A number of restaurants, and Pasar Rame, a daily outdoor market. The local cuisine in Medan comes from a variety of culinary traditions. Soto Medan is a savoury stew of mixed meats and coconut milk , usually served with rice and perkedel . Bika ambon , a popular local cake, is traditionally flavoured with pandanus , but can also be found in banana, durian, cheese, and chocolate flavours. Babi Panggang Karo , grilled pork dipped in blood curd , may be served with sambal andaliman made from local peppers. Tau Kua He Ci ( 豆干虾炸 )
819-547: A number of such animals have evolved the ability to feed on Nicotiana species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species due to its other attributes. For example, although the cabbage looper is a generalist pest, tobacco's gummosis and trichomes can harm early larvae survival. As a result, some tobacco plants (chiefly N. glauca ) have become established as invasive weeds in some places. The types of tobacco include: Tobacco, alongside its related products , can be infested by parasites such as
910-424: A population of 2,435,252 and the larger metropolitan area had a population of 4,756,863. The dominant ethnic groups in Medan are Batak and Javanese , with smaller Malays , Acehnese , Indian , Nias , and Sundanese populations. The Bataks in Medan are of three subethnicities. The native Karo mostly live in the southern parts of Medan, including Padang Bulan, Medan Johor and Tuntungan. The Toba , whom
1001-772: A port settlement in the Hamparan Perak area; Kota Cina, an ancient trading site in Medan Marelan ; and Benteng Putri Hijau, a fort ruin in Deli Tua . In the sixteenth century, Guru Patimpus Sembiring Pelawi, a Karonese man from the Karo Regency , converted from Pemena to Islam . While traveling to study under Datuk Kota Bangun, Guru Patimpus met and married the Princess of Pulo Brayan [ id ] . Accompanied by their two sons, Kolok and Kecik,
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#17327730815391092-443: A powerful neurotoxin to insects . However, tobaccos tend to contain a much higher concentration of nicotine than the others. Unlike many other Solanaceae species, they do not contain tropane alkaloids , which are often poisonous to humans and other animals. Despite containing enough nicotine and other compounds such as germacrene and anabasine and other piperidine alkaloids (varying between species) to deter most herbivores ,
1183-450: A second stage of curing, known as fermenting or sweating . Cavendish undergoes fermentation pressed in a casing solution containing sugar and/or flavoring. Production of tobacco leaf increased by 40% between 1971, when 4.2 million tons of leaf were produced, and 1997, when 5.9 million tons of leaf were produced. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of
1274-605: A stamp collection exhibit. Snuyf also designed Palembang City Hall (built 1928–1931). A fountain in front of the post office was a tribute to Jacob Nienhuys . 3°35′31″N 98°40′39″E / 3.591938257146494°N 98.67742761892171°E / 3.591938257146494; 98.67742761892171 This article about a building or structure in Indonesia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Medan Medan ( / m ɛ ˈ d ɑː n / meh- DAHN , Indonesian: [mɛˈdan] )
1365-574: Is Bobby Nasution , with vice mayor Aulia Rachman [ id ] . Medan is divided into 21 districts ( Indonesian : kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census, and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as of mid-2023. The table also includes the number of urban villages/neighbourhoods ( Indonesian : kelurahan ) in each district, and their postal codes. The city centre consists of Medan Petisah, Medan Baru, Medan Polonia, Medan Maimun, Medan Kota, and Medan Barat (West Medan). Medan Labuhan
1456-533: Is Indonesia's first airport with a direct rail link to the city. The airport has a 224,298 m (2,414,324 sq ft) passenger terminal, and serves as a hub for Garuda Indonesia , Indonesia AirAsia , Lion Air , Susi Air and Wings Air , with direct domestic flights to many major cities in Sumatra, as well as Java-international flights to locations abroad including Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand , Saudi Arabia , and Sri Lanka . The Port of Belawan
1547-534: Is Medan's oldest Taoist temple. Maha Vihara Maitreya , on Jalan Cemara Asri, is the largest Buddhist temple in southeast Asia. The city's oldest church, Medan Cathedral , on Jalan Pemuda, was originally built as Indische Kerk by the Dutch and Indian community. Sri Mariamman Temple , on Jalan Zainul Arifin in Kampung Madras , is the city's oldest Hindu temple, built around 1881; it is surrounded by over
1638-664: Is a semi-enclave within Deli Serdang Regency, bordered by that regency on three sides and by the Strait of Malacca to the north. The natural harbor formed where the Deli and Babura rivers feed into the straits has contributed to Medan's growth as a trading port. Medan's elevation varies between 2.5 and 37.5 m (8 ft 2 in and 123 ft 0 in) above sea level, with the Barisan Mountains to
1729-526: Is a centre for the production and trade of commodities including cinnamon , tobacco , tea , coffee , rubber , and palm oil . It also has a growing manufacturing sector, producing goods such as cars, machinery, tile , and paper and pulp . Medan's location makes it the main hub of international trade in western Indonesia, with exports going to Europe , North America , and the Middle East . Its trade and tourism businesses have also become essential to
1820-533: Is a local Chinese variant of rojak , made with fried prawn , vegetables, tofu , and chili sauce. Medanese swiss rolls ( Bolu Meranti ) and dried anchovies are popular souvenirs. Many examples of colonial Dutch architecture survive in Medan. Prominent instances include the old City Hall , the Medan Post Office , Inna Dharma Deli Hotel , Titi Gantung bridge, the Lonsum [ id ] building,
1911-467: Is activated by light. In the United States, tobacco is often fertilized with the mineral apatite , which partially starves the plant of nitrogen , to produce a more desired flavor. After the plants are about 8 inches (20 cm) tall, they are transplanted into the fields. Farmers used to have to wait for rainy weather to plant. A hole is created in the tilled earth with a tobacco peg, either
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#17327730815392002-432: Is also used in some countries. Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for smoking in cigarettes and cigars , as well as pipes and shishas . They can also be consumed as snuff , chewing tobacco , dipping tobacco , and snus . Tobacco contains the highly addictive stimulant alkaloid nicotine as well as harmala alkaloids . Tobacco use is a cause or risk factor for many deadly diseases, especially those affecting
2093-423: Is cultivated annually, and can be harvested in several ways. In the oldest method, still used, the entire plant is harvested at once by cutting off the stalk at the ground with a tobacco knife; it is then speared onto sticks, four to six plants a stick, and hung in a curing barn. In the 19th century, bright tobacco began to be harvested by pulling individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened. The leaves ripen from
2184-491: Is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds were at first quickly scattered onto the soil. However, young plants came under increasing attack from flea beetles ( Epitrix cucumeris or E. pubescens ), which caused destruction of half the tobacco crops in United States in 1876. By 1890, successful experiments were conducted that placed the plant in a frame covered by thin cotton fabric. Modern tobacco seeds are sown in cold frames or hotbeds, as their germination
2275-656: Is known as "the culinary heaven of Indonesia" for its variety of ethnic cuisines and prominent street hawkers . Prominent restaurants in Medan include Nelayan ( halal -Chinese seafood and dim sum ), Garuda and Uda Sayang ( nasi padang and gulai ), Sate Afrizal Amir ( sate padang ), Cahaya Baru ( chapati and tandoori ), OnDo Batak grill and Tesalonika ( babi panggang (grilled pork) and saksang ), Jalan Selat Panjang and Jalan Semarang ( Chinese food), Jalan Pagaruyung ( Indian and Malay food), and Jalan Padan Bulan ( Batak food ). Other major culinary destinations in Medan include Merdeka Walk, an outdoor area with
2366-722: Is of Malay origin, literally meaning 'field'. The term medan ( مدان ) in Malay might be derived from the Malayalam word maitānam ( മൈതാനം , 'field'), which is cognate with the Tamil word maitāṉ-am ( மைதானம் , 'ground'). Medan is located in what was once the Kingdom of Aru , founded by the Karo people and flourishing between the 13th and 16th centuries. A number of archaeological sites survive near Medan, including Kota Rentang,
2457-414: Is on the northeast coast of Sumatra, 19 km (12 mi) north of Medan and accessible by a railway across the channel south of the island. Originally built in 1890 for European tobacco exports, the harbour was expanded in 1907 with a new section for Chinese and indigenous traders. The growth of northern Sumatra's rubber and palm oil plantations in the early twentieth century brought new developments to
2548-561: Is one of the largest districts by area (together with Medan Belawan and Medan Marelan) and lies in the northern part of the city. Medan Tuntungan serves as the gateway to Karo Regency , Medan Helvetia to Binjai City and Langkat, and Medan Amplas to Tebing Tinggi and Pematang Siantar . Medan is Indonesia's largest city outside Java , and its fourth largest altogether (after Jakarta , Surabaya and Bandung ). The population more than quadrupled in less than fifty years, growing from 568,000 in 1968 to 2.1 million in 2010. As of 2020, Medan had
2639-447: Is still done by hand. In the U.S., North Carolina and Kentucky are the leaders in tobacco production, followed by Tennessee , Virginia , Georgia , South Carolina and Pennsylvania . Curing and subsequent aging allow for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves and gives a sweet hay, tea , rose oil , or fruity aromatic flavor that contributes to
2730-683: Is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra . The nearby Strait of Malacca , Port of Belawan , and Kualanamu International Airport make Medan a regional hub and multicultural metropolis, acting as a financial centre for Sumatra and a gateway to the western part of Indonesia. About 60% of the economy in North Sumatra is backed by trading, agriculture, and processing industries, including exports from its 4 million acres of palm oil plantations. The National Development Planning Agency listed Medan as one of
2821-701: Is the rainiest season, and the temperature is still coolest in winter (December and January). Temperatures in the city average approximately 27 °C (81 °F) throughout the year. Medan was governed by Abdillah from 2000 until 2008, when he and his vice mayor were caught by the Corruption Eradication Commission . Syamsul Arifin , the governor of North Sumatra Province, appointed Affifudin Lubis [ id ] as acting mayor, followed by Rahudman Harahap after Lubis's 2009 resignation. Harahap resigned in order to run for office in
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2912-445: Is used for export and import services, and is one of the largest shipping industry ports in Indonesia. Tobacco Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus Nicotiana of the family Solanaceae , and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum . The more potent variant N. rustica
3003-536: Is used for tobacco production. Since 1947, the Indian government has supported growth in the tobacco industry. India has seven tobacco research centers, located in Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh , Punjab , Bihar , Mysore , and West Bengal which houses the core research institute. In Brazil, around 135,000 family farmers cite tobacco production as their main economic activity. Tobacco has never exceeded 0.7% of
3094-594: Is widespread on farms in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. While some of these children work with their families on small, family-owned farms, others work on large plantations. In late 2009, reports were released by the London-based human-rights group Plan International , claiming that child labor was common on Malawi (producer of 1.8% of the world's tobacco ) tobacco farms. The organization interviewed 44 teens, who worked full-time on farms during
3185-553: The Lasioderma serricorne (tobacco beetle) and the Ephestia elutella (tobacco moth), which are the most widespread and damaging parasites to the tobacco industry . Infestation can range from the tobacco cultivated in the fields to the leaves used for manufacturing cigars , cigarillos , cigarettes , etc. Both the larvae of Lasioderma serricorne and caterpillars of Ephestia elutella are considered pests . Tobacco
3276-586: The 1958 revolt in North Sumatra , and displays paintings of the rebellion against the Netherlands. The Rahmat International Wildlife Museum & Gallery , which opened in 1999, is considered the city's outstanding taxidermy collection. It is located on Jalan Letjen S. Parman No.309. The Kualanamu International Airport (KNO) opened on 25 July 2013 as a replacement for the Polonia Airport . Located 39 km (24 mi) from downtown Medan, it
3367-489: The Batak Karo word madan ( ᯔᯑᯉ᯳ ), which literally means 'healed', 'blessed', or 'recovered'. The term is associated with the historical Karo figure and founder of the city, traditional doctor Guru Patimpus [ id ] . The oldest evidence of this term used to refer to the city dates back to c. 13th-15th century during the reign of Aru , the Karo monarch. Another popular theory suggests that medan
3458-849: The Battle of Medan . The Allies regained control of Medan in April 1946, and in December 1947 the Dutch established the State of East Sumatra with Medan as its capital. This became part of the United States of Indonesia in 1949, and was dissolved into the Republic of Indonesia in 1950. Medan continued to grow as a centre of commerce during the reign of Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah [ id ] . Developments of
3549-554: The Caribbean . In Taíno, it was said to mean either a roll of tobacco leaves (according to Bartolomé de las Casas , 1552), or to tabago , a kind of L-shaped pipe used for sniffing tobacco smoke (according to Oviedo, with the leaves themselves being referred to as cohiba ). However, perhaps coincidentally, similar words in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian were used from 1410 for certain medicinal herbs . These probably derived from
3640-578: The Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle . Many multinational companies maintain offices in the city, such as Asian Agri , London Sumatra, Musim Mas , Philips Lighting , Toba Pulp Lestari , Marriott , Wilmar , ABB Group and DBS Bank . Rapid development in Medan has resulted in an upward trend in residential property prices. Medan is one of the major shopping centres of Indonesia, along with Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya . Shopping malls in Medan include: Medan
3731-585: The Northeast Woodlands cultures have carried tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item. It was smoked both socially and ceremonially , such as to seal a peace treaty or trade agreement. In some Native cultures, tobacco is seen as a gift from the Creator , with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying one's thoughts and prayers to the Creator. Some Native Americans consider tobacco to be
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3822-649: The Tjong A Fie Mansion , the A.V.R.O.S. building, the Warenhuis building, and the Tirtanadi Water Tower . The Sultan of Deli (whose position is now purely ceremonial) still lives in Maimoon Palace , built 1887-1891. The Great Mosque of Medan , built in 1906, was designed in a Moroccan style by the Dutch architect A.J. Dingemans. The North Sumatra Museum , located south of the city's centre,
3913-460: The bong or the hookah (see thuốc lào for a modern continuance of this practice). Tobacco became so popular that the English colony of Jamestown used it as currency and began exporting it as a cash crop; tobacco is often credited as being the export that saved Virginia from ruin. While a lucrative product, the growing expansion of tobacco demand was intimately tied to the history of slavery in
4004-408: The four main central cities in Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Surabaya , and Makassar . In terms of population, it is the most populous city in Indonesia outside of the island of Java. Its population as of 2023 is approximately equal to the country of Moldova . As of the 2020 Census, Medan had a population of 2,435,252 within its city limits ; the official population estimate as of mid 2023
4095-535: The heart , liver , and lungs as well as many cancers . In 2008, the World Health Organization named tobacco use as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death. The English word 'tobacco' originates from the Spanish word tabaco . The precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is generally thought to have derived, at least in part, from Taíno , the Arawakan language of
4186-471: The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV); fungi; bacteria and nematodes); weed management via herbicide tolerance; resistance against insect pests; resistance to drought and cold; and production of useful products such as pharmaceuticals; and use of GM plants for bioremediation , have all been tested in over 400 field trials using tobacco. Currently, only the US is producing GM tobacco. The Chinese virus-resistant tobacco
4277-432: The "smoothness" of the smoke. Starch is converted to sugar, which glycates protein, which is oxidized into advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), a caramelization process that also adds flavor. Inhalation of these AGEs in tobacco smoke contributes to atherosclerosis and cancer . Levels of AGEs are dependent on the curing method used. Tobacco can be cured through several methods, including: Some tobaccos go through
4368-500: The 117 passengers and crews on board, only 17 survived, and an additional 49 civilians on the ground were killed. As a result, Kualanamu International Airport was built in Deli Serdang to replace the old airport, with construction finished in 2012. After the move to the new airport, height restriction laws in Medan were relaxed. Medan is in the northeastern part of Sumatra island, in the province of North Sumatra . The city
4459-409: The 16th century, and accelerated in the 19th and early 20th centuries as immigrants sought employment as planters and coolies. Medan is home to the largest Chinese population in Sumatra, mostly concentrated around the city centre. Most Chinese people in Medan speak Medan Hokkien , a local dialect, but many also speak Mandarin , Teochew , or Cantonese . Minangkabau came to Medan since the late of
4550-425: The 1970s, especially palm oil and rubber plantations, made Medan the busiest city outside Java, with the transmigration program bringing many Javanese and Batak migrants. In May 1998, months of student demonstrations in Medan over the 1997 Asian financial crisis turned into riots when a student was killed in a clash with security forces. The next day, the mobs became bigger, and many shops and vehicles in
4641-463: The 19th century. Minangs migration surged from the 1960s to the 1980s, becoming 10.9% of the population and founding Padang restaurants throughout the city. Most Minangkabau people in Medan speak Minangkabau . They are mostly concentrated around the city centre, near Central Market ( Pajak Sentral ), Kota Matsum and Sukaramai. Many Acehnese sought sanctuary in Medan after the insurgency in Aceh in
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#17327730815394732-940: The 2007–08 growing season. The child-laborers complained of low pay and long hours, as well as physical and sexual abuse by their supervisors. They also reported experiencing green tobacco sickness , a form of nicotine poisoning. When wet leaves are handled, nicotine from the leaves gets absorbed in the skin and causes nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Children were exposed to levels of nicotine equivalent to smoking 50 cigarettes, just through direct contact with tobacco leaves. The effects of nicotine on human brain development in children can permanently alter brain structure and function. Major tobacco companies have encouraged global tobacco production. Philip Morris , British American Tobacco , and Japan Tobacco each own or lease tobacco-manufacturing facilities in at least 50 countries and buy crude tobacco leaf from at least 12 more countries. This encouragement, along with government subsidies, has led to
4823-402: The 2010 mayoral election, leaving Arifin himself to become acting mayor. In 2013, Harahap was also arrested for corruption, and his deputy Dzulmi Eldin became acting mayor. Dzulmi Eldin was elected mayor in 2016, and served until his arrest for corruption in 2019. He was replaced by his vice mayor, Akhyar Nasution , who served until the end of his term in 2021. The current mayor of Medan
4914-709: The 2020 Census. The city was founded at the confluence of the Deli River and the Babura river by a Karonese man named Guru Patimpus. Then called Kampung Medan Putri , it became part of the Deli Sultanate , established in 1632. In the late 19th century, colonial Dutch seeking new plantation areas chose Medan and Deli as plantation hubs to found the Deli Company . Within a few years, the Dutch tobacco trade transformed Medan into an economic hub, earning it
5005-604: The Arabic طُبّاق ṭubbāq (also طُباق ṭubāq ), a word reportedly dating to the ninth century, referring to various herbs. According to Iroquois mythology , tobacco first grew out of Earth Woman's head after she died giving birth to her twin sons , Sapling and Flint . Tobacco has long been used in the Americas, with some cultivation sites in Mexico dating back to 1400–1000 BC. Many Native American tribes traditionally grow and use tobacco. Historically, people from
5096-553: The Caribbean. The alleged benefits of tobacco also contributed to its success. The astronomer Thomas Harriot , who accompanied Sir Richard Grenville on his 1585 expedition to Roanoke Island , thought that the plant "openeth all the pores and passages of the body" so that the bodies of the natives "are notably preserved in health, and know not many grievous diseases, wherewithal we in England are often times afflicted." Production of tobacco for smoking, chewing, and snuffing became
5187-525: The Deli Sultan Mahmud Perkasa Alam, persuaded Dutch tobacco merchant Jacob Nienhuys to move his business from Java to Deli. Dutch merchants Van der Falk and Elliot, and Chinese brothers Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie , were also pioneers of Deli's tobacco industry. In 1867, Nienhuys, Jannsen, P.W. Clemen, and Cremer founded De Deli Maatschappij ; in 1869, they moved its head office from Labuhan Deli to Medan. This made Medan
5278-667: The Dutch employed on their oil palm plantations, live in Marindal and Amplas, or in nearby city centres such as the Medan Perjuangan district. Finally, the Mandailing , who migrated to Medan after Indonesian independence in search of job opportunities, mainly live in Medan Tembung. The primary languages spoken by Bataks in Medan are Batak and Karo . The large Javanese community in Medan is primarily composed of
5369-474: The U.S. states in exchange for a combination of yearly payments to the states and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of tobacco products. In the 1970s, Brown & Williamson cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce Y1 , a strain containing an unusually high nicotine content, nearly doubling from 3.2 to 3.5%, to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the Food and Drug Administration to allege that tobacco companies were intentionally manipulating
5460-526: The United Nations, tobacco leaf production was expected to hit 7.1 million tons by 2010. This number is a bit lower than the record-high production of 1992, when 7.5 million tons of leaf were produced. The production growth was almost entirely due to increased productivity by developing nations, where production increased by 128%. During that same time, production in developed countries actually decreased. China's increase in tobacco production
5551-519: The United States have access to petroleum, coal, and natural gas, which can be used as alternatives to wood, most developing countries still rely on wood in the curing process. Brazil alone uses the wood of 60 million trees per year for curing, packaging, and rolling cigarettes. In 2017 WHO released a study on the environmental effects of tobacco. Several tobacco plants have been used as model organisms in genetics . Tobacco BY-2 cells , derived from N. tabacum cultivar 'Bright Yellow-2', are among
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#17327730815395642-731: The authority of the South East Asia Command led by British Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten . With the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence on 17 August, Medan became part of the newly-independent Republic of Indonesia, news announced in Medan on 30 September. In October, Allied troops landed in Belawan and marched on Medan. The subsequent conflicts between the Allies and the Indonesian Army became known as
5733-549: The business district (mostly owned by Chinese residents) were burned and looted. As a result, a curfew was imposed for more than two weeks until peace returned. On 5 September 2005, Mandala Airlines Flight 091 stalled a minute after taking off from Medan's old Polonia International Airport for a flight to Jakarta. The aircraft crashed into a heavily populated residential area along Djamin Ginting road in Padang Bulan . Of
5824-419: The country's total cultivated area. In the southern regions of Brazil, Virginia, and Amarelinho, flue-cured tobacco, as well as burley and Galpão Comum air-cured tobacco, are produced. These types of tobacco are used for cigarettes. In the northeast, darker, air- and sun-cured tobacco is grown. These types of tobacco are used for cigars, twists, and dark cigarettes. Brazil's government has made attempts to reduce
5915-545: The couple founded Medan village between the Deli and Babura Rivers. In 1632, the Aceh Sultanate under Gocah Pahlawan expanded to include Medan. Perunggit succeeded his father in 1669, and declared the Deli Sultanate , including Medan, independent of the Aceh Sultanate. Starting in the 1860s, Dutch authorities began to release new land for tobacco plantations. Said Abdullah Bilsagih, brother-in-law of
6006-489: The cruise ships of European tourists which had begun to visit Medan. During the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign , the Japanese entered Medan on bicycles and occupied the city. The handover of power was chaotic, but through the use of the Kempetai . Locals of Medan were subjected to enforced Japanese language and worship. The Japanese were able to hold the city until their surrender in 1945. Following that, Medan came under
6097-718: The descendants of people transported from Java in the 19th century to be employed as contract workers at various plantations in North Sumatra . For the most part, they speak the local dialect of Javanese . The Malays are also natives of Medan, having lived as fishermen in the outskirts of the city since the Aru era. Starting in the 18th century, they began to spread throughout the city, with large numbers living in Medan Maimun, Kota Matsum, Labuhan and Belawan and speaking Malay . Immigration from southern China to Deli began in
6188-405: The ground upwards, so a field of tobacco harvested in this manner entails the serial harvest of a number of "primings", beginning with the volado leaves near the ground, working to the seco leaves in the middle of the plant, and finishing with the potent ligero leaves at the top. Before harvesting, the crop must be topped when the pink flowers develop. Topping always refers to the removal of
6279-513: The groundwork for all genetically modified crops . Because of its importance as a research tool, transgenic tobacco was the first genetically modified (GM) crop to be tested in field trials, in the United States and France in 1986; China became the first country in the world to approve commercial planting of a GM crop in 1993, which was tobacco. Many varieties of transgenic tobacco have been intensively tested in field trials. Agronomic traits such as resistance to pathogens (viruses, particularly to
6370-508: The harmful effects of tobacco. Between 2019 and 2021, concerns about increased COVID-19 health risks due to tobacco consumption facilitated smoking reduction and cessation. Many species of tobacco are in the genus of herbs Nicotiana . It is part of the nightshade family ( Solanaceae ) indigenous to North and South America, Australia, south west Africa, and the South Pacific . Most nightshades contain varying amounts of nicotine ,
6461-401: The health revelations of the late 20th century. Following the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century, tobacco was condemned as a health hazard, and eventually became recognized as a cause of cancer, as well as other respiratory and circulatory diseases. In the United States , this led to the adoption of the 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement , which settled the many lawsuits by
6552-550: The late 1970s. They now own a number of Mie Aceh restaurants around the Setia Budi and Sunggal areas. Most speak Acehnese , and Gayonese is also common. Medan also has a substantial Tamil Indonesian community. Kampung Madras , a busy area in the city centre, is well-known as a Tamil neighbourhood. The different linguistic communities in Medan communicate in a slang called Bahasa Medan or Dialek Medan ( Medanese slang ). This dialect of Indonesian includes loanwords from
6643-419: The market price. While this price is guaranteed, it is lower than the natural market price, because of the lack of market risk. To further control tobacco in their borders, China founded a State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (STMA) in 1982. The STMA controls tobacco production, marketing, imports, and exports, and contributes 12% to the nation's national income. As noted above, despite the income generated for
6734-411: The most important research tools in plant cytology . Tobacco has played a pioneering role in callus culture research and the elucidation of the mechanism by which kinetin works, laying the groundwork for modern agricultural biotechnology . The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to create an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. This research laid
6825-469: The nickname Het Land Dollar ("the land of the money"). The Deli Railway , established to ship tobacco, rubber , tea , timber , palm oil , and sugar from Medan to the Port of Belawan for worldwide export, brought further rapid development to Medan. The city became first the capital of the State of East Sumatra , and then the provincial capital of North Sumatra. The term medan might be derived from
6916-592: The nicotine content of cigarettes . The desire of many addicted smokers to quit has led to the development of tobacco cessation products . In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the World Health Organization successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The convention is designed to push for effective legislation and enforcement in all countries to reduce
7007-456: The outskirts of Toledo , more specifically in an area known as "Los Cigarrales" named after the continuous plagues of cicadas ( cigarras in Spanish). Before the development of the lighter Virginia and white burley strains of tobacco, the smoke was too harsh to be inhaled. Small quantities were smoked at a time, using a pipe like the midwakh or kiseru , or newly invented waterpipes such as
7098-433: The period between planting the seeds in greenhouses and transplanting the young plants to the field. Pesticide use has been worsened by the desire to produce larger crops in less time because of the decreasing market value of tobacco. Pesticides often harm tobacco farmers because they are unaware of the health effects and the proper safety protocol for working with pesticides. These pesticides, as well as fertilizers, end up in
7189-811: The port. Several major berthing facilities were built in the 1920s, and by 1938 the port handled the greatest cargo value of any in the Dutch East Indies. Trade volumes dropped substantially after Indonesian independence, but reached pre-independence levels again in the mid-1960s. A major restructuring in 1985 saw the construction of a container terminal; it almost immediately captured about one-fifth of Indonesia's containerized exports. Major products exported include rubber, palm oil, tea, and coffee. The current port has two terminals. The first, which handles passengers, offers ferry services to cities including Penang, Langkawi , Batam , Jakarta, and Surabaya. The second, Belawan International Container Terminal (BICT),
7280-564: The production of tobacco but has not had a successful systematic antitobacco farming initiative. Brazil's government, however, provides small loans for family farms, including those that grow tobacco, through the Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar . The International Labour Office reported that the most child-laborers work in agriculture, which is one of the most hazardous types of work. The tobacco industry houses some of these working children. Use of children
7371-510: The soil, waterways, and the food chain. Coupled with child labor, pesticides pose an even greater threat. Early exposure to pesticides may increase a child's lifelong cancer risk, as well as harm their nervous and immune systems. As with all crops, tobacco crops extract nutrients (such as phosphorus , nitrogen , and potassium ) from soil, decreasing its fertility. Furthermore, the wood used to cure tobacco in some places leads to deforestation. While some big tobacco producers such as China and
7462-431: The south, and volcanoes such as Sibayak Mountain and Sinabung Mountain 50 to 70 km (31 to 43 mi) from the city. Medan features a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen : Af ) with no real dry season . Its driest month (January) on average sees about one-third the precipitation of its wettest month (October), with a total annual precipitation of about 2,200 mm (87 in). Autumn (September - November)
7553-507: The state by profits from state-owned tobacco companies and the taxes paid by companies and retailers, China's government has acted to reduce tobacco use. India's Tobacco Board is headquartered in Guntur in the state of Andhra Pradesh . India has 96,865 registered tobacco farmers and many more who are not registered. In 2010, 3,120 tobacco product manufacturing facilities were operating in all of India. Around 0.25% of India's cultivated land
7644-399: The tobacco flower before the leaves are systematically harvested. As the industrial revolution took hold, the harvesting wagons which were used to transport leaves were equipped with man-powered stringers, an apparatus that used twine to attach leaves to a pole. In modern times, large fields are harvested mechanically, although topping the flower and in some cases the plucking of immature leaves
7735-667: The various local languages, especially Malay. Most of Medan's inhabitants are Muslim , accounting for approximately 65 percent of the population. The substantial Christian demographic (about 25 percent of the total population) includes Catholics , Methodists , and Lutherans , such as the Batak Christian Protestant Church . Buddhists make up about 9 percent of the population, and there are smaller Hindu , Confucian , and Sikh communities. Some Bataknese follow traditional religions such as Pemena and Parmalim . Gunung Timur Temple , on Jalan Hang Tuah ,
7826-468: The world. The top producers of tobacco are China (36.3%), India (12.9%), Brazil (11.9%) and Zimbabwe (3.5%). Around the peak of global tobacco production, 20 million rural Chinese households were producing tobacco on 2.1 million hectares of land. While it is the major crop for millions of Chinese farmers, growing tobacco is not as profitable as cotton or sugarcane, because the Chinese government sets
7917-415: Was 2,474,166 - comprising 1,231,673 males and 1,242,493 females. When the surrounding urban area is included, the population is over 3.4 million, making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia . The Medan metropolitan area —which includes neighbouring Binjai , Deli Serdang Regency , and a part of Karo Regency —is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java , with 4,744,323 residents counted in
8008-414: Was formally opened in April 1982 by Daoed Joesoef [ id ] , Minister of Education and Culture . The museum's collection centres around artefacts of North Sumatran ethnic groups. The Bukit Barisan Museum is a military museum opened by Brigade General Leo Lopulisa [ id ] on 21 June 1971. Located at 8 Jalan H. Zainul Arifin, the museum houses a number of historic weapons used in
8099-494: Was later rebuilt during the Japanese occupation of the city in 1944 to accommodate the mandatory worship by locals. The former shrine still stands as the last Shinto shrine in Southeast Asia . The Medan metropolitan area was recognized as an Indonesian National Strategic Region ( Indonesian : Kawasan Strategis Nasional ) by Government Regulation No 28/2008. As a major commercial and economic hub of Indonesia, Medan
8190-513: Was the single biggest factor in the increase in world production. China's share of the world market increased from 17% in 1971 to 47% in 1997. This growth can be partially explained by the existence of a low import tariff on foreign tobacco entering China. While this tariff was reduced from 66% in 1999 to 10% in 2004, it has still led to local Chinese cigarettes being preferred over foreign cigarettes because of their lower cost. Every year, about 5.9 million tons of tobacco are produced throughout
8281-483: Was withdrawn from the market in China in 1997. From 2002 to 2010, cigarettes made with GM tobacco with reduced nicotine content were available in the US under the market name Quest. Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of different methods. Some examples are: Tobacco used in the mouth (buccal ( sublabial ), sublingual ): Smoking in public was, for a long time, reserved for men, and smoking by women
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