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92-431: Meitan, located in the northern part of Guizhou Province, has a total area of 1,864 km (720 sq mi). Meitan has a population of 480,000, 420,000 of which work in agriculture. It consists of 9 towns, 6 townships, 118 villages, and 14 communities. The average altitude of Meitan is 972.7 m (3,191 ft). The forest coverage rate is 56.5%. Meitan is in the humid subtropical climate zone. The average temperature

184-796: A Nationalist forces' reconnaissance aircraft in eastern Hubei. The pilot, Long Wenguang, joined the Red Army and assisted them in attacking the enemy army. Before the Fourth Red Army retreated from its base area, the aircraft was concealed by local farmers and was found again in 1951. The First Red Army also captured two reconnaissance aircraft in 1932. [REDACTED] Communist Party / [REDACTED] Soviet Republic ( [REDACTED] Red Army ) → Liberated Area ( [REDACTED] 8th Route Army , New Fourth Army , etc. → [REDACTED] People's Liberation Army ) → [REDACTED]   People's Republic of China Hunan Hunan

276-530: A distinctive dry-and-spicy ( 干辣 ; gānlà ) taste, with dishes such as smoked cured ham and stir-fried spicy beef being prime examples of the flavor. Huaguxi is a local form of Chinese opera that is very popular in Hunan province. Located in the south central part of the Chinese mainland, Hunan has long been known for its natural environment. It is surrounded by mountains on the east, west, and south, and by

368-527: A lake in the northeast of the province. Vehicle license plates from Hunan are marked Xiāng ( Chinese : 湘 ), after the Xiang River , which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the largest drainage system for the province. The area of Hunan was under Chinese rule as far back as 350 BC. Hunan was the birthplace of communist revolutionary Mao Zedong , who became the Chairman of

460-530: A minority of them stayed in southern China. The Chinese Red Army's weapons were all captured from the enemy army, with the most important and useful weapon being the rifle. In the winter of 1934, the First Red Army's twelve divisions had 72,300 soldiers and 25,300 rifles. Compared to the First Red Army, the Fourth Red Army had more rifles which allowed it to recruit many new soldiers in Sichuan. However,

552-481: A more recent leader from Hunan is former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji . Hunan is located on the south bank of the Yangtze River , about halfway along its length, situated between 108° 47'–114° 16' east longitude and 24° 37'–30° 08' north latitude . Hunan covers an area of 211,800 square kilometres (81,800 square miles), making it the 10th largest provincial-level division. The east, south and west sides of

644-726: A new group army. It was named the Second Red Army and He Long was tasked with being its commander. The Second Red Army and Fourth Red Army arrived in north Shaanxi in the autumn of 1936. Around the same time, roughly 21,000 soldiers from the Fourth Red Army attacked Gansu, wanting to find a way to the Soviet Union . By the end of 1936, they were defeated by the Nationalist forces' General Ma Bufang , with more than 6,000 soldiers being captured. Only Xu Xiangqian and other senior officers survived. Because of this great failure,

736-669: A population of just over 66 million as of 2020 residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km (81,000 sq mi), it is China's 7th-most populous province, the fourth most populous among landlocked provinces, the second-most populous in South Central China after Guangdong, and the most populous province in Central China. It is the largest province in South Central China and the fourth-largest among landlocked provinces. Hunan's nominal GDP

828-853: Is 1,200 to 1,700 millimetres (47 to 67 in). The Furongian Epoch in the Cambrian Period of geological time is named for Hunan; Furong ( 芙蓉 ) means " lotus " in Mandarin and refers to Hunan which is known as the "lotus state". Hunan is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions : thirteen prefecture-level cities and an autonomous prefecture : The fourteen prefecture -level divisions of Hunan are subdivided into 122 county -level divisions (35 districts , 17 county-level cities , 63 counties, 7 autonomous counties ). Those are in turn divided into 2587 township -level divisions (1098 towns , 1,158 townships , 98 ethnic townships , 225 subdistricts , and eight district public offices ). At

920-640: Is 15.21 °C (59.4 °F). Meitan has four distinct seasons, abundant rainfall, mild climate, 284 frost-free days each year, and an average annual rainfall of 1,112 mm (43.8 in). The County of Meitan was established in 1601 (in Ming Dynasty). It was a base for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March . Zhejiang University ( 浙江大学 ) held classes in Meitan for seven years during

1012-513: Is 35 km (14 sq mi). It is very close to National Highway G320. The major industries in the zone include biotechnology, food processing and heavy industry. In 2007, the park signed a cooperation contract with Beijing Automobile Industry, one of the largest auto makers in China, which will set up a manufacturing base in Zhuzhou HTP. As of the 2000 census , the population of Hunan

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1104-673: Is 64,400,700 consisting of forty-one ethnic groups . Its population grew 6.17% (3,742,700) from its 1990 levels. According to the census, 89.79% (57,540,000) identified themselves as Han Chinese and 10.21% (6,575,300) as minority groups . The minority groups are Tujia , Miao , Dong , Yao , Bai , Hui , Zhuang , Uyghurs and so on. In Hunan, ethnic minority languages are spoken in the following prefectures. Religion in Hunan Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around Taoyuan County and other parts of Changde . Hui and Uyghurs have intermarried in this area. In addition to eating pork,

1196-444: Is 99.43%, and the comprehensive population coverage rate of television is 99.77%. There are 137 national intangible cultural heritage protection lists and 410 provincial intangible cultural heritage protection lists. 12,078 books, 235 periodicals, and 44 newspapers have been published, with a total print run of 590 million books, 80 million periodicals, and 500 million newspapers. Hunan is a region with complex dialects. The dialects in

1288-516: Is also famous for its beautiful landscapes and natural scenery. There are provincial scenic areas "Mejiang Landscape Gallery", the country's largest contiguous tea fields "Western China Tea Sea," "The world's Largest Tea Pot" recorded in Guinness Book of World Records, the national agricultural tourism demonstration sites "Hetao Ba - Dragon & phoenix Tea Garden", the various karst topography "Hundred-Faced Water" and much more. Meitan County

1380-540: Is also the seat of 12 adult higher education institutions. Two major cities in Hunan (Changsha and Xiangtan ) were ranked in the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research output , as tracked by the Nature Index in 2024. There are three national key universities under Project 985 ( Hunan University , Central South University and the National University of Defense Technology ) in Hunan,

1472-614: Is an inland province in Central China . Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, and Guizhou and Chongqing to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is Changsha , which abuts the Xiang River. Hengyang , Zhuzhou , and Yueyang are among its most populous urban cities. With

1564-629: Is divided into 3 subdistricts and 12 towns : This Guizhou location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chinese Red Army [REDACTED] China portal The Chinese Red Army , formally the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army or just the Red Army , was the military wing of the Chinese Communist Party from 1928 to 1937. It was formed when Communist elements of

1656-506: Is not an entity for fighting only. Its major task (or function) is to mobilize the masses. Fighting is only a means." This process involved the Red Army's significant responsibility for educating, organizing, and mobilizing the masses, functioning like the mobile embodiment of the Communist Party in addition to its military roles. Academic Cai Xiang writes that the Red Army's ability to function in this way helps explain why despite

1748-414: Is noted for its stibnite mines, and is one of the major centers of antimony extraction in China. Hunan is also well known for a few global makers of construction equipment such as concrete pumps , cranes , etc. These companies include Sany Group , Zoomlion and Sunward . Sany is one of the world's major players. The city of Liuyang is the world's top center for manufacturing fireworks . Hunan

1840-402: Is one of the four major academies over the last 1000 years in ancient China. As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education , ranking fifth among all Chinese provinces. As of 2024, two major cities in Hunan (Changsha 23rd and Xiangtan 199th) ranked in the world's top 200 cities by scientific research outputs. Hunan's primeval forests were first occupied by the ancestors of

1932-582: Is the 9th-largest provincial economy of China, the third largest in the Central China region after Henan and Hubei , the fourth largest in the South Central China region after Guangdong , Henan and Hubei and the fourth largest among inland provinces after Henan, Sichuan and Hubei. As of 2021, Hunan's nominal GDP was US$ 724 billion (CNY 4.6 trillion), appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies with its GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) being over US$ 1.1 trillion, and its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$ 10,900 (69,300 CNY ), making it

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2024-590: Is the largest tea-producing county in Guizhou. Meitan has 20.5 mu (1367 sq kilometers) of tea fields with an annual output of 400 million yuan. Guizhou Meitan Southwest Tea City is the tea market appointed by the Ministry of Agriculture located in the south part of the county. It is the largest Tea distributing center in Northern Guizhou. Meitan's "Mao Gong" high-quality rice, known as "China's first rice",

2116-500: Is today housed in nearby Singapore. Hunan's climate is subtropical ; further, under the Köppen climate classification , the climate is classified as being humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa ), with short, cool, damp winters, very hot and humid summers, and plenty of rainfall. January temperatures average 3 to 8 °C (37 to 46 °F), while July temperatures average around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Average annual precipitation

2208-523: The 2nd richest in the Central China region after Hubei and the 3rd richest in South Central China region after Guangdong and Hubei. As of 2020, Hunan's GDP (nominal) was US$ 605 billion, making it larger than the economies of Poland (the 22nd biggest in the world), Thailand (the 2nd largest in ASEAN), and Nigeria (the largest in Africa). The Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone

2300-631: The Long March to bases in Shaanxi Province. After the departure of the Communists, the KMT army fought against the Japanese in the second Sino-Japanese war . They defended Changsha until it fell in 1944. Japan launched Operation Ichigo , a plan to control the railroad from Wuchang to Guangzhou ( Yuehan Railway ). Hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the defeat of

2392-874: The National Revolutionary Army splintered and mutinied in the Nanchang Uprising . The Red Army was reincorporated into the National Revolutionary Army as part of the Second United Front with the Kuomintang to fight against the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945. In the later stages of the Chinese Civil War the Red Army splintered off once again and was renamed

2484-584: The People's Liberation Army . In the summer of 1926, the CCP took over the two divisions of the Chinese Nationalist Party forces and led a military mutiny. Nationalist forces General He Long commanded the 20th Corps to join them. They had a total of 20,000 soldiers and planned to occupy Guangzhou . However, they were defeated before they reached Guangzhou with only a few thousand men surviving

2576-837: The Qing dynasty . Hunan province was created in 1664 from Huguang, renamed to its current name in 1723. Hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the Yangzi River . It was an important centre of scholarly activity and Confucian thought, particularly in the Yuelu Academy in Changsha . It was also on the Imperial Highway constructed between northern and southern China. The land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by

2668-426: The Second Sino-Japanese War . Meitan has been producing tea since 1939 and is known nationally for its tea. Meitan is rich in agricultural resources and is a typical inland agricultural county. It is famous for its high-quality tea, rice, tobacco, rapeseed, corn, wheat, sericulture, and Chinese herbal medicine. Meitan is known as "The County of Tobacco", "Home of Chinese Liquor", "Tea City", and "The Granary". Meitan

2760-760: The Zi , the Yuan and the Lishui Rivers converge on the Yangtze River at Lake Dongting in the north of Hunan. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin, open in the north and with Lake Dongting as its center. Most of Hunan lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the Yangtze River. Lake Dongting is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China. The Xiaoxiang area and Lake Dongting figure prominently in Chinese poetry and paintings, particularly during

2852-403: The late Qing Era , Hunan became the center of revolution and reformation, and it was the birthplace of many famous Chinese scholars, politicians, and generals, including the most influential and controversial figure of China in the 20th century, Mao Zedong . As of 2022, Hunan's culture and related industries achieved an added value of CN¥250.65 billion (US$ 37.27 billion), accounting for 5.27% of

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2944-418: The third-richest province in South Central China, after Guangdong and Hubei. As of 2020, Hunan's nominal GDP reached $ 605 billion (CN¥4.18 trillion), exceeding that of Poland, with a GDP of US$ 596 billion and Thailand, with a GDP of US$ 501 billion, the 22nd- and 25th-largest in the world respectively. The name Hunan literally means "south of the lake". The lake that is referred to is Dongting Lake ,

3036-683: The "Hunan CCP Party Chief ". As of the mid-19th century, Hunan exported rhubarb , musk, honey, tobacco, hemp , and birds. The Lake Dongting area is an important center of ramie production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation. Hunan was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. In recent years, Hunan has grown to become an important center for steel, machinery and electronics production, especially as China's manufacturing sector moves away from coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Zhejiang . The Lengshuijiang area

3128-597: The Chinese Communist Party and the founding father of the People's Republic of China . Hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities, including the Tujia and Miao , along with the Han Chinese , who make up a majority of the population. Varieties of Chinese spoken include Xiang , Gan and Southwestern Mandarin . Wulingyuan was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Changsha ,

3220-559: The Chinese Red Army had several armies in the summer of 1928. The Chinese Red Army became stronger than before and during the summer of 1930. In the summer of 1932, the Chinese Red Army had formed three main forces before the Fourth Encirclement Campaign. The Chinese Red Army had nearly 200,000 men in the winter of 1934. Most of Chinese Red Army had arrived in northern Shaanxi by autumn 1936. Only

3312-470: The Fourth Red Army in autumn. In 1934, the Nationalist forces purchased new German weapons and launched a fifth large-scale attack on the Red Army's base area in Jiangxi. The First Red Army lost more than 50,000 soldiers in this battle and had to leave Jiangxi to establish a new base. This was the beginning of the Long March . About 30,000 soldiers were left to defend the base areas in southern China. During

3404-696: The Fourth Red Army's Commander in Chief Zhang Guotao was stripped of his military power. When the anti-Japanese war broke out on 7 July 1937, the communist military forces were nominally integrated into the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China , forming the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army units. The First Red Army was integrated into the 115th Division of the Nationalist forces. The Second Red Army

3496-602: The Japanese in 1945. In 1949, the Communists returned once more as the Nationalists retreated southward. In the 1950s, General Wang Zhen coerced thousands of Hunanese women into sexual servitude at PLA units in Xinjiang. As Mao Zedong's home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976. However, it was slower than most provinces in adopting the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping in

3588-818: The National University of Defense and Technology and Changsha University of Science and Technology located in Changsha, were ranked in the world's top 701 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities . Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, the University of South China in Hengyang , Hunan University of Technology in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan were ranked in

3680-482: The Nationalist forces Regimental Commander, led a military mutiny. A Nanchang uprising survivor, He Long, also created an army in his hometown, with former government soldiers as the main fighting force. In the late 1920s, the Communist forces lacked resources and relied on guerilla tactics such as hit-and-run operations to compensate for their material limitations. In early 1930, more red armies were created and

3772-441: The Nationalist forces and Jiangxi's First Red Army. In the spring of 1933, the First Red Army defeated the Nationalist forces' fourth large-scale attack and eliminated two and a half of its elite divisions. Several of the Nationalist forces' generals were also captured. In 1933, the Fourth Red Army arrived at Sichuan and recruited more than 80,000 soldiers. This caused Sichuan's warlord Liu Xiang to gather 200,000 troops to attack

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3864-435: The Nationalist forces' future generals participated in this battle such as Huang Wei , Du Yuming , Sun Li-jen , and others. Having lost more than half of its soldiers, the Fourth Red Army was defeated and had to retreat from its base area. He Long's Third Army also sustained significant loses, with more than 10,000 soldiers losing their lives after leaving western Hubei. During this time, there were also several battles between

3956-517: The Nationalist forces. The Chinese Red Army made use of artillery seized from the enemy forces. Most of the time the Red Armies only had mortars, with typically every army having three to five mortars. During the summer of 1930, Peng Dehuai 's Fifth Army captured four 75mm mountain guns in Yuezhou, but they lacked the required ammunition. In the spring of 1931, the Fourth Red Army captured

4048-555: The Party and the military was further institutionalized by the establishment of the Central Military Commission . In the view of the Communist Party, participation of the masses in the Red Army was significant beyond the direct concerns of manpower and material support. It was also viewed as a political process through which the masses would evolve into "masters of the state." According to Mao, "[T]he Red Army

4140-407: The Red Army recruited red guards. The red guards were commanded by officers of the local soviet . When large-scale war broke out, the red guards were responsible for the logistical support of the Red Army and supplied new soldiers for the Red Army. For example, in the winter of 1932, Xiao Ke 's Eighth Army had 2,200 red soldiers and 10,000 red guards. The red guards' officers were not always loyal. In

4232-665: The Song dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed. Changsha (which means "long sands") was an active ceramics district during the Tang dynasty , its tea bowls, ewers and other products mass-produced and shipped to China's coastal cities for export abroad. An Arab dhow dated to the 830s and today known as the Belitung Shipwreck was discovered off the small island of Belitung, Indonesia with more than 60,000 pieces in its cargo. The salvaged cargo

4324-634: The Uygurs of Changde practice other Han Chinese customs, like ancestor worship at graves. Some Uyghurs from Xinjiang visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest. The Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the Uyghur language , instead, Mandarin Chinese is spoken as their native language. The predominant religions in Hunan are Chinese Buddhism , Taoist traditions and Chinese folk religions . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 20.19% of

4416-568: The Yangtze River on the north. For thousands of years, the region has been a major center of agriculture, growing rice, tea, and oranges. China's first all glass suspension bridge was also opened in Hunan, in Shiniuzhai National Geological Park . As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth together with Sichuan (137) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Henan (168), Guangdong (162), and Shandong (156). Hunan

4508-412: The army. Most of the Fourth Red Army's senior officers were killed by him, including Xu Jishen , Zhou Weijiong , and Xiaofang. Similar movements also occurred in western Hubei; in the spring of 1931, Xia Xi took over He Long's army and killed most of his senior officers including Duan Dechang . In the fall of 1932, the Nationalist forces gathered 300,000 soldiers to attack the Fourth Red Army. Most of

4600-464: The article The Democratic Movement within the Army , written during the Second Sino-Japanese War , Mao Zedong discussed the Red Army's political work and stated, "Through the democratic movement under centralized leadership, we were able to achieve a high degree of political unity, improve lives, and improve military technology and tactics, which are our three main purposes." This view of democracy in

4692-473: The autumn of 1930, Deng Xiaoping 's Seventh Army left its base area in Guangxi . In 1931, the Chinese Red Army defeated the Nationalist forces three times with a large-scale attack, causing the Nationalist forces to lose nearly 100,000 soldiers. Several smaller red armies came together and formed a group army. In the summer of 1931, General Zhang Guotao arrived at the Fourth Red Army's base area and took over

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4784-543: The battle. Zhu De led a column of survivors to Hunan to fight in the Autumn Harvest Uprising where they were defeated again. After the revolt, Mao Zedong organized the rebels into a guerilla army, establishing a revolutionary base area in the Jinggang Mountains . The two armies joined forces in the following year. In the winter of 1927, the CCP planned to conquer Guangzhou; however,

4876-424: The capital, is located in the eastern part of the province; it is now an important commercial, manufacturing and transportation centre. The busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport , Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport . Hunan is the seat of the Yuelu Academy (later become Hunan University ), which

4968-429: The enterprises inside could enjoy the preferential policies of tax-exemption, tax-guarantee and tax-refunding. By the end of the " Eleventh Five-Year Plan ", the CEPZ achieved a total export and import volume of over US$ 1 billion and provided more than 50,000 jobs. It aimed to be one of the first-class export processing zones in China. Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1992. Its total planned area

5060-481: The first years of the war. The largest rebellion was the Ningdu Uprising which occurred in the winter of 1931. General Dong Zhentang  [ zh ] , head of the 26th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army and his 17,000 soldiers were the first to join the First Red Army. After the uprising, the Nationalist Party strengthened its control over the army, making launching a military rebellion more difficult. Despite this, General Zhang Guotao , who regarded

5152-411: The former officers of the Nationalist forces with disdain, lead an attack in the summer of 1931 which killed more than 2,500 of the Fourth Red Army's middle and senior officers who originated from the Nationalist forces. The Chinese Red Army had no ranks. Officers and soldiers were considered equal. Early on, the officers were elected by the soldiers; however, during the later parts of the war this system

5244-404: The local forces lacked rifles. In the summer of 1934, Xun Huaizhou  [ zh ] 's Seventh Legion had 6,000 soldiers but only 1,200 rifles, which lead to the Seventh Legion's quick defeat when they attempted to attack Fuzhou . Every Red Army regiment typically had one machine gun company, with every company having six or more machine guns. The machine gun equipment rate of the Red Army

5336-420: The military emphasized democratic centralism and avoiding what the Party deemed "extreme democracy[,] or anarchism ." In May 1933, the Chinese Red Army began to build a military regularization system. They established the Red Army headquarters on the front line to command operations. The Chinese Red Army often claimed they had three group armies, although, by 1931, the Second Red Army was much smaller than

5428-424: The modern Miao , Tujia , Dong and Yao peoples . The province entered written Chinese history around 350 BC, when the province became part of the Zhou dynasty . After Qin conquered the Chu in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, and then the Changsha Kingdom during the Han dynasty . At this time, and for hundreds of years thereafter, the province was a magnet for settlement of Han Chinese from

5520-431: The most recruits. Women's Organizations were mobilized to provided support to the dependents of Red Army soldiers and to prevent women from "pulling on [their menfolk's] tails" to forestall their enlistment. Coerced recruiting was explicitly forbidden. As the number of former officers of the Nationalist forces that made up the Red Army decreased throughout the war, the Red Army began to develop military education for

5612-437: The new officers who were formerly farmers. Each base area established its own military academies, usually using captured enemy officers as teachers. The enterprise was very successful, and by 1936 most of the Red Army's military officers were former farmers. In 1931, commanders determined that there were a number of spies in the Red Army. This issue became particularly prevalent when the First Red Army's Chief of Staff Zhu Yunqing

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5704-459: The nineteenth century, Hunan became overcrowded and prone to peasant uprisings. Some of the uprisings, such as the ten-year Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806 , were caused by ethnic tensions. The Taiping Rebellion began in the south in Guangxi Province in 1850. The rebellion spread into Hunan and then further eastward along the Yangzi River valley. Ultimately, it was a Hunanese army ( Xiang Army ) under Zeng Guofan who marched into Nanjing to put down

5796-422: The north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin dynasty , Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern dynasties periods, when the north was mostly ruled by non-Han ethnic groups ( Five Barbarians ) and in perpetual disorder. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu . Hunan and Hubei became a part of the province of Huguang until

5888-409: The north, who displaced and assimilated the original indigenous inhabitants, cleared forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains. The agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han people, which managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods. To this day, many of the small villages in Hunan are named after the Han families who settled there. Migration from

5980-408: The number of red soldiers grew rapidly. By the summer of 1930, the Chinese Red Army had grown to more than 100,000 soldiers and had several base areas, such as in southern and northern Jiangxi, western Hubei , and eastern Hunan, among others. Peng Dehuai's Fifth Army attacked and occupied Changsha , the capital of Hunan. After the attack, Jiangxi became the largest base area of the Chinese Red Army. In

6072-467: The other two. In 1930, the Chinese Red Army had established several base areas. Though the designations of the Red Army changed frequently, the main leadership of base areas did not change significantly. In the early phases of its establishment, most of the Chinese Red Army's military officers were made up of former officers of the Nationalist forces, with most of them joining the Red Army secretly between 1925 and 1928. Many of these officers were killed in

6164-426: The population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , while 0.77% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 79.04% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects . In 2010, there are 118.799 Muslims in Hunan. Being the educational and political in

6256-410: The province are surrounded by mountains and hills, such as the Wuling Mountains to the northwest, the Xuefeng Mountains to the west, the Nanling Mountains to the south, and the Luoxiao Mountains to the east. Mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the province, and plains less than 20%. At 2,115.2 meters above sea level, the highest point in Hunan province is Lingfeng ( 酃峰 ). The Xiang ,

6348-439: The province include Xiang , Southwestern Mandarin , Gan , Hakka , and some local dialects whose identities have not yet been determined, such as Xiangnan Tuhua and Waxiang dialect . In areas where ethnic minorities live, many people can speak their own ethnic language and communicate in Chinese. Hunanese cuisine is noted for its near-ubiquitous use of chili peppers , garlic , and shallots . These ingredients give rise to

6440-619: The province's GDP. Among them, the added value of cultural services was CN¥150.20 billion (US$ 22.33 billion), the added value of cultural manufacturing was CN¥78.28 billion (US$ 11.64 billion), the added value of cultural wholesale and retail was CN¥22.17 billion (US$ 3.30 billion). In 2023, there are 655 art groups, 149 mass art galleries and cultural centers, 148 public libraries, 180 museums and memorial halls, 108 radio and television stations, 5.853 million cable TV users, and 27.441 million fiber optic Internet broadband users all connected to cable TV. The comprehensive population coverage rate of radio

6532-463: The same time, the Fourth Red Army defeated Liu Xiang 's attacks, who lost more than 80,000 soldiers in battle. Before the First Red Army began the Long March, Xiao Ke 's Sixth Legion arrived at eastern Guizhou and joined forces with He Long 's Third Army. After this, the Third Army changed its designation to Second Legion. In the autumn of 1935, the First Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi with only 6,000 soldiers after losing more than 80,000 along

6624-448: The soldiers from the Red Army's militia troops were armed with cold weapons at all times. In the autumn of 1930, Zeng Zhongsheng commanded 30,000 red guards who were armed with cold weapons. Despite the overwhelming numbers of red soldiers, 1,000 opposing troops armed with rifles were able to defeat Zeng Zhongsheng's forces. The Chinese Red Army used various types of submachine guns from Thompsons to MP 18s . They were captured from

6716-516: The spring of 1933, one of the red guards' officers killed 29th Army's commander Chen Qianlun and surrendered to the Nationalist forces. Usually each Chinese Red Army's army or legion had three or two infantry divisions. Each division has three infantry regiments and one mortar company. In different time the number of one division's soldiers is different. In the beginning every division had about 1000 or 2000 men. From 1933 to 1936, one division usually had about 5000 or 6000 men. After several uprisings,

6808-543: The third highest after Beijing and Shanghai . Hunan Normal University in Changsha is the key construction university of the national 211 Project , and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan is a key university jointly built by Hunan Province and the Ministry of Education and a member of national Project 111. These five national key universities are included in the Double First-Class Construction of Hunan Province. As of 2024, they are ranked among

6900-413: The top 500 globally by the Nature Index . Among them, Hunan University and Central South University are in the top 50. Hunan University and Central South University are the only two Project 985 universities in Changsha, Hunan to appear in the world's top 200 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking . Hunan Normal University,

6992-495: The top 801–900 globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . Hunan University of Science and Technology in Xiangtan and Central South University of Forestry and Technology in Changsha were ranked number 988 and number 1429 respectively in the 2022 Best Global Universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking . As of 2023, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine in Changsha ranked

7084-522: The uprising failed and thousands of insurgents were killed by the Nationalist forces of General Li Jishen . Between 1928 and 1929, the CCP launched multiple uprisings. Mao Zedong and Zhu De led the organization and training of the Communist military, including the Fourth Army, which totaled about 6,000 men in the summer of 1928 and fought in Jiangxi . Also in the summer of 1928, Peng Dehuai ,

7176-585: The uprising in 1864. In 1920, a famine raged throughout Hunan and killed an estimated 2 million Hunanese civilians. This sparked the Autumn Harvest Uprising of 1927. It was led by Hunanese native Mao Zedong , and established a short-lived Hunan Soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained a guerrilla army in the mountains along the Hunan- Jiangxi border until 1934. Under pressure from the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) forces, they began

7268-539: The war, including through mass mobilization campaigns operating behind enemy lines. At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Red Army had 2 million militia members and 900,000 regular troops. In 1947, the Red Army was reorganized into the People's Liberation Army. It continued to operate as a guerilla army reliant on the support of the peasantry. By the time the People's Republic of China

7360-602: The way. During this same time, the Fourth Red Army moved to northern Sichuan and planned to attack Chengdu . By the end of 1935, they had lost more than 40,000 soldiers and were defeated. Therefore, they were forced to move to southern Gansu and wait for He Long 's Second Legion and Sixth Legion to arrive. In the summer of 1936, the Second Legion, the Sixth Legion and the Thirty-Second Army formed

7452-602: The weak industrial base in revolutionary China, a proletarian party nonetheless successfully developed. These ideas developed at the 1929 Gutian Congress The June 1930 Program for the Red Fourth Army at All Levels and the winter 1930 Provisional Regulations on the Political Work of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Army (Draft), which formally established Party leadership of the military. In

7544-659: The year end of 2017, the total population is 68.6 million. [1] The politics of Hunan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China . The Governor of Hunan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hunan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hunan Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed

7636-612: The years that followed Mao's death in 1976. In addition to CCP Chairman Mao Zedong , a number of other first-generation communist leaders were also from Hunan: Chinese President Liu Shaoqi ; CCP Secretaries-General Ren Bishi and Hu Yaobang ; Marshals Peng Dehuai , He Long , and Luo Ronghuan ; Wang Zhen , one of the Eight Elders ; Xiang Jingyu , the first female member of the CCP's central committee; Senior General Huang Kecheng ; and veteran diplomat Lin Boqu . An example of

7728-579: The zone include high-tech industry, biology project technology and new material industry. Approved by the State Council, Chenzhou Export processing Zone (CEPZ) was established in 2005 and is the only export processing zone in Hunan province. The scheduled production area of CEPZ covers 3km2. The industrial positioning of CEPZ is to concentrate on developing export-oriented hi-tech industries, including electronic information, precision machinery, and new-type materials. The zone has good infrastructure, and

7820-420: Was US$ 724 billion (CN¥4.6 trillion) as of 2021, appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies , with its GDP (PPP) being over US$ 1.1 trillion. Hunan is the 9th-largest provincial economy of China, the fourth-largest in South Central China, the third-largest in Central China, and the fourth-largest among landlocked provinces. Its nominal GDP per capita exceeded US$ 10,900 (CN¥69,300), making it

7912-408: Was assassinated by a spy in a hospital. After this, each Red Army began to judge and execute the officers and soldiers who were suspected. In 1931, the First Red Army executed about 4,000 men. The Fourth Red Army and Third Red Army also executed thousands of officers, especially senior officers. Typically a Red Army's base area was surrounded by enemy forces. To protect the base area from enemy attack,

8004-642: Was awarded the gold medal in the National Quality Rice Exposition for five consecutive years from 2003 to 2007. Meitan produces 80,000 quintal high-quality tobacco annually and is the major producer for the Shanghai Tobacco Group , which produces " Chunghwa " and "Panda" cigarettes. Mae Wine received the only gold medal ever reward to white liquor in Leipzig International Fair in 1988. Meitan

8096-403: Was eliminated. From regiment to army, the command system at each level had four commanders: commander, political commissar, chief of staff, and director of political department, with the political commissar holding the most power. Red Army recruitment efforts often involved mass meetings and competitions between different villages, counties, or mass organizations on the basis of which could supply

8188-458: Was established on 1 October 1949, the PLA had 5.5 million personnel, primarily light infantry. After the Communist Party assumed power in 1949, veterans of the Red Army were venerated in mainland Chinese culture and are distinguished from those who joined to fight with the Communist Party after the integration with the Nationalists, or during the second civil war. In 1954, the relationship between

8280-421: Was founded in 1992. It is located east of Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6 km (14.9 sq mi) and the current area is 14 km (5.4 sq mi). Near the zone is National Highways G319 and G107 as well as Jingzhu Highway. Besides that, it is very close to the downtown and the railway station. The distance between the zone and the airport is 8 km (5.0 mi). The major industries in

8372-492: Was integrated into the 120th Division of the Nationalist forces. The Fourth Red Army was integrated into the 129th Division of the Nationalist forces. These three divisions had 45,000 soldiers in all. 10,000 soldiers were left to defend the base areas in northern Shaanxi . In southern China, the New Fourth Army 's 10,000 soldiers acted as a guerrilla force. At the time of the Second Sino-Japanese War , these two armies contained one million armed men. The Red Army grew rapidly during

8464-527: Was no less than that of the Nationalist forces' elite troops. This was one of the important reasons why the Red Army was able to defeat the Nationalist forces on many occasions. The most common machine guns were the MG08 , ZB vz. 26 , M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle , and Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun . Due to the lack of rifles, the Chinese Red Army was forced to use cold weapons such as broadswords, spears, sabres, and other melee implements. In particular, most of

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