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82-455: The Melbourne University Law Review is a triannual law journal published by a student group at Melbourne Law School covering all areas of law . It is one of the student-run law journals at the University of Melbourne and is generally regarded as Australia's leading generalist law journal. Students who have completed at least one semester of law are eligible to apply for membership of

164-590: A "legal newspaper", folded after just one year. Its spiritual successor, the current Albany Law Review was later published in 1936. The Columbia Jurist was created by students in 1885 but ceased publication in 1887. Despite its short lifespan, the Jurist is credited with inspiring creation of the Harvard Law Review , first published in 1887 . The current Columbia Law Review , was founded in 1901. The National Law Review also started during

246-483: A "pioneer" manual. According to Harvard, the origin of The Bluebook was a pamphlet for proper citation forms for articles in the Harvard Law Review written by its editor, Erwin Griswold . However, according to a 2016 study by two Yale librarians, Harvard's claim is incorrect. They trace the origin of The Bluebook to a 1920 publication by Karl N. Llewellyn at Yale on how to write law journal materials for

328-715: A "public-domain implementation of the Bluebook 's Uniform System of Citation," which his group calls BabyBlue . However, a law firm (Ropes & Gray) representing the Harvard Law Review Association (HLRA) sent him a letter stating: [W]e believe that BabyBlue may include content identical or substantially similar to content or other aspects of The Bluebook that constitute original works of authorship protected by copyright, and which are covered by various United States copyright registrations. ... [M]y client has been and remains concerned that

410-461: A category-leading specialized journal. Often the best indicator is the age of the journal; a newer journal will rarely have the same clout with employers that the older journal has, even when the older journal is specialized. In any case, membership on any such journal is a valuable credential when searching out employment after law school. The paths to membership vary from law school to law school, and also from journal to journal, but generally contain

492-527: A current affairs magazine than an academic journal , publishing reports of moots and discussing topical issues, which at the time included the fusion of the two branches of the Victorian legal profession and the admission of women. In 1935, the students of the Faculty of Law established Res Judicatae — roughly translated as "things that have been judicially adjudicated on" — which was intended to provide

574-570: A far simpler citation system based largely on the First Edition of the Bluebook . This system, which he includes in a manual he provides for his law clerks, was reprinted in the aforementioned Yale Law Journal article. At the time of the article, his citation system was 885 words long, or about two printed pages—far shorter than the 511 pages of the Nineteenth Edition, the 640 pages of the then-current ALWD Citation Manual , or

656-499: A few of the same basic elements. Most law reviews select members after their first year of studies either through a writing competition (often referred to as "writing on" to the law review), their first-year grades (referred to as "grading on" to the law review) or some combination thereof. Most Canadian law reviews, however, do not take grades into considerations and cannot be submitted with the application. A number of schools will also grant membership to students who independently submit

738-686: A forum for discussion and debate among students of the law. Published by the Law Students' Society of Victoria, it focused on legal journalism. Notable publications include C S Lewis on 'The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment', Owen Dixon on 'De Facto Officers', H V Evatt on 'Amending the Constitution', John Latham on 'The Law Student', and the re-printing of Frank Gavan Duffy 's poem, 'A Dream of Fair Judges' (originally published in The Summons ). In 1957, Zelman Cowen (then dean of

820-415: A joint competition with the main law review. A law review's membership is normally divided into staff members and editors. On most law reviews, all 2Ls (second-year students) are staff members while some or all 3Ls (third-year students) serve as editors. 3Ls also typically fill the senior editorial staff positions, including senior articles editor, senior note & comment editor, senior managing editor, and

902-760: A majority of federal courts . Legal publishers also use several "house" citation styles in their works. The Bluebook is compiled by the Harvard Law Review Association, the Columbia Law Review , the Yale Law Journal , and the University of Pennsylvania Law Review . Currently, it is in its 21st edition (published July   2020). Its name was first used for the 6th edition (1939). Opinions have differed regarding its origins at Yale and Harvard Law Schools, with

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984-599: A number of methods can be used to assess the notability of a law review. A professor at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication averages the annual rankings of: the Washington and Lee University Law School rankings, the average US News Peer Reputation score from the last 10 years, the average ranking of the School in US News of the last 10 years, and Google Scholar metrics for all Law reviews in

1066-431: A number of reasons why journal membership is desired by some students: At schools with more than one law review, membership on the main or flagship journal is normally considered more prestigious than membership on a specialty law journal. This is not the case at all schools, however. At many schools, the more prestigious journal is the specialty journal; a low-ranked general journal will rarely attract as much attention as

1148-500: A particular applicant. A student who has been selected for law review membership is said to have "made the law review". Secondary journals vary widely in their membership process. For example, at Yale Law School , the only one of its nine journals that has a competitive membership process is the flagship Yale Law Journal  – all others are open to any Yale Law student who wishes to join. By contrast, other secondary journals may have their own separate membership competition or may hold

1230-639: A petition supporting BabyBlue . Yale and NYU students added their separate petitions supporting BabyBlue . A posting in the Harvard Law Record commented: The intellectual property claims that the HLR Association made may or may not be spurious. But independent of that, the tactics employed by the HLR Association's counsel in dealing with Mr. Malamud and Prof. Sprigman are deplorable. The Harvard Law Review claims to be an organization that promotes knowledge and access to legal scholarship. It

1312-519: A portion of prospective editors in order to increase the diversity of the journal’s membership. In 2018, a self-styled group of "faculty, alumni, and students opposed to racial preferences" sued New York University Law Review and Harvard Law Review over this practice. Both suits were dismissed in 2019 for lack of standing. In 2019, the top 16 law schools in the United States all reported female editors-in-chief of their law reviews. For

1394-897: A publication by the state Bar Association started in 1894. In 1917, editorship was taken over by the West Virginia College of Law and became the West Virginia Law Review in 1949. The first law review originating outside the Northeast was the Michigan Law Review , beginning in 1902. The Northwestern University Law Review —formerly the Illinois Law Review —followed shortly thereafter in 1906. Both Michigan and Northwestern were launched by faculty and only later turned over to student editors. Following these publications, there

1476-440: A publishable article. The write-on competition usually requires applicants to compose a written analysis of a specific legal topic, often a recent Supreme Court decision. The written submissions are often of a set length, and applicants are sometimes provided with some or all of the background research. Submissions normally are graded blindly, with submissions identified only by a number which the graders will not be able to connect to

1558-415: A style guide that is designed to supplement The Bluebook . This guide focuses on citation for practitioners, so as an example, only two typefaces are used for law reviews, normal and italics. Other changes are also minor, such as moving supra from before the page referenced to after the page number. The guide does state that unless explicitly specified otherwise, The Bluebook rule takes precedence in

1640-587: Is a venerated part of the traditions of Harvard Law School. But these actions by the Harvard Law Review speak of competition and not of justice. The posting also suggested that HLRA should "redirect the money it spends on legal fees ($ 185,664 in 2013)" to a more worthy purpose. David Post commented: "It's copyright nonsense, and Harvard should be ashamed of itself for loosing its legal hounds to dispense it in order to protect its (apparently fairly lucrative) publication monopoly." On March 31, 2016, it

1722-745: Is an attempt to create a legal publication, that is produced from all groups related to law, including lawyers, academics, students, members of the judiciary, procurators and anyone else in related fields with an interest in China. Examples include the NALSAR Student Law Review and the National Law School of India Review . The Mexican Law Review , the law review of the National Autonomous University of Mexico , Mexico's preeminent university,

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1804-681: Is an example of a professionally edited law review in Ireland, while some leading student law reviews include the Trinity College Law Review and the UCD Law Review . Bocconi Legal Papers is a student-edited law journal in Italy. It is a project sponsored by Bocconi School of Law and is published by a group of students belonging to the same institution, under the supervision of several faculty advisors. They adopted

1886-640: Is edited by professors and is therefore a closer cousin to peer-reviewed social science journals than to typical student-run law journals. RUPTURA, is the law review of the Law School Association of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador . This law review is edited by students who maintain an annual publication standard. RUPTURA is considered the oldest magazine in the region. Online legal research providers such as Westlaw and LexisNexis give users access to

1968-450: Is followed in the legal citation as the most widely accepted citation style, called the "Bible", the "final arbiter", even the legal citation " Kama Sutra ". Some states have adopted The Bluebook in full, while others have partially adopted The Bluebook . States such as Texas have supplements, such as The Greenbook , that merely address citation issues unique to Texas and otherwise follow The Bluebook . The Solicitor General issues

2050-446: Is used for academic articles. By 2011, The Bluebook was "the main guide and source of authority" on legal references for the past 90 years. It is recognized as the "gold standard" for legal references in the United States, even though it was originally designed only to help teach law students how to cite cases and other legal material. Although other citation systems exist, they have limited acceptance, and in general, The Bluebook

2132-635: The Fordham Law Review comment cited extensively in the court's landmark decision in Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories (1980). A 2012 study found that the Supreme Court has increased its use of citing law journals and reviews over the last 61 years in majority, concurring or dissenting opinions, especially for important or difficult cases, despite claims by some judges to the contrary. In addition to rankings that measure impact factor ,

2214-641: The Harvard Journal of Law & Technology and the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review . Membership and editorial positions on law journals, especially flagship law reviews, is competitive and traditionally confers honor and prestige. Selection for law review membership is usually based on a combination of students' grades, their performance on a short article-writing competition, as well as an examination on Bluebook legal citation rules. In

2296-539: The University of Pennsylvania Law Review , it is the oldest surviving law review in the US. By the 1870s, these early commercial legal periodicals established the format for a more "modern style of legal writing" and led to today's student-edited law reviews. The first student-edited law periodical in the US was the Albany Law School Journal , founded in 1875. This journal, described as something like

2378-479: The Yale Law Journal . The authors point out that some of the material in the 1926 first edition of The Bluebook (as well as that in a 1922 Harvard precursor to it published as Instructions for Editorial Work ) duplicate material in the 1920 Llewellen booklet and its 1921 successor, a blue pamphlet that the Yale Law Journal published as Abbreviations and Form of Citation . For several years before

2460-536: The BLUEBOOK Marks as to be likely, to cause confusion, mistake, and/or deception…Accordingly, and to avoid any risk of consumer confusion, my client respectfully demands that you agree (i) not to use the title or name BabyBlue , or any other title or name including the word "blue", for your work. In response to the HLRA letter to Sprigman, over 150 students, faculty, staff, and alumni of Harvard Law School signed

2542-617: The Melbourne University Law Review include: Federal Court Supreme Court Solicitors-General Barristers Politicians Academics Writers In collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law , the journal publishes the Australian Guide to Legal Citation . Law review Law reviews are generated in almost all law bodies/institutions worldwide. In

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2624-881: The Review of the Academic Center Afonso Pena from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (published since 1996), and the Alethes Periodic from Federal University of Juiz de Fora . To pursue academic recognition by the Brazilian Ministry of Education, review bodies must include post-graduated and ranked academics, which prevents student law reviews to even be recognized or compared to other similar legal periodicals. In China, there are law reviews run by academics, as well as law reviews run by students. The China Law Journal

2706-727: The editorial board . Applicants are assessed on the basis of their performance in a practical exercise, academic aptitude, and proofreading and editing skills. The 2024 editors-in-chief are James Cafferky, Alexander Henry and Fiona Xia. Occasionally, the journal produces a symposium issue devoted to a particular aspect of law. Past symposium issues have focused on the centenary of the federation of Australia , contemporary human rights in Australia , and tort law . The Review's alumni include two High Court Justices, three Solicitors-General, five Federal Court judges and at least six Supreme Court judges. The journal has been awarded an A* ranking by

2788-434: The 1880's, but was not student or academically produced, but published by Pennsylvania reporter and legal book publisher Kay & Brother and included editorially reviewed contributions by practicing attorneys focusing on the interpreting court decisions on a nationwide basis versus regionally and was not an academic law review. It continues today as on-line only daily legal news service with analysis contributed by lawyers and

2870-513: The 19th edition, The Bluebook is significantly more complicated than the citation systems used by most other fields. Legal scholars have called for its replacement with a simpler system. The University of Chicago uses the simplified " Maroonbook ", and even simpler systems are in use by other parties. Judge Richard Posner is "one of the founding fathers of Bluebook abolitionism, having advocated it for almost twenty-five years, ever since his 1986 University of Chicago Law Review article on

2952-569: The African context," including "legal and institutional regional and sub-regional developments, post conflict resolution, constitutionalism, commercial law and environmental law". In spite of some few exceptions, in Argentina almost all law reviews are run by publishing houses or law professors. In both cases, the involvement of students in the day to day creation of these reviews is fully narrowed. Among these few exceptions, it should be mentioned

3034-638: The Australian Business Law Deans Council. The first periodical published at the Melbourne Law School was The Summons . It appeared with the subtitle A Magazine of Legal and General Literature and was published by the Articled Law Clerks' Society of Victoria between 1891 and 1903. It was a yellow-covered sixteen-page journal depicting an angel with a trumpet on its cover and served as more of

3116-770: The Commonwealth more generally are the Law Quarterly Review (first published 1885), the Modern Law Review (first published 1937), the Cambridge Law Journal (first published 1973), The Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (first published 1981) and Legal Studies (first published 1981). In Africa, the Journal of African Law has published articles focusing on "legal pluralism and customary law'" to "issues of international law in

3198-544: The Faculty of Law at the University of Oslo and one student from the Faculty of Law at the University of Bergen. Its articles are mainly related to the curriculum at these universities. Within the United Kingdom, as in much of the Commonwealth outside North America (a notable exception being Australia), all of the leading law reviews are edited and run by academics. The leading law reviews in the United Kingdom and

3280-704: The International Chamber of Commerce - Italy. Its editorial board is composed of more than 150 members, including students, scholars, and professionals from all over the world. It is a double-blind peer reviewed law journal, run by University of Bologna, School of Law students, which follows The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. The Trento Student Law Review is a student-run law review based in Trento, Italy. Established in 2017, it published its first issue, titled "Number Zero", in January 2018. In

3362-571: The Michigan Supreme Court. The primary difference is that the Michigan system "omits all periods in citations, uses italics somewhat differently, and does not use 'small caps.'" As noted, Texas merely supplements The Bluebook with items that are unique to Texas courts, such as citing cases when Texas was an independent republic, petition and writ history, Attorney General Opinions, and similar issues. At over 500 pages for

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3444-682: The Netherlands ( Ars Aequi  [ nl ] ), Groningen Journal of International Law ) and the Czech Republic ( Common Law Review ). In Belgium, the oldest and most prominent student-edited law review is Jura Falconis . It was founded by a group of students from the Law Faculty of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven who, in 1964, conceived the idea of producing their own law journal grafted on

3526-769: The Netherlands, Ars Aequi  [ nl ] is one of the few general legal journals. It has been published since 1951. It is edited by students from all faculties of law of Dutch universities, who review and edit submitted articles ( peer review is not common in Dutch law journals). The quality of its publications is considered top-ranked in the Dutch legal discipline. Ars Aequi publishes articles written by established scholars, researchers and students. The editorial board does however not set different quality standards for student articles. Ars Aequi  [ nl ] has published its Black Issue in 1970, criticizing legal aid. It resulted in reforms of accessible legal aid in

3608-541: The Netherlands. In Iceland, Úlfljótur Law Review , has been in publication since 1947. In 2007 it celebrated its 60th anniversary. Since its creation in 1947 it has been edited and run by students at the Department of Law, University of Iceland. Úlfljótur Law Review is the most senior of all academic journals still in publication at the university and held in great respect by Icelandic jurists and legal scholars. In Finland, Helsinki Law Review , edited by students at

3690-409: The US, law reviews are normally edited and published by an organization of students at a law school or through a bar association , in close collaboration with faculty members. Law reviews can provide insight and ideas that contribute to the bedrock of jurisprudence. For example, Justice Stanley Mosk of the Supreme Court of California admitted that he got the idea for market share liability from

3772-428: The United States and Canada, most law journals are housed at individual law schools and are edited by students, not professional scholars, which is unique of law schools. North American law schools usually have flagship law reviews and several secondary journals dedicated to specific topics. For example, Harvard Law School 's flagship journal is the Harvard Law Review , and it has 16 other secondary journals such as

3854-430: The United States. There has been a weak correlation between law school ranking and law review citation metrics. In the United States, law reviews are typically edited by students who are selected to join after successfully completing a "write on competition" at the end of their first year of law school. Grades and class standing are often considered during the application process. Law professor Erwin N. Griswold noted

3936-488: The University of Helsinki, has been active since 2007. Earlier, the University of Turku published Turku Law Journal from 1999 to 2003. Sweden's first law review is Juridisk Publikation . The first number of Juridisk Publikation was published in April 2009. It originated as a review by students from Stockholm University. It is now delivered to Swedish law students from all universities, as well as to most legal libraries in

4018-582: The University of Pennsylvania Law Review, the law review's endowments total $ 59.4 million. The Bluebook has also been affected by the disruptions to the legal industry due to legal technology . In 2017, the startup company LegalEase launched a legal citation generator that enables its users to create citations in the Bluebook format. LawStar.io offers a similar product with the addition of 1-click citations. Bluebook 1 (1926) has approximately 30 sentences in common with Yale Law Journal ’s Abbreviations and Form of Citation (1921), as well as many of

4100-575: The case of Revista Lecciones y Ensayos , a law review ran by students at the School of Law of the University of Buenos Aires . In Australia, as of 2017, the leading student-edited peer-reviewed academic law reviews are the Melbourne University Law Review , Melbourne Journal of International Law , University of New South Wales Law Journal , and Monash University Law Review . The Melbourne University Law Review generally outperforms Sydney Law Review on reputation, impact, citation in journal and cases and combined rankings. These publications are among

4182-543: The citation format of the Delaware Uniform Citation code also differs from it. In other states, the local rules differ from The Bluebook in that they use their own style guides. Attorneys in those states must be able to switch seamlessly between citation styles depending upon whether their work product is intended for a federal or state court. California has allowed citations in Bluebook as well as

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4264-492: The complete text of most law reviews published beginning from the late 1980s. Another such service, Heinonline , provides actual scans of the pages of law reviews going back to the 1850s. Membership on the law review staff is highly sought after by some law students, as it often has a significant impact on their subsequent careers as attorneys. Many U.S. federal judges and partners at the most prestigious law firms were members or editors of their school's law review. There are

4346-537: The concern some have about the unusual nature of a publication being run by students and celebrated the impact that it has had in law and legal education. In 1995, Richard Posner argued law reviews had a higher standard of fact-checking to faculty-run journals or published books, and described them as indispensable resources for law clerks, judges, practitioners and professors. He also argued that faculty-run journals are generally better at aspects including article selection and editing interdisciplinary papers. In Canada,

4428-573: The country. Juridisk Publikation is edited by top students from the law schools in Lund, Stockholm Uppsala, Gothenborg and Umeå. The publication is anonymously peer reviewed by a board of leading Swedish legal practitioners and academics. In Norway, the first student edited law review Jussens Venner was founded in 1952 by students Carsten Smith and Torkel Opsahl (both of whom later became distinguished academics). Occasionally it features peer-reviewed articles, but its editors are composed of one student from

4510-470: The cover of the book was changed from brown to a "more patriotic blue", allegedly to avoid comparison with a color associated with Nazi Germany . The eleventh edition, published in 1967, was actually white with a blue border. The cover color returned to blue in the twelfth edition of 1976. The full text of the first (1926) through the fifteenth (1991) editions is available on the official website. The Bluebook uses two different styles. Practitioners use

4592-611: The event of conflict. California used to require use of the California Style Manual . In 2008, the California Supreme Court issued a rule giving an option of using either the California Style Manual or The Bluebook . The two styles are significantly different in citing cases, in use of ibid. or id. (for idem ), and in citing books and journals. Michigan uses a separate official citation system issued as an administrative order of

4674-463: The exception rather than the norm. In Continental Europe law reviews are almost uniformly edited by academics. However, a small number of student-edited law reviews have recently sprung into existence in Germany ( Ad Legendum , Bucerius Law Journal , Freilaw Freiburg Law Students Journal , Goettingen Journal of International Law , Hanse Law Review , Heidelberg Law Review , Marburg Law Review ),

4756-407: The faculty and later governor-general of Australia ) re-established the journal along the model of the Harvard Law Review and renamed it the Melbourne University Law Review . In line with prevailing American practice, top ranking law students were invited to become members of the editorial board. In 1998, the number of issues published each year was increased from two to three. Notable alumni of

4838-545: The famous American law reviews. Since then, Jura Falconis has grown into a very solid and most unusual value in the Belgian legal literature. The articles in the leading law reviews in France are written by academics and lawyers, the principal editors are Dalloz , LexisNexis, Lamy Liaisons  [ fr ] (part of the international Wolters Kluwer group) and Francis Lefebvre  [ fr ] . Irish Law Times

4920-525: The first edition of The Bluebook appeared, Yale, Columbia, and several other law journals "worked out a tentative citation plan", but Harvard initially opposed it "because of skepticism as to the results to be attained and in part because of a desire not to deviate from our forms especially at the solicitation of other Reviews". Eventually, Harvard "reversed course" and joined the coalition by 1926. According to Judge Henry J. Friendly , "Attorney General [Herbert] Brownell, whom I had known ever since law school—he

5002-422: The first eleven editions, estimated to total $ 20,000 per year. After they threatened to sue, and considerable wrangling, Harvard agreed with them to split the revenue: 40 percent for Harvard, 20 percent each for Columbia, Pennsylvania, and Yale; Harvard would continue to provide the production and distribution services. The law reviews have not disclosed the revenues of the Bluebook themselves, but revenues from

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5084-443: The first in preparing court documents and memoranda, while the second is used primarily in academic settings, such as law reviews and journals. The latter uses specific formatting to identify types of references, such as the use of small caps for books, newspapers, and law reviews. A rule of thumb used by many is to see if the formatting can be reproduced on a typewriter —if so, practitioners use it, if it requires typesetting, it

5166-464: The first time in history, women led all of the law journals of the most prestigious U.S. law schools. Bluebook The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (commonly known as the Blue Book or Harvard Citator ) is a style guide that prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States. It is taught and used at a majority of U.S. law schools and is also used in

5248-402: The format of a working paper series, as a way to complement – rather than compete with – peer-reviewed publications and offer scholars an additional round of feedback. The University of Bologna Law Review is a student-run law journal published by the Department of Legal Studies of the University of Bologna , and officially sponsored by Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP and

5330-978: The fully student-run law reviews (without a Faculty editor-in-chief) include, in order of the frequency they are cited by the Supreme Court of Canada: the McGill Law Journal , the Osgoode Hall Law Journal , the Queen's Law Journal , the Alberta Law Review , University of British Columbia Law Review , the University of Ottawa Law Review , the Saskatchewan Law Review , and the University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review . The country also has several specialized publications run entirely by students. Outside North America, student-run law reviews are

5412-605: The latter long claiming credit. The Supreme Court uses its own unique citation style in its opinions, even though most of the justices and their law clerks obtained their legal education at law schools that use The Bluebook . Furthermore, many state courts have their own citation rules that take precedence over the guide for documents filed with those courts. Some of the local rules are simple modifications to The Bluebook system. Delaware 's Supreme Court has promulgated rules of citation for unreported cases markedly different from its standards, and custom in that state as to

5494-425: The law school, students may receive academic credit for their work on the law review, although some journals are entirely extracurricular. English and US law education in the early 19th century was dominated by the study of "discursive" treatises which examined older English case law. These treatises were written by eminent scholars of the era but had diminishing relevance to a newly founded nation. The treatise format

5576-456: The most prestigious of all, editor-in-chief of the law review. (Upon graduation, the editor-in-chief of the law review can often expect to be highly recruited by the most prestigious law firms.) As members, students are normally expected to edit and cite-check the articles that are being published by the law review, ensuring that references support what the author claims they support and that footnotes are in proper Bluebook format, depending on

5658-592: The most-cited law reviews by the High Court of Australia and among the most cited non-US reviews by US journals. The top international law journal in Australia is the Melbourne Journal of International Law , also a student-edited peer-reviewed academic law review. In Brazil, law reviews are usually run by academics as well, but there are efforts by students to change this; for example: University of Brasilia Law Students Review (re-established in 2007),

5740-574: The over 1,000 pages of the Chicago Manual of Style . Another dispute is over the copyright status of The Bluebook . Open-source advocates claim that The Bluebook is not protected under copyright because it is a critical piece of legal infrastructure. Lawyers who represent the Bluebook publishing consortium claim that the "carefully curated examples, explanations and other textual materials" are protected by copyright. A group led by Professor Christopher J. Sprigman at NYU Law School prepared

5822-429: The publication and promotion of such a work may infringe the Reviews' copyright rights in The Bluebook and The Bluebook Online, and may cause substantial, irreparable harm to the Reviews and their rights and interests in those works. ... [I]t is our client's position that the title BabyBlue , or any title consisting of or comprising the word "Blue", when used on or in connection with your work, would so resemble

5904-510: The publication's journalists. The success of the Harvard Law Review provided a model that was followed by later journals: faculty-written articles solicited and published by student editors. Yale Law Journal , first published in 1891, used this format to great success. Other contemporary journals were launched by faculty with varying degrees of student input including Dickinson Law Review in 1897. The West Virginia Bar ,

5986-448: The publication's preference. On some law reviews, students may be expected to write a note or comment of publishable quality (although it need not actually be published), although other law reviews often pull from a broader pool for submissions. The editorial staff is normally responsible for reviewing and selecting articles for publication, managing the editing process, and assisting members in writing their notes and comments. Depending on

6068-441: The sale of the Bluebook have been estimated "in the millions of dollars". A 2022 review of the Harvard Law Review's non-profit disclosures found that the Bluebook had made $ 1.2 million in profits in 2020, with The Harvard Law Review taking an 8.5% cut of profits for administrative services and the remainder split equally among the four law reviews. Profits from the Bluebook totaled $ 16 million between 2011 and 2020. Excluding

6150-435: The sample citations, all of the proofreading signs, and virtually all of the items in the long list of abbreviations. They both begin with the same sentence: “This pamphlet does not pretend to include a complete list of abbreviations or all the necessary data as to form.” The subtitle of the Bluebook is “Abbreviations and Form of Citation.” The Jones v. Smith Connecticut citation that is the basic case citation example used by

6232-573: The state's own style manual, but many practitioners and courts continue recommending the California Style Manual . An online-subscription version of The Bluebook was launched in 2008. A mobile version was launched in 2012 within the Rulebook app, which enables access for legal professionals to federal or state court rules, codes, and style manuals on iPad , and other mobile devices. The 21st edition of The Bluebook governs

6314-591: The style and formatting of various references and elements of a legal publication, including: While the legal citation manuals go as far back as 15th century ( Modus Legendi Abbreviaturas in Utroque Iure , c.  1475 ), there were very few examples prior to the 20th century; law professor Byron D. Cooper mentions only few short articles "Rules for Citation" ( The American Law Review , 1896) and "Methods of Citing Statute Law" (Ruppenthal, Law Library Journal , 1919). The Uniform System of Citations thus became

6396-558: The subject." In a 2011 Yale Law Journal article, he wrote: The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation exemplifies hypertrophy in the anthropological sense. It is a monstrous growth, remote from the functional need for legal citation forms, that serves obscure needs of the legal culture and its student subculture. He wrote that a cursory look at the Nineteenth Edition "put [him] in mind of Mr. Kurtz 's dying words in Heart of Darkness —'The horror! The horror!'" Posner personally uses

6478-434: Was Editor-in-Chief of the Yale Law Journal the year I was at the Harvard Law Review and he and I and two others [from Columbia and Pennsylvania] were the authors of the first edition of the Bluebook ." The cover of the 1926 A Uniform System of Citation was green. The color was "brown from the second (1928) edition through the fifth (1936) edition. It was only with the sixth (1939) edition that it became blue." In 1939,

6560-895: Was a lull in new journals broken in 1908 by publication of the Maine Law Review which unfortunately ceased publication when the school closed in 1920. The California Law Review , beginning in 1912, was the nation's first law review published west of Illinois. The Georgetown Law Journal was launched that same year. Additional US law reviews During the 1990s, the American Bar Association began coordinating its own practitioner journals with law schools, courting student editorial bodies for publications including Administrative Law Review , The International Lawyer , Public Contract Law Journal , and The Urban Lawyer . Some law reviews also consider race, gender, and other demographic characteristics of all or

6642-475: Was also unsuited to communicate the rapid decisions of a young court system to an expanding population of lawyers. By the 1850s a number of legal periodicals had arisen in the US which "typically highlighted recent court decisions, local news, and editorial comments". One of these periodicals, the American Law Register , was founded in 1852 and has been published continually since. Now known as

6724-538: Was announced that the project had changed its name to the Indigo Book . For the first 50 years of the Bluebook 's history, the Harvard Law Review kept 100 percent of the revenues. In 1974, the editors of the Columbia and University of Pennsylvania Law Reviews and the Yale Law Journal apparently discovered this, due to an indiscretion. They complained that Harvard was illegally keeping all profits from

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