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69-601: Between 1821 and 1823 its east side was mapped by William Edward Parry , who named the peninsula (along with Melville Island ) after Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville First Sea Lord of the Admirality. Since 1999, it has been part of Nunavut . Before that, it was part of the District of Franklin . Most of the peninsula lies in Nunavut's Qikiqtaaluk Region , while its southwesternmost section, around Repulse Bay, lies in

138-484: A cheap and effective method of preserving large amounts of food to create well-preserved military rations for the Grande Armée . The larger armies of the period required increased and regular supplies of quality food. Limited food availability was among the factors limiting military campaigns to the summer and autumn months. In 1809, Nicolas Appert , a French confectioner and brewer, observed that food cooked inside

207-441: A curled edge. A rubber compound is put inside the curl. The body and end are brought together in a seamer and held in place by the base plate and chuck, respectively. The base plate provides a sure footing for the can body during the seaming operation and the chuck fits snugly into the end (lid). The result is the countersink of the end sits inside the top of the can body just below the flange. The end curl protrudes slightly beyond

276-478: A group of men dragging a wooden cart to the north shore of the island which he named Hecla and Griper Bay . It was the first of August before the ships were able to float out of the harbour. They got as far west as 113°46'W before turning back. It was too late in the season and new ice was already beginning to form. They reached England in October 1820 having lost one man. Parry's voyage, which had taken him through

345-478: A jar did not spoil unless the seals leaked, and developed a method of sealing food in glass jars. Appert was awarded the prize in 1810 by Count Montelivert, a French minister of the interior. The reason for lack of spoilage was unknown at the time, since it would be another 50 years before Louis Pasteur demonstrated the role of microbes in food spoilage and developed pasteurization . The Grande Armée began experimenting with issuing canned foods to its soldiers, but

414-568: A pocket park but he is named on the west face of the Officers Monument in the centre of the area. Parry's character was influenced by his religiousness, and besides the journals of his different voyages he also wrote a Lecture to Seamen , and Thoughts on the Parental Character of God (1878, co-author). He was noted as "an evangelical [Christian] and an ardent advocate of moral reform in the navy." Parry also pioneered

483-458: A sheet of coated tin plate. To create the can body, rectangles are cut and curled around a die, and welded together creating a cylinder with a side seam. Rollers are then used to flare out one or both ends of the cylinder to create a quarter circle flange around the circumference. Precision is required to ensure that the welded sides are perfectly aligned, as any misalignment will cause inconsistent flange shape, compromising its integrity. A circle

552-455: A strong enough thermal heat treatment. C. botulinum prefers low oxygen environments and is a poor competitor to other bacteria, but its spores are resistant to thermal treatments. When a canned food is sterilized insufficiently, most other bacteria besides the C. botulinum spores are killed, and the spores can germinate and produce botulism toxin. Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness, leading to paralysis that typically starts with

621-500: A £5,000 award offered by Parliament. Finally blocked by ice they turned back to a place Parry called Winter Harbour on the south shore of Melville Island , somewhere near 107- or 108° W. Cutting their way through new ice the ships reached anchorage on 26 September. Here they were frozen in for the next 10 months. There were three months of total darkness and in the new year the temperature dropped to −54 °F (−48 °C). The men were kept busy with regular exercise while

690-570: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . William Edward Parry Sir William Edward Parry FRS (19 December 1790 – 8 July 1855) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer best known for his 1819–1820 expedition through the Parry Channel , probably the most successful in the long quest for the Northwest Passage , until it was finally negotiated by Roald Amundsen in 1906. In 1827, Parry attempted one of

759-430: Is now called a double seam. A can thus sealed is impervious to contamination by creating two tight continuous folds between the can's cylindrical body and the lids. This eliminated the need for solder and allowed improvements in manufacturing speed, reducing cost. Double seaming uses rollers to shape the can, lid and the final double seam. To make a sanitary can and lid suitable for double seaming, manufacture begins with

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828-489: Is perfectly dependable as a preservative. Sterilization is done after the can is sealed, so that both the container and the food are secured. The spores of the microorganism Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism ) can be eliminated only at temperatures above the boiling point of water. As a result, from a public safety point of view, foods with low acidity (a pH more than 4.6) need sterilization under high temperature (116–130 °C). To achieve temperatures above

897-404: Is the movement of substances from the can itself into the contents. Potential toxic substances that can migrate are lead, causing lead poisoning , or bisphenol A (BPA), a potential endocrine disruptor that is an ingredient in the epoxy commonly used to coat the inner surface of cans. Some cans are manufactured with a BPA-free enamel lining produced from plant oils and resins. In February 2018,

966-409: Is then cut from the sheet using a die cutter. The circle is shaped in a stamping press to create a downward countersink to fit snugly into the can body. The result can be compared to an upside down and very flat top hat . The outer edge is then curled down and around about 140 degrees using rollers to create the end curl. The result is a steel tube with a flanged edge, and a countersunk steel disc with

1035-747: The French Army began issuing canned French cuisine such as coq au vin , beef bourguignon , french onion soup , and Vichyssoise , while the Italian Army experimented with canned ravioli , spaghetti bolognese , minestrone , and pasta e fagioli . After the war, companies that had supplied military canned food began to improve the quality of their goods for civilian sale. The original fragile and heavy glass containers presented challenges for transportation, and glass jars were largely replaced in commercial canneries with cylindrical tin can or wrought-iron canisters (later shortened to "cans") following

1104-488: The Kivalliq Region . Communities on the peninsula include the hamlets of Naujaat and Sanirajak . The hamlet of Igloolik is located on an island lying just off the northeastern coast of the peninsula. Adjoining Igloolik is Igloolik Airport . 68°N 084°W  /  68°N 84°W  / 68; -84  ( Melville Peninsula ) This Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut location article

1173-484: The Northwest Passage . However, studies in 2013 and 2016 suggested that lead poisoning was likely not a factor, and that the crew's ill health may, in fact, have been due to malnutrition—specifically zinc deficiency—possibly due to a lack of meat in their diet. Increasing mechanization of the canning process, coupled with a huge increase in urban populations across Europe, resulted in a rising demand for canned food. A number of inventions and improvements followed, and by

1242-624: The Parry Channel three-quarters of the way across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago was probably the single most productive voyage in the quest for the Northwest Passage . Luck was on their side; 1819 was unusually ice-free and no ship was able to travel so far west until Edward Belcher 's expedition in 1850. A narrative of the expedition, entitled Journal of a Voyage to discover a North-west Passage , appeared in 1821, publisher John Murray paying 1,000  guineas for it. Upon his return Lieutenant Parry received promotion to

1311-524: The springback effect, a seam can appear loose, when in reality it was closed too tight and has opened up like a spring. For this reason, experienced operators and good seamer setup are critical to ensure that double seams are properly closed. Quality control usually involves taking full cans from the line – one per seamer head, at least once or twice per shift, and performing a teardown operation ( wrinkle / tightness ), mechanical tests (external thickness, seamer length/height and countersink) as well as cutting

1380-478: The 1819–1821 expedition. In 1930, a large sandstone rock at Winter Harbour on Melville Island marking Parry's 1819 wintering site, approximately 5.5-metre-long (18 ft) and 3-metre-high (9.8 ft), was designated a National Historic Site of Canada . Parry Street in Cooks Hill is named after him due to his work at the A A Company. Parry was cited as the author of some plant species of Greenland in

1449-535: The 1860s smaller machine-made steel cans were possible, and the time to cook food in sealed cans had been reduced from around six hours to thirty minutes. Canned food also began to spread beyond Europe—Robert Ayars established the first American canning factory in New York City in 1812, using improved tin-plated wrought-iron cans for preserving oysters , meats , fruits , and vegetables . Demand for canned food greatly increased during wars. Large-scale wars in

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1518-534: The Arctic in HMS Fury , during his search for a northwestern passage to India. In 1829, Admiral Sir James Ross also took canned food to the Arctic, as did Sir John Franklin in 1845. Some of his stores were found by the search expedition led by Captain (later Admiral Sir) Leopold McClintock in 1857. One of these cans was opened in 1939 and was edible and nutritious, though it was not analysed for contamination by

1587-551: The Can Manufacturers Institute, a trade association in the United States, surveyed the industry and reported that at least 90% of food cans no longer contained BPA. Salt (sodium chloride), dissolved in water, is used in the canning process, which helps prevent spoilage and can improve sensory characteristics. As a result, canned food can be a major source of dietary salt. Too much salt increases

1656-597: The Strait to the ice-filled Gulf of Boothia , the north end of which Parry had approached in 1819. When new ice began to form they went a short distance southeast and wintered at Igloolik . The ship was not freed from ice until 8 August. Since it was late in the season and there were signs of scurvy, Parry turned for home and reached Shetland in mid-October 1823. During his absence, he had been promoted to post rank in November ;1821, and shortly after his return he

1725-532: The acidity is enough to stop them from growing. Invented in 1888 by Max Ams, modern double seams provide an airtight seal to a can. This airtight nature is crucial to keeping micro-organisms out of the can and keeping the can's contents sealed inside. Thus, double seamed cans are also known as Sanitary Cans. Developed in 1900 in Europe, this sort of can was made of the traditional cylindrical body made with tin plate . The two ends ( lids ) were attached using what

1794-463: The boiling point requires the use of a pressure canner . Foods that must be pressure canned include most vegetables , meat , seafood , poultry , and dairy products. The only foods that may be safely canned in an ordinary boiling water bath are highly acidic ones with a pH below 4.6, such as fruits , pickled vegetables, or other foods to which acidic additives have been added. Although an ordinary boiling temperature does not kill botulism spores,

1863-476: The can could leak or spoil. One important part is the seamer setup. This process is usually performed by an experienced technician. among the parts that need setup are seamer rolls and chucks which have to be set in their exact position (using a feeler gauge or a clearance gauge ). The lifter pressure and position, roll and chuck designs, tooling wear, and bearing wear all contribute to a good double seam . Incorrect setups can be non-intuitive. For example, due to

1932-499: The canning process was slow and labour-intensive, as each large can had to be hand-made, and took up to six hours to cook, making canned food too expensive for ordinary people. The main market for the food at this stage was the British Army and Royal Navy . By 1817, Donkin recorded that he had sold £3000 worth of canned meat in six months. In 1824, Sir William Edward Parry took canned beef and pea soup with him on his voyage to

2001-682: The coast of the Melville Peninsula and wintered at the southeast corner of Winter Island . From the Inuit he learned that northward the coast turned west. In March and May Lyon led two sledging expeditions into the interior. Freed from the ice in July they then went north and found the Fury and Hecla Strait , which was ice-filled. They waited for the ice to clear, but it did not. In September Lieutenant Reid trekked 100 miles (160 km) west along

2070-530: The earliest expeditions to the North Pole . He reached 82° 45' N , setting a record for human exploration Farthest North that stood for nearly five decades before being surpassed at 83° 20' N by Albert Hastings Markham in 1875. Parry was born in Bath, Somerset , the son of Caleb Hillier Parry and Sarah Rigby. He was educated at King Edward's School . At the age of thirteen he joined

2139-546: The ensuing pressure. After 48 hours work on the pumps they made an attempt to deliberately beach the ship for repairs. Stores were unloaded, but by 25 August it was clear that the keel was broken and the advancing ice forced them to abort further efforts. Most of the stores were left on the beach and the crew taken on board the Hecla which reached England in October ;1825. Parry thought he could see open water south of

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2208-650: The expedition. In 1827, he reached 82°45′N, which remained the highest latitude attained for the next 49 years. He published an account of this journey under the title of Narrative of the Attempt to reach the North Pole, &c. . In April 1829 he was knighted. Parry served as Commissioner of the Australian Agricultural Company based at Tahlee on the northern shore of Port Stephens, New South Wales , from 1829 to 1834 . Parry

2277-561: The flagship of Admiral Sir William Cornwallis in the Channel fleet as a first-class volunteer, in 1806 became a midshipman, and in 1810 received promotion to the rank of lieutenant in the frigate Alexander , which spent the next three years in the protection of the Spitsbergen whale fishery. Parry took advantage of this opportunity for the study and practice of astronomical observations in northern latitudes, and afterwards published

2346-406: The flange. Once brought together in the seamer, the seaming head presses a first operation roller against the end curl. The end curl is pressed against the flange curling it in toward the body and under the flange. The flange is also bent downward, and the end and body are now loosely joined. The first operation roller is then retracted. At this point five thicknesses of steel exist in the seam. From

2415-504: The following documents: Canning Canning is a method of food preservation in which food is processed and sealed in an airtight container ( jars like Mason jars , and steel and tin cans ). Canning provides a shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, although under specific circumstances, it can be much longer. A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried lentils , could last as long as 30 years in an edible state. In 1974, samples of canned food from

2484-539: The food from being spoiled before and during containment, a number of methods are used: pasteurisation, boiling (and other applications of high temperature over a period of time), refrigeration, freezing, drying, vacuum treatment, antimicrobial agents that are natural to the recipe of the foods being preserved, a sufficient dose of ionizing radiation, submersion in a strong saline solution, acid, base, osmotically extreme (for example very sugary) or other microbially-challenging environments. Other than sterilization , no method

2553-544: The grocery store shelves. According to The Fruits of Empire: Art, Food and the Politics of Race in the Age of American Expansion by Shana Klein, "Workers also suffered injuries, specifically bruised knuckles and open sores, from trimming and packaging pineapples. Gloves were one preventative measure to protect a canner's hands from the acidity of the pineapple, but gloves did not always help." In canning toxicology, migration

2622-480: The lead solder used in its manufacture. During the mid-19th century, canned food became a status symbol among middle-class households in Europe , being something of a frivolous novelty . Early methods of manufacture employed poisonous lead solder for sealing the cans. Studies in the 1980s attributed the lead from the cans as a factor in the disastrous outcome of the 1845 Franklin expedition to chart and navigate

2691-426: The list of food items that are stocked during emergencies. In the beginning of the 19th century the process of canning foods was mainly done by small canneries. These canneries were full of overlooked sanitation problems, such as poor hygiene and unsanitary work environments. Since the refrigerator did not exist and industrial canning standards were not set in place it was very common for contaminated cans to slip onto

2760-564: The mail, instead of naval vessels, on a regular schedule. He attained the rank of rear-admiral in 1852, and in the following year became a governor of Greenwich Hospital , and retained this post until his death. He died after a long illness at Bad Ems in Germany on 8 July 1855 , but his body was returned to London for burial. He is buried in Greenwich Hospital Cemetery. The cemetery is now largely cleared to create

2829-450: The metal-to-metal contact will not maintain a hermetic seal. In most cases, a rubberized compound is placed inside the end curl radius, forming the critical seal between the end and the body. Probably the most important innovation since the introduction of double seams is the welded side seam. Prior to the welded side seam, the can body was folded and/or soldered together, leaving a relatively thick side seam. The thick side seam required that

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2898-514: The muscles of the face and then spreads towards the limbs. The botulinum toxin is extremely dangerous because it cannot be detected by sight or smell, and ingestion of even a small amount of the toxin can be deadly. In severe forms, it leads to paralysis of the breathing muscles and causes respiratory failure . In view of this life-threatening complication, all suspected cases of botulism are treated as medical emergencies , and public health officials are usually involved to prevent further cases from

2967-842: The nineteenth century, such as the Crimean War , American Civil War , and Franco-Prussian War , introduced increasing numbers of working-class men to canned food, and allowed canning companies to expand their businesses to meet military demands for non-perishable food, enabling companies to manufacture in bulk and sell to wider civilian markets after wars ended. Urban populations in Victorian Britain demanded ever-increasing quantities of cheap, varied, quality food that they could keep at home without having to go shopping daily. In response, companies such as Underwood , Nestlé , Heinz , and others provided quality canned food for sale to working class city-dwellers. The late 19th century saw

3036-747: The north end of Baffin Island. Partly as a result, Parry was given command of a new expedition in HMS ; Hecla , accompanied by the slower HMS  Griper under Matthew Liddon. Others on the expedition were Edward Sabine , science officer and Frederick William Beechey . For protection from ice the ships were clad with 3-inch (7.6 cm) oak, had iron plates on their bows and internal cross-beams. They also carried food in tin cans , an invention so new that there were as yet no can openers . Instead of taking Ross's route anti-clockwise around Baffin Bay (which Ross

3105-503: The officers put on plays and produced a newspaper. The first case of scurvy was reported in January and by March fourteen men were on the sick list, about half with mild scurvy. Parry carried mustard and cress seeds and planted them in his cabin. The leaves seemed to help. There was some excitement in early March when the first melt water appeared, but by the end of the month the ice was still 6 feet (2 m) thick. In June Parry led

3174-402: The outside in they are: The seaming head then engages the second operation roller against the partly formed seam. The second operation presses all five steel components together tightly to form the final seal. The five layers in the final seam are then called; a) End, b) Body Hook, c) Cover Hook, d) Body, e) Countersink. All sanitary cans require a filling medium within the seam because otherwise

3243-493: The performance of each head or seaming station of the can seamer allows for better prediction of can seamer issues, and may be used to plan maintenance when convenient, rather than to simply react after bad or unsafe cans have been produced. Canning is a way of processing food to extend its shelf life . The idea is to make food available and edible long after the processing time. A 1997 study found that canned fruits and vegetables are as rich with dietary fiber and vitamins as

3312-423: The previous voyage led to improvements. The two vessels were nearly identical since Gripper had not been able to keep up with Hecla , and all the equipment was made to be entirely interchangeable. They had cork insulation, cork plugs for the portholes and an improved heating system, coal-burning stove , placed in the lowest deck to deal with cold and condensation. The men were issued better clothing and lemon juice

3381-460: The range of canned food available to urban populations greatly increase, as canners competed with each other using novel foodstuffs, highly decorated printed labels, and lower prices. Demand for canned food skyrocketed during World War I , as military commanders sought vast quantities of cheap, high- calorie food to feed their millions of soldiers, which could be transported safely, survive trench conditions, and not spoil in transport. Throughout

3450-556: The rank of commander. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in February 1821. In April 1821 he again left for the Arctic commanding HMS  Fury accompanied by HMS  Hecla under George Francis Lyon . Others with him were George Fisher , scientist and chaplain, William Hooper, purser and diarist, lieutenant Henry Parkyns Hoppner and then midshipmen Francis Crozier and James Clark Ross . Experience from

3519-567: The results of his studies in a small volume on Nautical Astronomy by Night . From 1813 to 1817 he served on the North American Station . In 1818 he received command of the brig Alexander in the Arctic expedition under Captain John Ross . This expedition followed the coast of Baffin Bay without making any new discoveries. Parry and many others thought that Ross was wrong to turn back after entering Lancaster Sound at

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3588-636: The risk of health problems, including high blood pressure . Therefore, health authorities have recommended limitations of dietary sodium. Many canned products are available in low-salt and no-salt alternatives. Rinsing thoroughly after opening may reduce the amount of salt in canned vegetables, since much of the salt content is thought to be in the liquid, rather than the food itself. Foodborne botulism results from contaminated foodstuffs in which C. botulinum spores have been allowed to germinate and produce botulism toxin, and this typically occurs in canned non-acidic food substances that have not received

3657-432: The same corresponding fresh or frozen foods, and in some cases the canned products are richer than their fresh or frozen counterparts. The heating process during canning appears to make dietary fiber more soluble, and therefore more readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts. Canned tomatoes have a higher available lycopene content. Consequently, canned meat and vegetables are often among

3726-536: The same source. Canned goods and canning supplies sell particularly well in times of recession due to the tendency of financially stressed individuals to engage in cocooning , a term used by retail analysts to describe the phenomenon in which people choose to stay at home instead of adding expenditures to their budget by dining out and socializing outside the home. . Also, some people may become preppers and proceed to stockpile canned food. A doomer would also be interested in stockpiling canned food upon learning about

3795-464: The seam open with a twin blade saw and measuring with a double seam inspection system. The combination of these measurements will determine the seam's quality. Use of a statistical process control (SPC) software in conjunction with a manual double-seam monitor, computerized double seam scanner, or even a fully automatic double seam inspection system makes the laborious process of double seam inspection faster and much more accurate. Statistically tracking

3864-468: The side seam end juncture at the end curl to have more metal to curl around before closing in behind the Body Hook or flange, with a greater opportunity for error. Many different parts during the seaming process are critical in ensuring that a can is airtight and vacuum sealed. The dangers of a can that is not hermetically sealed are contamination by foreign objects (bacteria or fungicide sprays), or that

3933-545: The slow process of canning and the even slower development and transport stages prevented the army from shipping large amounts across the French Empire , and the wars ended before the process was perfected. Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the canning process was gradually employed in other European countries and the United States. Based on Appert's methods of food preservation, the tin can process

4002-570: The use of canning techniques for food preservation on his Arctic voyages. However, his techniques were not infallible: in 1939 viable spores of certain heat-resistant bacteria were found in canned roast veal that had travelled with Parry to the Arctic Circle in 1824. The crater Parry on the Moon was named after him, as were Parry County, New South Wales , Parry Sound, Ontario , and the optical phenomenon Parry arc , documented by him during

4071-462: The war, British soldiers generally subsisted on low-quality canned food, such as the British bully beef , pork and beans , canned sausages, and Maconochie's stew , but by 1916, widespread dissatisfaction and increasing complaints about the poor quality canned food among soldiers resulted in militaries seeking better-quality food to improve morale, and complete meals-in-a-can began to appear. In 1917,

4140-492: The work of Peter Durand (1810). Cans are cheaper and quicker to make, and much less fragile than glass jars. Can openers were not invented for another thirty years. At first, soldiers would cut the cans open with bayonets or smash them open with rocks. Today, tin-coated steel is the material most commonly used. Aseptically processed retort pouches are also used for canning. Glass jars have remained popular for some high-value products and in home canning . To prevent

4209-780: The wreck of the Bertrand , a steamboat that sank in the Missouri River in 1865, were tested by the National Food Processors Association . Although appearance, smell, and vitamin content had deteriorated, there was no trace of microbial growth and the 109-year-old food was determined to be still safe to eat. Shortly before the Napoleonic Wars , the French government offered a hefty cash award of 12,000 francs to any inventor who could devise

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4278-422: The wreck site. He published an account of this voyage in 1826. The wreck site, Fury Beach, near 72°30′N 92°30′W  /  72.500°N 92.500°W  / 72.500; -92.500  ( Fury Beach ) where the coast turns west became an important landmark. Sir John Ross reached it in 1829. He found the hulk gone and many stores, Fury ' s boats and anchors piled on the beach. When his ship

4347-423: Was a bad year for ice and he did not reach Lancaster Sound until 10 September. He entered Prince Regent Inlet but after 60 miles (97 km) of ice he was forced to winter at a place he called Port Bowen on the eastern shore. In late July 1825 they freed themselves from the ice, but 60 miles (97 km) further south they were caught by wind and ice and the Fury was driven against the western shore and damaged by

4416-504: Was allegedly developed by Frenchman Philippe de Girard , who came to London and used British merchant Peter Durand as an agent to patent his own idea in 1810. Durand did not pursue food canning himself, selling his patent in 1811 to Bryan Donkin and John Hall , who were in business as Donkin Hall and Gamble, of Bermondsey . Bryan Donkin developed the process of packaging food in sealed airtight cans, made of tinned wrought iron. Initially,

4485-482: Was appointed acting Hydrographer of the Navy . His Journal of a Second Voyage, &c. , appeared in 1824. In May 1824 he left London in the Hecla accompanied by Henry Parkyns Hoppner in the Fury . With them were Horatio Thomas Austin , James Clark Ross , Francis Crozier and William Hooper. The goal this time was Prince Regent Inlet at the west end of Baffin Island where he had been blocked by ice in 1819. It

4554-457: Was charting) he was able to cross the bay straight to Lancaster Sound. Fighting his way through ice he reached clear water on 28 July and entered Lancaster Sound. He passed Ross's farthest west and kept going. Blocked by heavy ice, they went south for more than 100 miles (160 km) into Prince Regent Inlet before turning back. Continuing west they passed 110° W (about 600 miles (970 km) west of Lancaster Strait) which entitled them to

4623-506: Was frozen in further south he depended on those stores before being rescued. In 1850, Charles Codrington Forsyth reached it but was blocked by ice. In the following year Parry obtained the sanction of the Admiralty for an attempt on the North Pole from the northern shores of Spitsbergen at Sjuøyane . On 23 October 1826 , Parry married Isabella Louisa Stanley, daughter of John Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley , before undertaking

4692-488: Was stored in kegs rather than glass bottles. The goal this time was to find a passage near the northwest end of Hudson Bay. After working slowly through the ice of Hudson Strait he headed directly west to Frozen Strait which Christopher Middleton had found impassable in 1742. He passed Frozen Strait in a fog and found himself in Repulse Bay which he re-checked and found land-locked. He then ran northeast and mapped

4761-602: Was subsequently selected for the post of comptroller of the newly created department of steam machinery of the Navy, and held this office until his retirement from active service in 1846, when he was appointed captain-superintendent of Haslar Hospital . He reorganised the packet service , which had been transferred from the Post Office to the Admiralty in January ;1837. Steamship companies were contracted to carry

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