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53-663: The SSK was the last car designed for Mercedes-Benz by Ferdinand Porsche before he left to found his own company . The SSK is an evolution of the 1927 Modell S (S for Sport) which was based on the Modell K (K for "Kurzer Radstand" which means short wheelbase) variant of the Mercedes-Benz Typ 630 . The SSK chassis was 19 inches (480 mm) shorter than the Modell S to make the car even lighter and more agile for racing , especially short races and hillclimbs. Fitted with

106-782: A generator which in turn drove the electric wheel hub motors . As a backup a small battery pack was fitted. This is the first petroleum-electric hybrid vehicle on record. Since sufficiently reliable gears and couplings were not available at the time, he chose to make it a series-hybrid , an arrangement now more common in diesel–electric or turbo-electric railway locomotives than in automobiles. Though over 300 Lohner–Porsche chassis were sold up to 1906, most of them were two-wheel drive; either front- or rear-wheel driven trucks, buses and fire-engines. Some four wheel drive buses were produced, but no four wheel drive automobiles. The vehicles achieved speeds of up to 56 kilometres per hour (35 mph), broke several Austrian speed records, and also won

159-537: A royalty on every Volkswagen Beetle manufactured. This provided Porsche with a comfortable income as more than 20 million Type I were built. In November 1950, Porsche visited the Wolfsburg Volkswagen factory for the first time since the end of World War II. Porsche spent his visit chatting with Volkswagen president Heinrich Nordhoff about the future of VW Beetles, which were already being produced in large numbers. A few weeks later, Porsche suffered

212-402: A steel body, welded to the central-tube platform chassis, instead of the aluminium body used in the initial limited Gmünd-made series. When Ferry Porsche resurrected the company he counted on series production figures of about 1,500. More than 78,000 Porsche 356s were manufactured in the following 17 years. Porsche was later contracted by Volkswagen for additional consulting work and received

265-594: A stroke . He did not fully recover, and died on 30 January 1951. In 1996, Porsche was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame and in 1999 posthumously won the award of Car Engineer of the Century . Porsche visited Henry Ford 's operation in Detroit many times where he learned the importance of productivity. There he learned to monitor work. He was also surprised at how

318-473: A supercharged single overhead camshaft 7-litre straight-6 engine producing 200–300 metric horsepower (150–220  kW ) and over 500 lb⋅ft (680 N⋅m) of torque (depending on the state of tune ), the SSK had a top speed of up to 120 miles per hour (190 km/h), making it the fastest car of its day. The supercharger on the SSK's engine was operated by a clutch that was engaged by fully depressing

371-509: A certificate with the Order. The badge of the Order, a round four-pointed platinum star with four gold National Eagles attached, was designed by Berlin sculptor Hermann Müller-Erfurt. It was to be worn on the left breast. In the centre is a medallion with a red enameled centre with the gold head of Pallas Athene . On an ivory-coloured enameled background in gold letters was the inscription FÜR KUNST UND WISSENSCHAFT (For Art and Science). This

424-495: A contract from Hitler to design a people's car (or " Volkswagen " ), following on from his previous designs such as the 1931 Type 12 car designed for Zündapp . The first two prototypes were completed in 1935. These were followed by several further pre-production batches during 1936 to 1939. The car was similar to the contemporary designs of Hans Ledwinka of Tatra , in particular the Tatra V570 and Tatra 97 . This resulted in

477-564: A heated exchange both on and off the racing track between the two companies for the period until World War II. Having obtained state funds, Auto Union bought Hochleistungs Motor GmbH and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁, relocating the company to Chemnitz . As Porsche became more involved with the construction of the Wolfsburg factory, he handed over his racing projects to his son, Ferry. The dominance of

530-682: A lawsuit against Porsche claiming infringement of Tatra's patents regarding air-cooling of the rear engine. The suit was interrupted by the German invasion of Czechoslovakia : several years after World War II Volkswagen paid a settlement. Since being engaged by the National-Socialist authorities in building the Volksauto , Porsche was praised as the Great German Engineer . Hitler considered Czechs subhuman and Porsche

583-762: A recipient of the German National Prize for Art and Science , the SS-Ehrenring and the War Merit Cross . Porsche was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1996 and was named the Car Engineer of the Century in 1999. Ferdinand Porsche was born to Anna Porsche (née Ehrlich) and Anton Porsche, in Maffersdorf (Vratislavice nad Nisou) in northern Bohemia , part of Austria-Hungary at that time, and today part of

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636-739: A referral, Porsche landed a job with the Béla Egger & Co. Electrical company in Vienna (later Brown Boveri , now ABB ), and moved there in 1893, at age 18. While working in Vienna, he enrolled as a part-time student at what is now the Vienna University of Technology , and went there whenever he could after work. Besides attending classes there, Porsche did not complete any formal engineering education. During his five years with Béla Egger , he built their first electric wheel-hub motor ,

689-716: A seat at Mercedes, accepted the invitation of Rosenberger to join him, von Oertzen and Porsche in approaching the Chancellor. In a meeting in the Reich Chancellery , Hitler agreed with Porsche that for the glory of Germany, it would be better for two companies to take part in the racing car project, resulting in Hitler agreeing to split the money between Mercedes and Auto Union with 250,000  ℛ︁ℳ︁ to each company. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had already developed their Mercedes-Benz W25 , and resulted in

742-544: A serious problem, reducing the effectiveness of the vehicles, and forcing crews to destroy many otherwise operational vehicles. In November 1945, Porsche was asked to continue the design of the Volkswagen in France and to move the factory equipment there as part of war reparations . Whilst in France, Porsche was also asked to consult on the design/manufacture of the upcoming Renault 4CV , which led to serious conflict with

795-422: A subsidiary company, Hochleistungs Motor GmbH (High Performance Engines Ltd.), to develop a racing car for which he had no customer. Based on Max Wagner's mid-engined layout the 1923 Benz Tropfenwagen , or "Teardrop" aerodynamic design, the experimental P-Wagen project racing car (P stood for Porsche) was designed according to the regulations of the 750 kg formula. The main regulation of this formula

848-565: The Panzerjäger Tiger (P) and known by the nickname "Ferdinand". The Ferdinand was driven by a hybrid electric powertrain, and was armed with a long barrel development of the 88mm anti-aircraft gun. The most common reason for losses was because the vehicle became stuck or broke down, and so the crews often had to destroy their own vehicles to avoid allowing them to be captured. It had a kill ratio of nearly 10:1, but as with most German wartime vehicles, lack of supplies made maintenance

901-547: The Silver Arrows of both brands was only stopped by the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Porsche produced a heavy tank design in 1942, the VK4501 also known as "Tiger (P)". Due to the complex nature of the drive system, a competing design from Henschel was chosen for production instead. Ninety chassis that had already been built were converted into self-propelled anti-tank guns; these were put into service in 1943 as

954-661: The Czech Republic . Ferdinand was his parents' third child. His father was a master panel-beater . Ferdinand showed a great aptitude for technology and was especially intrigued by electricity from a young age. He was already attending classes at the Imperial Polytechnical College in Reichenberg ( Czech : Liberec - some 5 km (3 mi) from his home) at night, while still helping his father in his mechanical shop by day. Thanks to

1007-868: The Mercedes-Benz SSK dominated its class of motor racing in the 1920s. In 1926, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft and Benz & Cie merged into Daimler-Benz , with their joint products beginning to be called Mercedes-Benz . However, Porsche's ideas for a small, light-weight Mercedes-Benz car was not popular with Daimler-Benz's board. He left in 1929 for Steyr Automobile , but due to the Great Depression Porsche ended up being made redundant. In April 1931, Porsche returned to Stuttgart and founded his consulting firm Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche GmbH, Konstruktionen und Beratungen für Motoren und Fahrzeugbau (designs and consulting services for motors and vehicles). With financial backing from his son-in-law

1060-626: The 1930 Irish Grand Prix, the 1931 German Grand Prix, and the 1931 Mille Miglia . The S/SS/SSK line was one of the nominees in the penultimate round of voting for the Car of the Century award in 1999, as chosen by a panel of 132 motoring journalists and a public internet vote. Only 33 SSKs were built during its production span, of which about half were sold as Rennwagen (racing cars). Many were crashed while racing and subsequently cannibalised for parts. Only four or five entirely original models remain, and their scarcity and rich heritage make them among

1113-565: The 1933 Berlin Motor Show German Chancellor Adolf Hitler announced his intention to motorize the nation, with every German owning either a car or a tractor in the future, and unveiled two new programs: the "people's car", and a state-sponsored motor racing programme to develop a "high speed German automotive industry"; to facilitate this, Mercedes-Benz were to be given an annual grant of 500,000  ℛ︁ℳ︁ . In June 1934, Porsche received

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1166-759: The 2007 Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este . Ferdinand Porsche Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an Austrian-Bohemian-German automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche AG . He is best known for creating the first gasoline – electric hybrid vehicle ( Lohner–Porsche ), the Volkswagen Beetle , the Auto Union racing cars , the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK , and several other important developments and Porsche automobiles. An important contributor to

1219-569: The Austrian attorney Anton Piëch and Adolf Rosenberger , Porsche successfully recruited several former co-workers he had befriended at his former places of employment, including Karl Rabe , Erwin Komenda , Franz Xaver Reimspiess , and his son, Ferry Porsche . Their first project was the design of a middle class car for Wanderer . Other commissioned designs followed. As the business grew, Porsche decided to work on his own design as well, which

1272-540: The Exelberg Rally in 1901, with Porsche himself driving a front-wheel drive hybrid. It was later upgraded with more powerful engines from Daimler and Panhard , which proved to be enough to gain more speed records. In 1905 Porsche was awarded the Pötting prize as Austria's most outstanding automotive engineer. In 1902, he was drafted into military service. He served as a chauffeur to Archduke Franz Ferdinand ,

1325-789: The German war effort during World War II , Porsche was involved in the production of advanced tanks such as the VK 45.01 (P) , the Elefant (initially called "Ferdinand") self-propelled gun, and the Panzer VIII Maus super-heavy tank, as well as other weapon systems, including the V-1 flying bomb . Porsche was a member of the Nazi Party and an officer of the Schutzstaffel (SS). He was

1378-506: The Porsche family's own account, the affair was a thinly-veiled attempt at extorting money and forcing them to collaborate with Renault. But the family was deceptive about the use of forced labor and the size of their wartime operation. It was later shown that approximately 300 forced laborers were employed, including Poles and Russians. During the war, it was common practice for German factories of this size (about 1000 workers) to use what

1431-471: The banks would not give them credit, as the company's plant was still under American embargo and could not serve as collateral, they did still possess considerable resources. So Ferry Porsche took one of the limited series 356 models from Gmünd and visited Volkswagen dealers to raise some orders. He asked the dealers to pay for the ordered cars in advance. The series production version made in Stuttgart had

1484-636: The concept for which had been developed by American inventor Wellington Adams, and Porsche also raced it, in 1897. After the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I , he chose Czechoslovak citizenship. In 1934, either Adolf Hitler or Joseph Goebbels made Porsche a naturalized German citizen. In 1897 or 1898, Porsche joined the Vienna-based factory Jakob Lohner & Company , which produced coaches for Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria as well as for

1537-479: The development of German automobiles and German auto racing, when Hitler came to power in Germany, Rosenberger, a Jew, was arrested for "Rassenschande" (racial crimes), and imprisoned at KZ Schloss Kislau near Karlsruhe and forced to forfeit his stake in the company. He was released, by the goodwill of a colleague, Hans Baron Veyder Mahlberg who bribed Gestapo agents, but he was forced to leave Germany immediately. At

1590-458: The first three places, and the car is still better known by the nickname "Prince Henry" than by its model name "Modell 27/80". He also created a 30 horsepower model called the Maja, named after Mercedes Jellinek 's younger sister, Andrée Maja (or Maia) Jellinek. Porsche had advanced to managing director by 1916 and received an honorary doctorate from the Vienna University of Technology in 1916:

1643-576: The heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination has been credited with contributing to the start of WWI. In 1906, Austro-Daimler recruited Ferdinand Porsche as their chief designer. Porsche's best known Austro-Daimler car was designed for the Prince Henry Trial in 1910, named after Wilhelm II 's younger brother Prince Heinrich of Prussia . Examples of this streamlined, 85 horsepower (63 kW) car won

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1696-534: The latter award after the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize retrospectively in November 1936 to an anti-Nazi German writer, Carl von Ossietzky .) The German National Prize was to be awarded each year to three outstanding German citizens who would each receive 100,000 Reichsmarks which could be equally divided. Along with the prize money the recipient also received

1749-570: The monarchs of the UK, Sweden, and Romania. Jakob Lohner had begun construction of automobiles in 1896 under Ludwig Lohner in the trans- Danubian suburb of Floridsdorf . Their first design — unveiled in Vienna, Austria, on 26 June 1898 — was the Egger–Lohner vehicle (also referred to as the C.2 Phaeton). The Egger–Lohner was a carriage-like car driven by two electric motors within the front wheel hubs, powered by batteries. This drivetrain construction

1802-553: The most sought after cars in the world; a 1929 model was auctioned at Bonhams in Chichester in September 2004 for £4.17 million (US$ 7.4 million), making it the second most expensive automobile ever sold at that time. Another SSK, a streamlined " Count Trossi "–bodied version (see photo) owned and restored by fashion designer Ralph Lauren , has won best of show at both the 1993 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance and

1855-646: The name of Porsche. Moreover, Porsche AG removed cars that it had previously provided for the museum. German National Prize for Art and Science Through statutes of 30 January 1937, the German Führer Adolf Hitler instituted the German National Order for Art and Science ( German : Der Deutscher Nationalorden für Kunst und Wissenschaft ) as a replacement for the Nobel Prize (Hitler forbade Germans to accept

1908-649: The plant. In addition to its work with Cisitalia, the company also started on a new design, the Porsche 356 , the first car to carry the Porsche brand name. The company had relocated from Stuttgart to Gmünd in Carinthia to avoid Allied bombing. The company started manufacturing the Porsche 356 in an old saw mill in Gmünd. The Gmünd factory made only 49 cars, entirely by hand. The Porsche family returned to Stuttgart in 1949 not knowing how to restart their business. While

1961-417: The rank of SS-Oberführer , and during the war, he was further decorated with the SS-Ehrenring and awarded the War Merit Cross . As the war progressed his proposed solutions to new developments became more complex and he gained a reputation in certain circles as a "mad scientist" especially with Albert Speer (mainly due to his newfound affinity for "pointy" designs). A new city, "Stadt des KdF-Wagens"

2014-667: The recently appointed head of Renault, the former resistance hero, Pierre Lefaucheux . Differences within the French government and objections from the French automotive industry put a halt to the Volkswagen project before it had even begun. On 15 December 1945, French authorities arrested Porsche, Anton Piëch , and Ferry Porsche as war criminals . While Ferry was freed after six months, Ferdinand and Anton were imprisoned first in Baden-Baden and then in Paris and Dijon. While his father

2067-429: The throttle pedal and then giving the pedal an extra push. Backing off the throttle pedal disengaged the supercharger clutch. The SSK was driven to victory in numerous races, including in 1929 the 500 Miles of Argentina, the 1929 and 1930 Cordoba Grands Prix, the 1931 Argentine Grand Prix, and, in the hands of legendary Grand Prix racing driver Rudolf Caracciola , the 1929 Ulster Tourist Trophy race (Ards road circuit),

2120-487: The title "Dr. Ing. h.c." is an abbreviation of " Doktor Ingenieur Honoris Causa ". Porsche successfully continued to construct racing cars, winning 43 out of 53 races with his 1922 design. In 1923, Porsche left Austro-Daimler after differences ensued about the future direction of car development. A few months later Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft hired Porsche to serve as Technical Director in Stuttgart , Germany , which

2173-410: The workers and the managers treated each other as equals; even he, as a visiting dignitary, had to carry his own tray in the cafeteria and eat with the workers. The need to increase productivity became a primary interest of Porsche's. Conventional methods for increasing productivity included longer working hours, a faster rate of work, and new labour-saving techniques. Originally, the Volkswagen project

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2226-431: Was a development of the small car concept from his days at Daimler-Benz in Stuttgart. He financed the project with a loan on his life insurance. Later Zündapp decided to help sponsor the project, but lost interest after their success with motorcycles. NSU then took over the sponsorship, but also lost interest due to the high tooling costs. With car commissions scarce due to the depressed economic climate, Porsche founded

2279-418: Was a severe shortcoming. Though it "showed wonderful speed when it was allowed to sprint", the weight of the batteries rendered it slow to climb hills. It also suffered from limited range due to limited battery life. Still employed by Lohner, Porsche introduced the " Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid" in 1901: instead of a massive battery-pack, an internal combustion engine built by the German firm Daimler drove

2332-512: Was already a major center for the German automotive industry. In 1924, he received another honorary doctorate from the Stuttgart Technical University for his work at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft in Stuttgart and was later given the honorary title of Professor. While at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft he came up with several very successful race car designs. The series of models equipped with superchargers that culminated in

2385-517: Was easily expanded to four-wheel drive , by mounting two more electric motors to the rear wheels, and a four-motor example was ordered by Englishman E. W. Hart in 1900. In December that year, the car was displayed at the Paris World Exhibition under the name Toujours-Contente. Even though this one-off vehicle had been commissioned for the purposes of racing and record-breaking, its 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) of lead–acid batteries

2438-483: Was essentially slave labor, often with Slavic prisoners of war, who were frequently worked to death. The post-war French government required a payment of one million francs, variously described as ransom or bail, for the release of Piëch and Porsche. Initially unable to obtain this amount of money, the family eventually raised it through their contract with Cisitalia. During a trial, witnesses were brought forward to testify that no French prisoners had been imported to work at

2491-591: Was founded near Fallersleben for the Volkswagen factory, but wartime production concentrated almost exclusively on the military Kübelwagen and Schwimmwagen variants. Mass production of the car, which later became known as the Beetle, began after the end of the war. The city is named Wolfsburg today and is still the headquarters of the Volkswagen Group . German racing driver Hans Stuck had met Hitler before he became Chancellor, and not being able to gain

2544-525: Was in captivity, Ferry worked diligently to keep the company in business, developing a division for the repair of automobiles, water pumps, and winches . A contract with Piero Dusio was completed for a Grand Prix motor racing car, the Type 360 Cisitalia . The innovative 4WD design never raced. The legal basis of Piëch and Porsche's imprisonment was principally Ferdinand Porsche's contribution to his country's war effort and personal friendship with Hitler. In

2597-476: Was promoting Nazism by displaying signs commemorating its native son, in 2013 the town authorities removed the signs and changed the content of a local exhibition so that it would cover not only his automotive achievements, but also his Nazi party and SS membership, and the importance of his work for the Nazi war cause. The move was criticized by the local association of Porsche car owners as silly and intent on smearing

2650-634: Was surrounded by diamonds set in a gold border. The total number of National Prizes awarded between 1937 and 1939 was nine, making it the rarest award given in Nazi Germany . Due to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe in 1939, no further awards were made. The German National Prize was awarded to nine people. The award announcement was held on 7 September 1937 and the award ceremony took place on 30 January 1938 by Adolf Hitler in

2703-557: Was that the weight of the car without driver, fuel, oil, water and tires was not allowed to exceed 750 kg (1,650 lb). In 1932, Auto Union Gmbh was formed, consisting of struggling auto manufacturers Audi , DKW , Horch and Wanderer . The chairman of the Board of Directors, Baron Klaus von Oertzen wanted a showpiece project, so at fellow director Adolf Rosenberger's insistence, von Oertzen met with Porsche, who had done work for him before. Despite Rosenberger's contribution to

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2756-624: Was to be a collaboration of the existing German auto manufacturers, but they bowed out of the project, and a complete workforce was needed. The Volkswagen plant was completed in 1938 after Italian labour was brought in. Volkswagen, under Ferdinand Porsche, profited from forced labour . This included a large number of Soviets. By early 1945, German nationals only made up 10% of Volkswagen's workforce. Following protests from local World War II survivors that Porsche's birthplace Maffersdorf in Austrian Bohemia, now Czech Vratislavice nad Nisou ,

2809-597: Was urged to apply for German citizenship in 1934. A few days later, he indeed filed a declaration giving up the Czechoslovak citizenship at a Czechoslovak consulate in Stuttgart . In 1937, he joined the Nazi Party (becoming member no. 5,643,287 ) as well as the SS . By 1938, he was using the SS as security personnel and drivers at his factory, and later set up a special unit called SS Sturmwerk Volkswagen . In 1942, he reached

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