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34-727: Although other indigenous groups also fought against the Spanish in the Mixtón War, the Caxcanes were the "heart and soul" of the resistance. The Caxcanes lived in the northern part of the present-day Mexican state of Jalisco , in southern Zacatecas , and Aguascalientes . They are often considered part of the Chichimeca , a generic term used by the Spaniards and Aztecs for all the nomadic and semi-nomadic Native Americans living in

68-536: A Zacateco . The first attack of the Spanish was repulsed with 10 Spaniards and many indigenous allies killed. Subsequent attacks by Alvarado were also unsuccessful and on June 24 Alvarado was injured when a horse fell on him. He died on July 4. Emboldened, the natives attacked the city of Guadalajara in September but were repulsed. The indigenous army retired to Nochistlán and other strongpoints. The Spanish authorities were now thoroughly alarmed and feared that

102-497: A distinct people. They would later serve as auxiliaries to Spanish soldiers in their continued advance northward. Spanish expansion after the Mixtón War would lead to the longer and even more bloody Chichimeca War (1550–1590). The Spanish were forced to change their policy from one of forcibly subjugating the native population to accommodation and gradual absorption, a process taking centuries. The Caxcanes possibly survive into

136-508: A guerilla until 1550. In early 1542 the stronghold of Mixtón fell to the Spaniards and the rebellion was over. In the aftermath of the natives' defeat, "thousands were dragged off in chains to the mines, and many of the survivors (mostly women and children) were transported from their homelands to work on Spanish farms and haciendas.". By the viceroy's order, many of those captured after the fall of Mixtón were executed, some by cannon fire, some torn apart by dogs, and others stabbed. The reports of

170-708: A partly nomadic , partly sedentary people. Under their leader, Tenamaztle , the Caxcan were allied with the Zacatecos against the Spaniards during the Mixtón Rebellion in 1540-42. During the rebellion, they were described as "the heart and the center of the Indian Rebellion". After the rebellion, they were a constant target of the Zacatecos and Guachichiles due to their ceasefire agreement with

204-472: A relationship. The Gardenia flower (recent tradition, modern tradition, the colorful confetti) symbolizes the beauty of the woman just as flowers (recent tradition, modern tradition, colors) are beautiful. This tradition originally began to honor women and moreover, to make them feel appreciated by men. The Virgin of Toyahua is a respected figure in Nochistlán because she is known to grant miracles. Most of

238-597: Is a city in the Mexican state of Zacatecas . Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán , on December 3, 1531, hired Cristóbal de Oñate to establish a village in Nochistlán; the village would be named Guadalajara to honor Guzmán for having been born in Guadalajara. Guadalajara was founded in Nochistlán on January 5, 1532. Its first officials were Cristóbal de Oñate, Sancho Ortiz de Zúñiga, Juan de Albornoz and Miguel de Ibarra. They worked at this project for only 16 months and created

272-403: Is known for its traditions as well as its music. It is also often referred to as, la tierra de los músicos ('the land of musicians'). Nochistlán has been given this nickname because within the town there is always music playing. In fact, Nochistlán's music is one of the main reasons tourists visit so much, aside from the beautiful architecture. There are 3 main activities that contribute to

306-548: Is most often documented as an ancient variant of Nahuatl and is a member of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The last generation of natively fluent Caxcan language speakers came to an end in the 1890s. Despite this having long been conflated by anthropologists with an extinction of the Caxcan people themselves, much of Caxcan culture has persisted via oral tradition . There is currently an ongoing revitalization of Caxcan language, scholarship, and culture. The Caxcan were

340-479: The Spaniards . Their principal religious and population centers were at Teul , Tlaltenango , Juchipila , and Teocaltiche . Over time, the Caxcans lost their culture due to warfare, disease, and marriage to non-Caxcans. Also, most of the Caxcans were sent into slavery by the Spanish to work in silver mines. During the colonial period, many Spanish (and some Basque settlers) had intermarried, or had relations, with

374-474: The Zacatecos from the state of the same name. The first contact of the Caxcanes and other indigenous peoples of the northwestern Mexico with the Spanish, was in 1529 when Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán set forth from Mexico City with 300-400 Spaniards and 5,000 to 8,000 Aztec and Tlaxcalan allies on a march through Nayarit , Jalisco , Durango , Sinaloa , and Zacatecas . Over a six-year period Guzmán, who

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408-604: The 21st century, at least in folk festivals, as the Tastuane people. Annual fiestas of the Tastuanes in towns such as Moyahua de Estrada , and Apozol , Zacatecas , commemorate the Mixtón War. English Spanish Caxcan The Caxcan are an ethnic group who are Indigenous to western and north-central Mexico , particularly the regions corresponding to modern-day Zacatecas , southern Durango , Jalisco , Colima , Aguascalientes , Nayarit . The Caxcan language

442-543: The American southwest . The province was thus bereft of many of its most competent soldiers. The spark that set off the war was apparently the arrest of eighteen rebellious indigenous leaders and the hanging of nine of them in mid-1540. Later in the same year the natives rose up to kill, roast, and eat the encomendero Juan de Arze. Spanish authorities also became aware that the natives were participating in "devilish" dances. After killing two Catholic priests, many natives fled

476-524: The Caxcanes is unknown but the most prominent leader who emerged among them was Tenamaztle of Nochistlán , Zacatecas . Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza called upon the experienced conquistador Pedro de Alvarado to assist in putting down the revolt. Alvarado declined to await reinforcements and attacked Mixtón in June 1541 with 400 Spaniards and an unknown number of indigenous allies. He was met there by an estimated 15,000 natives under Tenamaztle and Don Diego,

510-478: The Caxcans making many Caxcan descendants Mestizos. The allied tribes and Mestizos settled the Caxcan lands in Zacatecas and Jalisco. Their elected rulers were called tlatoani. Caxcan society was divided up into several different city-states. The Chichimeca War (1550–1590) was a military conflict waged between Spanish colonizers and their Indian allies against a confederation of Chichimeca Indians. It

544-498: The Spanish. The war was fought in the Bajío region known as La Gran Chichimeca , specifically in the Mexican states of Zacatecas , Guanajuato , Aguascalientes , Jalisco , and San Luis Potosi . The Council of the Caxcan indigenous people was formed in the 1920s by Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza , a Caxcan from Durango. She also published Alto! , a book which stressed Mexican Nationalism through indigenous roots and, even after

578-547: The Tecuexe by force. After its 481st anniversary of foundation, Nochistlan was named Pueblo Mágico or 'magic town' by the Secretary of Tourism (Mexico) , Gloria Guevara Manzo . Nochistlán was the fifth town to be named Pueblo Mágico in the state of Zacatecas. To be nominated for this category, a town must have symbolic attributions, legends, history, significant cultural traditions, and attract tourists. Nochistlán

612-462: The alleged extinction of the Caxcan people, is quoted as saying "We do not recognize the right of any race to impose its civilization upon us" as a way to promote indigeneity. Caxcan people continue to live in Zacatecas and in diaspora. They are currently attempting to regain legal access to their sacred mountain, Tlachialoyantepec (El Cerro de las Ventanas). Nochistl%C3%A1n Nochistlán ( Spanish pronunciation: [notʃisˈtlan] )

646-401: The complex hierarchical societies of Central Mexico and attempted to force natives into servitude through the encomienda system. In spring 1540, the Caxcanes and their allies struck back, emboldened perhaps by the fact that Governor Francisco Vásquez de Coronado had taken more than 1,600 Spaniards and indigenous allies from the region northward with him on his expedition to what would become

680-414: The deserts of northern Mexico. However, the Caxcanes seem to have been sedentary, depending upon agriculture for their livelihood and living in permanent towns and settlements. They were, perhaps, the most northerly of the agricultural, town-and-city dwelling peoples of interior Mexico. The Caxcanes are believed to have spoken a Uto-Aztecan language. Other Native Americans participating in the revolt were

714-451: The economy: agriculture , livestock , and trade . Nochistlán is a very rural place. Transportation is mostly on foot, since everything is within walking distance. Cars, buses, trucks, as well as horses are also used. "Combi vans" and motorcycles are especially popular modes of transport. Most Nochistlan inhabitants live by nature. That is, most of their resources are native, making Nochistlan seem somewhat old-fashioned. In recent years

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748-440: The encomiendas and took refuge in the mountains, especially in the hill fortress of Mixtón. Acting Governor Cristóbal de Oñate led a Spanish and native force to quell the rebellion. The Caxcanes killed a delegation of one priest and ten Spanish soldiers. Oñate attempted to storm Mixtón, but the natives on the summit repelled his attack. Oñate then requested reinforcements from the capital, Mexico City . The command structure of

782-649: The excessive violence caused the Council of the Indies to undertake a secret investigation into the conduct of the viceroy. As one authority said, the success of Cortés in defeating the Aztecs in only two years "created an illusion of European superiority over the Indian as a warrior." However, the Spanish victories over the Aztecs and other complex societies "proved to be but a prelude to a far longer military struggle against

816-533: The first layout of Guadalajara. The first news that we have regarding the natives of these lands points to the Tecuexe . These people established settlements around 1000. Later in the 12th century a new group of people moved in, these people were called Caxcan and they were from the valley in Tuitlán, which is now found in the municipality of Villanueva, Zacatecas . The Caxcan established Nochistlán by driving out

850-417: The music, even though the feast is meant for religious events, it's just a big party with very famous bandas come and perform the parties will last from early 8:00 p.m. and sometimes carry on until 5:00 a.m. all the women in the town come together to make food for those participating in the celebration. The festivities also consist of authentic dances, horse races, and rooster tournaments. Nochistlán

884-418: The original tradition, he would give her a Gardenia flower. In most recent, modern tradition, a man puts confetti over the woman's hair, or hollowed- out eggs with confetti inside, instead. A further circle is formed within the inner circle, for children and married women, where they too may go to partake in having the confetti strewn over them. In this way it is made clear to the men which women are married or in

918-459: The peculiar and terrifying prowess of Indian America’s more primitive warriors." Victory in the Mixtón War enabled the Spanish to control the region in which Guadalajara, Jalisco , Mexico’s second largest city, was located. It also opened up Spanish access to the deserts of the north in which Spanish explorers would search for and find rich silver deposits. After their defeat the Caxcanes were absorbed into Spanish society and lost their identity as

952-480: The plaza has their face covered with flour, and people crack colored eggs filled with confetti over others' heads; they also throw oranges. These actions symbolize what was going on during the war between the Natives and Spanish. The flour symbolizes the dirt people would put on their faces to create a more savage look. The fiesta is not solely or predominantly about war; its main objective is to celebrate San Sebastián,

986-419: The residents of Nochistlán pray to her when they are in need of a marvel. Although Nochistlán is small in size, it is big in religion. The feast of October are religious parties to honor St. Francis of Assisi that are celebrated on the second and third weekend of October and the first weekend of November. During these parties, people gather in the plaza to enjoy music from many bands and mariachi groups. Aside from

1020-452: The revolt would spread. They assembled a force of 450 Spaniards and 30,000-60,000 Aztec, Tlaxcalan, and other natives, and under Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invaded the land of the Caxcanes. With his overwhelming force, Mendoza reduced the indigenous strongholds one-by-one in a war of no quarter . On November 9, 1541, he captured the city of Nochistlán and Tenamzaztle, but the indigenous leader later escaped. Tenamaztle would remain at large as

1054-407: The saint most admired in that pueblo. Another tradition Nochistlán is famous for is their tradition of every Sunday night. Every Sunday night, people gather in the plaza or, el Jardín of Nochistlán for la Serenata ('the serenade'). The men of the town form a circle around the plaza while women walk inside the circle. As the women walk inside the circle, if a man finds a woman attractive, in

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1088-428: The town has been modernizing its way of living. The oldest tradition in Nochistlán is la fiesta del Papaqui or translated, 'the party of el Papaqui'. This is celebrated every year from January 12 to January 20. El Papaqui is a celebration in which the whole town honors and venerates St. Sebastian . He is a very important figure to those who live or are from Nochistlán. During these eight days, everyone walking in

1122-452: Was brutal even by the standards of the day, killed, tortured, and enslaved thousands of natives. Guzmán’s policy was to "terrorize the natives with often unprovoked killing, torture, and enslavement". Guzmán and his lieutenants founded towns and Spanish settlements in the region, called Nueva Galicia , including Guadalajara in or near the homeland of the Caxcanes. But the Spaniards encountered increased resistance as they moved further from

1156-457: Was the longest and most expensive conflict between Spaniards and the indigenous peoples of New Spain in the history of the colony. The Chichimeca wars began eight years after the Mixtón Rebellion (1540–1542). It can be considered as a continuation of that rebellion as the fighting did not come to a halt in the intervening years. Unlike in the Mixtón rebellion, the Caxcanes were now allied with

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