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52-681: During the 1990s, international conventions such as the UNEP Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification identified the need for a global scientific ecosystem assessment. There had been advances in resource economics with little effect on environmental policy . In November 1998, UNEP , NASA , and the World Bank published a study called "Protecting our Planet, Securing our Future: Linkages Among Global Environmental Issues and Human Needs". In 2001,

104-564: A $ 2.4 million grant by the Packard Foundation for a total of more than $ 13.4 million, considered "75% of the full budget". The MA was published in 2005 and made four main assessments: The bottom line of the MA findings has been that human actions are depleting Earth’s natural capital , putting such strain on the environment that the ability of the planet’s ecosystems to sustain future generations can no longer be taken for granted. At

156-565: A signatory who had not yet ratified the treaty by 2010, produced one of the most thorough implementation programs through species recovery programs and other mechanisms long in place in the US for species conservation. Singapore established a detailed National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan . The National Biodiversity Centre of Singapore represents Singapore in the Convention for Biological Diversity. In accordance with Article 26 of

208-527: Is also linkage with the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive . There have been criticisms against CBD that its implementation has been weakened due to resistance of Western countries to the implementation of pro-South provisions of the Convention. CBD is also regarded as a case of a hard treaty gone soft in the implementation trajectory. The argument to enforce the treaty as a legally binding multilateral instrument with

260-557: Is to create an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) involving area-based planning and decision-making under UNCLOS to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ treaty or High Seas Treaty ). The notion of an international convention on biodiversity was conceived at a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity in November 1988. The subsequent year,

312-418: Is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services , sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people." On 30 September 2020, world leaders virtually gathered at the first ever global Summit on Biodiversity. The summit involved pre-recorded statements from over 100 states and organizations. It was intended to build momentum for the fifteenth Conference of

364-490: The Biodiversity Convention , is a multilateral treaty . The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity ); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources . Its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and it is often seen as

416-648: The Cook Islands , Niue , and the State of Palestine . The Holy See and the states with limited recognition are non-Parties. The US has signed but not ratified the treaty, because ratification requires a two-thirds majority in the Senate and is blocked by Republican Party senators. The European Union created the Cartagena Protocol (see below) in 2000 to enhance biosafety regulation and propagate

468-803: The International Year of Biodiversity (2010) and the goal of significantly reducing biodiversity loss , the United Nations General Assembly declared 2011–2020 the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity (Resolution 65/161). The UN Decade on Biodiversity served to support and promote the implementation of the objectives of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, which were adopted in 2010, at

520-565: The United Nations Decade on Biodiversity (Resolution 65/161 ). The UN Decade on Biodiversity had served to support and promote implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets , with the goal of significantly reducing biodiversity loss. None of the 20 aichi targets were achieved, though progress was made towards several of them. On December 22, 2010, building on

572-478: The precautionary principle and allow developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits. It will, for example, let countries ban imports of a genetically modified organism if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically modified commodities such as corn or cotton. The required number of 50 instruments of ratification/accession/approval/acceptance by countries

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624-588: The precautionary principle which demands that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat. The Convention acknowledges that substantial investments are required to conserve biological diversity . It argues, however, that conservation will bring us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return. The Convention on Biological Diversity of 2010 banned some forms of geoengineering . As of April 2024,

676-609: The "precautionary principle" over the "sound science principle" defended by the United States. Whereas the impact of the Cartagena Protocol on domestic regulations has been substantial, its impact on international trade law remains uncertain. In 2006, the World Trade Organization (WTO) ruled that the European Union had violated international trade law between 1999 and 2003 by imposing a moratorium on

728-613: The 10th Conference of the Parties to the CBD , held in Aichi , Japan. Throughout the UN Decade on Biodiversity, governments were encouraged to develop, implement and communicate the results of national strategies for implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity. It also sought to promote the involvement of a variety of national and intergovernmental factors and other stakeholders in

780-502: The Ad Hoc Working Group of Technical and Legal Experts was established for the drafting of a legal text which addressed the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, as well as the sharing of benefits arising from their utilization with sovereign states and local communities. In 1991, an intergovernmental negotiating committee was established, tasked with finalizing the Convention's text. A Conference for

832-845: The Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1992, and its conclusions were distilled in the Nairobi Final Act. The Convention's text was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit"). By its closing date, 4 June 1993, the Convention had received 168 signatures. It entered into force on 29 December 1993. The Convention recognized for

884-888: The Conference of Parties reviewing the infractions and non-compliance is also gaining strength. Although the Convention explicitly states that all forms of life are covered by its provisions, examination of reports and of national biodiversity strategies and action plans submitted by participating countries shows that in practice this is not happening. The fifth report of the European Union, for example, makes frequent reference to animals (particularly fish) and plants, but does not mention bacteria , fungi or protists at all. The International Society for Fungal Conservation has assessed more than 100 of these CBD documents for their coverage of fungi using defined criteria to place each in one of six categories. No documents were assessed as good or adequate, less than 10% as nearly adequate or poor, and

936-621: The Conference of the Parties, which may be endorsed in whole, in part or in modified form by the COPs. As of 2024 SBSTTA had met 26 times, with a 26th meeting taking place in Nairobi, Kenya in 2024. In 2014, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity established the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI) to replace the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Review of Implementation of

988-505: The Convention are known as Conferences of the Parties (COP), with the first one (COP 1) held in Nassau, Bahamas , in 1994 and the most recent one (COP 16) in 2024 in Cali , Colombia . In the area of marine and coastal biodiversity CBD's focus at present is to identify Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) in specific ocean locations based on scientific criteria. The aim

1040-453: The Convention at the national level. The Convention requires that countries prepare a national biodiversity strategy and to ensure that this strategy is included in planning for activities in all sectors where diversity may be impacted. As of early 2012, 173 Parties had developed NBSAPs. The United Kingdom, New Zealand and Tanzania carried out elaborate responses to conserve individual species and specific habitats. The United States of America,

1092-550: The Convention include: The Convention's governing body is the Conference of the Parties (COP), consisting of all governments (and regional economic integration organizations) that have ratified the treaty. This ultimate authority reviews progress under the Convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the Convention, create expert advisory bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements. The Conference of

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1144-555: The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another. It was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the CBD and entered into force on 11 September 2003. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to

1196-522: The Convention on Biological Diversity is another supplementary agreement to the CBD. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan , and entered into force on 12 October 2014. 2010

1248-589: The Convention, Parties prepare national reports on the status of implementation of the Convention. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, also known as the Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in January 2000, after a CBD Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafety had met six times between July 1996 and February 1999. The Working Group submitted a draft text of the Protocol for consideration by Conference of

1300-582: The Convention. The four functions and core areas of work of SBI are: (a) review of progress in implementation; (b) strategic actions to enhance implementation; (c) strengthening means of implementation; and (d) operations of the Convention and the Protocols. The first meeting of the SBI was held on 2–6 May 2016 and the second meeting was held on 9–13 July 2018, both in Montreal, Canada. The latest (fifth) meeting of

1352-563: The EBSA process based on internationally agreed scientific criteria. This is aimed at creating an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) under UNCLOS to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ or High Seas Treaty ). The central mechanism is area-based planning and decision-making. It integrates EBSAs, Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) and High Seas ( Marine Protected Areas ) with Blue Growth scenarios. There

1404-472: The Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture , Japan, at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties , and entered into force on 12 October 2014. The protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and provides a transparent legal framework for

1456-821: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was launched with work over a period of four years. Over 1300 contributors from 95 countries were involved as authors. In May 2000 the Global Environment Facility approved a $ 7 million grant, followed in July 2000 by a United Nations Foundation $ 4 million grant and financial support from the government of Norway for the first meeting of the Board of the MA in Trondheim , and in December 2000

1508-506: The Parties at its first extraordinary meeting, which was convened for the express purpose of adopting a protocol on biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity. After a few delays, the Cartagena Protocol was eventually adopted on 29 January 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be based on

1560-481: The Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity , which was postponed to 2021 due to the coronavirus. Many speakers acknowledged that none of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets established in 2010 were met during the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. Of the 60 sub goals used to monitor progress towards the archi goals, 7 were achieved, with progress made on another 38. The decade

1612-886: The Parties to the Convention took place in May 1998, in Bratislava , Slovakia . The First Extraordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties took place in February 1999, in Cartagena, Colombia . A series of meetings led to the adoption of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in January 2000, effective from 2003. The fifth ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in May 2000, in Nairobi , Kenya . United Nations Decade on Biodiversity The United Nations General Assembly had declared 2011–20

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1664-612: The Parties to the Convention took place in November and December 1994, in Nassau, Bahamas . The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) was launched at this first COP for the Convention on Biological Diversity. The second ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in November 1995, in Jakarta , Indonesia . The third ordinary meeting of the Parties to the Convention took place in November 1996, in Buenos Aires , Argentina . The fourth ordinary meeting of

1716-562: The Parties uses expertise and support from several other bodies that are established by the Convention. In addition to committees or mechanisms established on an ad hoc basis, the main organs are: The CBD Secretariat, based in Montreal , Quebec, Canada, operates under UNEP, the United Nations Environment Programme . Its main functions are to organize meetings, draft documents, assist member governments in

1768-718: The SBI was held in October 2024 in Cali, Colombia. The Bureau of the Conference of the Parties serves as the Bureau of the SBI. The current chair of the SBI is Ms. Clarissa Souza Della Nina of Brazil . As of 2016, the Convention has 196 Parties, which includes 195 states and the European Union . All UN member states—with the exception of the United States—have ratified the treaty. Non-UN member states that have ratified are

1820-414: The acting executive secretary is Astrid Schomaker. The previous executive secretaries were: David Cooper (2023-2024), Elizabeth Maruma Mrema (2020-2023), pl:Cristiana Pașca Palmer (2017–2019), Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias (2012–2017), Ahmed Djoghlaf (2006–2012), Hamdallah Zedan (1998–2005), Calestous Juma (1995–1998), and Angela Cropper (1993–1995). Some of the many issues dealt with under

1872-402: The approval of genetically modified organisms (GMO) imports. Disappointing the United States, the panel nevertheless "decided not to decide" by not invalidating the stringent European biosafety regulations. Implementation by the Parties to the Convention is achieved using two means: National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans ( NBSAP ) are the principal instruments for implementing

1924-581: The contributions of biodiversity to achieving the SDGs. A new plan, known as the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was developed to guide action through 2030. A first draft of this framework was released in July 2021, and its final content was discussed and negotiated as part of the COP 15 meetings. Reducing agricultural pollution and sharing the benefits of digital sequence information arose as key points of contention among Parties during development of

1976-567: The description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) and describing new areas. These have focused on the North-East, North-West and South-Eastern Atlantic Ocean , Baltic Sea , Caspian Sea , Black Sea , Seas of East Asia, North-West Indian Ocean and Adjacent Gulf Areas, Southern and North-East Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea , North and South Pacific, Eastern Tropical and Temperate Pacific, Wider Caribbean and Western Mid-Atlantic. The workshop meetings have followed

2028-424: The effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. It thereby contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Also at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties , held from 18 to 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, a revised and updated "Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, 2011-2020"

2080-463: The finite status of natural resources and sets out a philosophy of sustainable use . While past conservation efforts were aimed at protecting particular species and habitats, the Convention recognizes that ecosystems, species and genes must be used for the benefit of humans. However, this should be done in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity. The Convention also offers decision-makers guidance based on

2132-422: The first time in international law that the conservation of biodiversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all ecosystems , species , and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from

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2184-443: The framework. A final version was adopted by the Convention on 19 December 2022. The framework includes a number of ambitious goals, including a commitment to designate at least 30 percent of global land and sea as protected areas (known as the " 30 by 30 " initiative). The CBD has a significant focus on marine and coastal biodiversity .  A series of expert workshops have been held (2018–2022) to identify options for modifying

2236-555: The goal of mainstreaming biodiversity into broader development planning and economic activities. The aim was to place special focus on supporting actions that address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss, including production and consumption patterns. The Decade was to be succeeded by the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework , which is itself a stepping stone to the 2050 Vision of "Living in harmony with nature", which envisages that "By 2050, biodiversity

2288-488: The implementation of the programme of work, coordinate with other international organizations, and collect and disseminate information. The SBSTTA is a committee composed of experts from member governments competent in relevant fields. It plays a key role in making recommendations to the COP on scientific and technical issues. It provides assessments of the status of biological diversity and of various measures taken in accordance with Convention, and also gives recommendations to

2340-517: The key document regarding sustainable development . The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993. The United States is the only UN member state which has not ratified the Convention. It has two supplementary agreements, the Cartagena Protocol and Nagoya Protocol . The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to

2392-587: The protocol to make it illegal to publicly share genetic information , e.g. via GenBank . William Yancey Brown , when with the Brookings Institution , suggested that the Convention on Biological Diversity should include the preservation of intact genomes and viable cells for every known species and for new species as they are discovered. A Conference of the Parties (COP) was held annually for three years after 1994, and thence biennially on even-numbered years. The first ordinary meeting of

2444-673: The rest as deficient, seriously deficient or totally deficient. Scientists working with biodiversity and medical research are expressing fears that the Nagoya Protocol is counterproductive, and will hamper disease prevention and conservation efforts, and that the threat of imprisonment of scientists will have a chilling effect on research. Non-commercial researchers and institutions such as natural history museums fear maintaining biological reference collections and exchanging material between institutions will become difficult, and medical researchers have expressed alarm at plans to expand

2496-550: The same time, the assessment shows that with appropriate actions it is possible to reverse the degradation of many ecosystem services over the next 50 years, but the changes in policy and practice required are substantial and not currently underway. In 2008, a report calculated that the world's richest countries caused environmental damage to developing nations at more than the entire developing world debt of $ 1.8 trillion. Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ), known informally as

2548-436: The use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety , addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it ('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions. The Convention reminds decision-makers of

2600-449: Was agreed and published. This document included the "Aichi Biodiversity Targets", comprising 20 targets that address each of five strategic goals defined in the plan. The strategic plan includes the following strategic goals: Upon the launch of Agenda 2030 , CBD released a technical note mapping and identifying synergies between the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. This helps to understand

2652-513: Was also the International Year of Biodiversity , and the Secretariat of the CBD was its focal point. Following a recommendation of CBD signatories at Nagoya, the UN declared 2011 to 2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity in December 2010. The Convention's Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 , created in 2010, include the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The meetings of the Parties to

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2704-584: Was reached in May 2003. In accordance with the provisions of its Article 37, the Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003. In April 2002, the Parties of the UN CBD adopted the recommendations of the Gran Canaria Declaration Calling for a Global Plant Conservation Strategy, and adopted a 16-point plan aiming to slow the rate of plant extinctions around the world by 2010. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and

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