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44-532: Mingrelia is bordered by the secessionist region of Abkhazia to the north-west, Svaneti to the north, Imereti to the east, Guria to the south and the Black Sea to the west. Administratively, the historic province of Mingrelia is incorporated joined with the northern part of the neighboring mountainous province of Svaneti to form the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, the capital of which

88-573: A government-in-exile in Ta'if . The Kuwaiti government in exile was far more affluent than most other such governments, having full disposal of the very considerable Kuwaiti assets in western banks—of which it made use to conduct a massive propaganda campaign denouncing the Ba'athist Iraqi occupation and mobilizing public opinion in the Western world in favor of war with Ba'athist Iraq . In March 1991, following

132-504: A foreign country. Governments in exile usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. A government in exile differs from a rump state in the sense that the latter controls at least part of its remaining territory. For example, during World War I , nearly all of Belgium was occupied by Germany , but Belgium and its allies held on to a small slice in the country's west . A government in exile, in contrast, has lost all its territory. However, in practice

176-478: A formidable force, posing a serious challenge to the incumbent regime of the country, while others are maintained chiefly as a symbolic gesture. The phenomenon of a government in exile predates the formal utilization of the term. In periods of monarchical government , exiled monarchs or dynasties sometimes set up exile courts, as the House of Stuart did when driven from their throne by Oliver Cromwell and again at

220-680: A government in exile after loss of sovereignty in connection with World War II . A large number of European governments-in-exile were set up in London . Other exiled leaders in Britain in this time included King Zog of Albania and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia . Occupied Denmark did not establish a government in exile, although there was an Association of Free Danes established in London . The government remained in Denmark and functioned with relative independence until August 1943 when it

264-553: A territory they once controlled, or claim legitimacy of a post-decolonization authority. The claim may stem from an exiled group's election as a legitimate government. The United Nations recognizes the right of self-determination for the population of these territories, including the possibility of establishing independent sovereign states. Formerly opposed the Derg and the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , sought to restore

308-478: Is Mingrelia's main city, Zugdidi . As it is the case with most Black Sea coastal areas of Georgia, Mingrelia's climate is subtropical with frequent rains. The coastal areas have many marshlands despite the Soviet Georgian authorities' efforts to dry them up. These marshlands contain many rare birds and animals not found in other parts of the country. For this reason, substantial part of the territories

352-528: Is a territory that has population of c. 2,000 (1–1.5% of Abkhazia's post-war population) and is centered on the upper Kodori Valley (roughly 17% of the territory of the former Abkhaz ASSR ). The government-in-exile is partly responsible for the affairs of some 250,000 internally displaced persons who were forced to leave Abkhazia following the War in Abkhazia and the resulting ethnic cleansing of Georgians from

396-516: Is based relies on an argument that the sovereignty of Taiwan was not legitimately handed to the Republic of China at the end of World War II , and on that basis the Republic of China is located in foreign territory, therefore effectively making it a government in exile. By contrast, this theory is not accepted by those who view the sovereignty of Taiwan as having been legitimately returned to

440-551: Is inclined to this view. These governments in exile were founded by deposed governments or rulers who continue to claim legitimate authority of the state they once controlled. It is the oldest government in exile in the world, led by Ivonka Survilla since 1997; based in Ottawa, Ontario . Declared an "extremist formation" in Belarus. This government was formed in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état . The cabinet members of

484-545: Is protected by the Georgian law as part of the Colchetian Nature Reserve. In ancient times Mingrelia was a major part of the kingdom of Colchis (9th-6th centuries BC ) and its successor Egrisi (4th century BC-6th century AD ). In the 11th-15th centuries, Mingrelia was a part of the united Kingdom of Georgia . From the 16th century to 1857, the independent Kingdom of Mingrelia was under the rule of

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528-473: Is the same as with a national government in exile—to assert a continuation of legitimate rule, even though having no control of the ground, and working towards restoration of such control. Meetings of the exiled Municipal Council of Lapithos took place in the homes of its members until the Exile Municipality was offered temporary offices at 37 Ammochostou Street, Nicosia. The current Exile Mayor of

572-809: Is very important fact and very fundamental political event. During the 2008 Russo-Georgian War , the Republic of Abkhazia joined forces with the Ossetians and opened a second front against Georgia. During the Battle of the Kodori Valley Abkhazian forces loyal to the Government of the Republic of Abkhazia pushed the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia out of the region of Abkhazia. Sergei Bagapsh , President of

616-460: The Georgian SSR . On 9 April 1991, independence was restored to Georgia, of which Mingrelia is now part. The first President of the post-Soviet Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia , was a Megrelian. After the violent coup d'etat of 21 December 1991 – 6 January 1992, Mingrelia became the centre of a civil war, which ended with the defeat of Gamsakhurdia's Megrelian supporters. Even so, this region

660-631: The Glorious Revolution (see James Francis Edward Stuart § Court-in-exile ). The House of Bourbon would be another example because it continued to be recognized by other countries at the time as the legitimate government of France after it was overthrown by the populace during the French Revolution . This continued to last through the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Napoleonic Wars from 1803–04 to 1815. With

704-562: The Government of the Republic of Abkhazia said in an address to the Abkhazian people that "the jurisdiction of the Abkhaz state has been restored in the upper Kodori Gorge." Government-in-exile List of forms of government A government-in-exile (GiE) is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government of a sovereign state or semi-sovereign state , but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in

748-623: The House of Dadiani . Between 1568 and 1803, it was vassal of Ottoman Empire. In December 1803, the kingdom came under the patronage of the Russian Empire by an agreement between the Tsar and the Megrelian Prince Grigol Dadiani . The last adult Prince, David Dadiani, died in 1853, leaving his wife Ekaterine as regent for his young son, Niko . However, in 1867, the principality was abolished and absorbed into

792-823: The Monarchy of Ethiopia ; based in the Washington D.C metropolitan area . On 28 July 2004, the Crown Council redefined its role by redirecting its mission from the political realm to a mission of cultural preservation, development and humanitarian efforts in Ethiopia. Based in Quetta , as a continuation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . After the Taliban were removed from power in the 2001 Afghan war ,

836-528: The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces was formed by groups whose members sought to end the rule of the ruling Ba'ath Party . The governments in exile may have little or no recognition from other states . The effectiveness of a government in exile depends primarily on the amount of support it receives, either from foreign governments or from the population of its own country. Some exiled governments come to develop into

880-812: The National Unity Government are in hiding within Myanmar. These governments in exile claim legitimacy of autonomous territories of another state and have been founded by deposed governments or rulers, who do not claim independence as a separate state. These governments have been founded in exile by political organisations and opposition parties , aspire to become actual governing authorities or claim to be legal successors to previously deposed governments, and have been founded as alternatives to incumbent governments. These governments have been founded in exile by political organisations, opposition parties, and separatist movements, and desire to become

924-746: The Republic of China at the end of the war. Both the government of the People's Republic of China and the Pan-Blue Coalition (including the Kuomintang ) in the Republic of China hold the latter view. However, there are also some who do not accept that the sovereignty of Taiwan was legitimately returned to the Republic of China at the end of the war nor that the Republic of China is a government-in-exile, and China's territory does not include Taiwan. The current Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan

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968-585: The Royal Government (Dutch) decreed an official Netherlands East Indies government-in-exile , with Dr van Mook as Acting Governor General, on Australian soil until Dutch rule was restored in the Indies. In the later stages of World War II , with the German Army increasingly pushed back and expelled from various countries, Axis-aligned groups from some countries set up "governments-in-exile" under

1012-720: The Tsarist Russian Empire. Prince Niko Dadiani officially renounced his rights to the throne in 1868. Plant specimens of Astrantia colchica were found on Mt. Kwira in Mingrelia in 1894 by the Russian botanist Nikolai Albov . From 1918 to 1921, Mingrelia was part of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG). In 1921, Georgia was Sovietized and later became part of the Soviet Union , as

1056-979: The United States. Earlier, in 1897, the Hong Kong Junta was established as a government in exile by the Philippine revolutionary Republic of Biak-na-Bato . While formed long before World War II, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea continued in exile in China until the end of the war. At the fall of Java , and the surrender by the Dutch on behalf of Allied forces on 8 March 1942, many Dutch-Indies officials (including Dr van Mook and Dr Charles van der Plas ) managed to flee to Australia in March 1942, and on 23 December 1943,

1100-550: The aftermath of a civil war , revolution , or military coup . For example, during German expansion and advance in World War II , some European governments sought refuge in the United Kingdom , rather than face destruction at the hands of Nazi Germany . On the other hand, the Provisional Government of Free India proclaimed by Subhas Chandra Bose sought to use support from the invading Japanese to gain control of

1144-621: The area. During the War in Abkhazia, the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, then called the "Council of Ministers of Abkhazia", left Abkhazia after the Abkhaz separatist forces took control of the region's capital Sokhumi after heavy fighting on September 27, 1993, leading to the Sokhumi Massacre , in which several members of the Abkhazian government of that time, including its chairman Zhiuli Shartava , were executed by

1188-685: The auspices of the Axis powers, in the remaining Axis territory - even though internationally recognized governments were in place in their home countries. The main purpose of these was to recruit and organize military units composed of their nationals in the host country. Following the Ba'athist Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait , during the Persian Gulf War , on 2 August 1990, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and senior members of his government fled to Saudi Arabia , where they set up

1232-575: The conflict with the breakaway region of Abkhazia, disarmed groups of Megrelians who tried to fight a guerrilla war against the Abkhazians by incursions from Mingrelia. Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia The Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia is an administration established in exile by Georgia as the de jure government of independent Abkhazia . Abkhazia has been de facto independent from Georgia – though with limited international recognition – since

1276-568: The constitutional order restored in the area, President Saakashvili announced, on July 27, 2006, that the authorities had decided to establish the Tbilisi-based Abkhazian government-in-exile in the Kodori Gorge (Upper Abkhazia): This decision means that for the first time since 1993 the government enters into the midst of Abkhazia, of our Abkhazia, to exercise Georgian jurisdiction and the Georgian constitutional order. This

1320-639: The country from what it viewed as British occupiers, and in the final year of WWII, after Nazi Germany was driven out of France, it maintained the remnants of the Nazi-sympathizing Vichy government as a French government in exile at the Sigmaringen enclave . A government in exile may also form from widespread belief in the illegitimacy of a ruling government. Due to the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, for instance,

1364-448: The debate on the political status of Taiwan . In addition to the island of Taiwan and some other islands it currently controls, the Republic of China formally maintains claims over territory now controlled by the People's Republic of China as well as some parts of Afghanistan , Bhutan , India , Japan , Mongolia , Myanmar , Pakistan , Russia , and Tajikistan . The usual formal reasoning on which this "government-in-exile" claim

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1408-518: The defeat of Ba'athist Iraq at the hands of coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War , the Sheikh and his government were able to return to Kuwait. Following the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the displacement of many Greek Cypriots from North Cyprus , displaced inhabitants of several towns set up what are in effect municipal councils in exile, headed by mayors in exile. The idea

1452-598: The difference might be minor; in the above example, the Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse was located in French territory and acted as a government in exile for most practical purposes. Governments-in-exile and associated organisations employ strategies such as investigative reporting and diaspora mobilisation to sustain political visibility, engage supporters, and address ethical and operational challenges The governments in exile tend to occur during wartime occupation or in

1496-531: The early 1990s. Ruslan Abashidze , elected in May 2019, is the current head of the government-in-exile . After the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) Georgia proposed five-party talks involving the Government of the Autonomous Republic, the government of the de facto authorities of Abkhazia, and the government of Georgia, along with Russia and the UN as interested parties, in order to settle the final status of Abkhazia within

1540-594: The framework of the Georgian state. The Abkhaz side wanted assurances that Georgia would not try to solve the issue by force of arms before being a party to the talks. Between September 2006 and July 2008, the Georgian recognized government was headquartered in Upper Abkhazia . It was forced out of all of Abkhazia in August 2008 during the Russo-Georgian war by the Abkhazian armed forces . Upper Abkhazia

1584-563: The governing authorities of their territories as independent states, or claim to be the successor to previously deposed governments, and have been founded as alternatives to incumbent governments. Founded by the Dalai Lama in Dharamsala , India with cooperation of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . These governments in exile are governments of non-self-governing or occupied territories. They claim legitimate authority over

1628-424: The government's controlled territory. These governments once controlled all or most of their claimed territory, but continue to control a smaller part of it while also continuing to claim legitimate authority of the entire territory they once fully controlled. The currently Taipei -based Republic of China government does not regard itself as a government-in-exile, but is claimed to be such by some participants in

1672-485: The rebels. The Council of Ministers relocated to Georgia's capital Tbilisi , where it operated as the Government of Abkhazia in exile for almost 13 years. During this period, the Government of Abkhazia in exile, led by Tamaz Nadareishvili , was known for a hard-line stance towards the Abkhaz problem and frequently voiced their opinion that the solution to the conflict can only be attained through Georgia's military response to secessionism. Later, Nadareishvili's administration

1716-464: The spread of constitutional monarchy , monarchical governments which were exiled started to include a prime minister , such as the Dutch government during World War II headed by Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy . The capital of a government-in-exile is known as a capital-in-exile, located outside the government's proclaimed territory. This differs from a temporary capital , which is located somewhere inside

1760-582: The town is Athos Eleftheriou. The same premises are shared with the Exile Municipal Council of Kythrea . Also in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, the administration of the part retained by the Republic of Cyprus considers itself as a "District administration in exile", since the district's capital Famagusta had been under Turkish control since 1974. Works of alternate history as well as science fictional depictions of

1804-735: The veteran high-ranking leaders of the former government including Mullah Mohammed Omar , founder and spiritual leader of the Taliban, fled to Quetta , Balochistan Province , Pakistan where they set up Quetta Shura in exile to organize and direct the insurgency and retake Afghanistan which was achieved in August 2021 . Opposed communist government in Laos, sought to institute a constitutional monarchy until its self-proclaimed prime minister died; based in Gresham, Oregon . Many countries established

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1848-752: Was dissolved, placing Denmark under full German occupation. Meanwhile, Iceland , Greenland and the Faroe Islands were occupied by the Allies and effectively separated from the Danish crown. (See British occupation of the Faroe Islands , Iceland during World War II , and History of Greenland during World War II .) The Philippine Commonwealth (invaded 9 December 1941) established a government in exile , initially located in Australia and later in

1892-468: Was implicated in some internal controversies and had not taken an active part in the politics of Abkhazia until a new chairman, Irakli Alasania , was appointed by President of Georgia , Mikheil Saakashvili . Alasania was later made Saakashvili's envoy in the peace talks over Abkhazia. Amid the 2006 Georgian police operation in Abkhazia's Kodori Gorge , in which a local militia, led by the defiant warlord Emzar Kvitsiani , had been largely disarmed, and

1936-440: Was unmanageable by the central government throughout the presidency of Eduard Shevardnadze (1992–2003). The fact that the Georgian refugees from the Abkhazian war zone (who are considered by Georgians as victims of ethnic cleansing) are mostly Mingrelians has contributed to the region's instability. In 2004, following the Rose Revolution of November 2003, newly elected Georgian President, Mikheil Saakashvili , who vowed to resolve

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