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91-501: The most successful of these used a modified Junkers Ju 88 bomber as the Mistel , with the entire nose-located crew compartment replaced by a specially designed nose filled with a large load of explosives, formed into a shaped charge . The upper component was a fighter aircraft , joined to the Mistel by struts. The combination would be flown to its target by a pilot in the fighter; then

182-506: A Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) required issued in 1934 for a new multipurpose aircraft. Junkers was one of several firms to respond, producing two separate design studies that produced both the Ju 85 and Ju 88. The design work was headed by Junkers' chief designer Ernst Zindel. The Ju 88 was envisioned to function as a so-called Schnellbomber ("fast bomber") that would evade interception by enemy fighters of its era by being quite quick for

273-549: A "10,000 tonne ship", the 16,243 grt ocean liner RMS  Lancastria , off Saint-Nazaire , killing some 5,800 Allied personnel. Despite this, the rival He 111 was more heavily used for offensive bombing during this campaign. Some 133 Ju 88s were pressed into the Blitzkrieg , but very high combat losses (as well as accidents) forced a quick withdrawal from action to re-train crews to fly this very high-performance aircraft. Some crews were reported to be more scared of

364-569: A 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) payload at a speed of 517 km/h (321 mph). The first five prototypes had conventionally-operating dual-strut leg rearwards-retracting main gear , however, starting with the V6 prototype, a main gear design debuted that twisted the new, single-leg main gear strut through 90° during the retraction sequence, much like that of the American Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter. This feature allowed

455-413: A 50 mm (2.0 in) auto-loading Bordkanone BK 5 cannon (the same ordnance used for the field-improvised handful of Stalingradtyp He 177As created) and, in some cases, 65 mm (2.6 in) solid propellant rockets. The Ju 88 V19 (W.Nr. 0373) was a test bed for the Ju 88C series. The Ju 88C was originally intended as a fighter-bomber and heavy fighter by adding fixed, forward-firing guns to

546-427: A bomber. On 21 December 1936, the first prototype performed its maiden flight . The performance of the third prototype was highly favourable, resulting in the competing Henschel Hs 127 and Messerschmitt Bf 162 being abandoned. During late 1937, the Ju 88 was developed into a heavy dive bomber , but this feat proved to be too stressful for the airframe even with modifications. A series of technical problems troubled

637-641: A component of the Mulberry harbour at Arromanches and specially dressed up as a decoy by the Allies. Serious blast and shrapnel damage from a near-miss was suffered by HMS Nith , a River-class frigate being used as a floating headquarters, on 24 June. Nine men were killed and 26 wounded, and Nith was towed back to England for repairs. A second opportunity to use the Mistels , in Scapa Flow in 1944,

728-680: A cost of 117 losses. They were finally deployed against the Allied Invasion of Normandy in June 1944, incurring heavy losses for little effect before being disbanded on 5 August 1944. Some Ju 88 variants were also used as radio controlled bombs in the Mistel composite aircraft configuration, by coupling a bomber filled with explosive with a fighter such as the Focke-Wulf Fw 56 or the Messerschmitt Bf 109E . The Ju 88P

819-481: A heavily mined area. As a result, 21 Soviet warships, including five destroyers, struck mines and sank. On 29 August, the Ju 88s accounted for the transport ships Vtoraya Pyatiletka (3,974 grt), Kalpaks (2,190 grt) and Leningradsovet (1,270 grt) sunk. In addition, the ships Ivan Papanin , Saule , Kazakhstan and the Serp i Molot were damaged. Some 5,000 Soviet soldiers were lost. Another key use of

910-401: A longer range than if it were simply towed in the conventional manner. Later, the technique became more refined, and the bomber component (which was often a new aircraft rather than surplus) was fitted with a specialised 1,800 kg (3,960 lb.) warhead . The final stage of Mistel development was of specialised purpose-built jet -powered bomber components, including ones developed from

1001-516: A never-achieved production version of the He 177A-3/R5 ground-attack Flak -suppression Stalingradtyp field-improvised version. The Ju 88P-1 was produced in some 40 units, but with the massive cannon installation resulting in a slow and vulnerable aircraft, it was soon replaced by the Ju 88 P-2 , featuring two Bordkanone 37 mm (1.5 in) BK 3,7 guns, whose higher muzzle velocity proved useful against

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1092-702: A new multipurpose aircraft. This requirement quickly attracted attention from much of the German aircraft industry. However, in August 1935, the RLM revised its requirements towards the concept of a Schnellbomber , a high-speed bomber that lacked defensive turrets, seated a crew of three, and carried a payload of 800–1,000 kg (1,800–2,200 lb). This requirement was issued to a total of four aircraft manufacturers, these being Focke Wulf , Henschel , Junkers , and Messerschmitt ; all firms except Focke Wulf opted to produce

1183-452: A pair of high-altitude Jumo 213E inverted V-12s with the same revised annular radiator design as the 213As already used, or to the radar, using the mid-VHF band FuG 218 Neptun AI radar with either the standardized Hirschgeweih aerials with shorter dipoles to suit the higher frequencies used, or more rarely the advanced Morgenstern 90° crossed-element, six-dipole Yagi-form antenna. Only a very few Ju 88G-6 night fighters were ever fitted with

1274-545: A range of 2,000 km (1,200 mi) and were to be powered by two DB 600s . Three further aircraft, Werknummer 4943 , 4944 and 4945 , were to be powered by Jumo 211 engines. The first two prototypes, Ju 88 V1 and V2, differed from the V3, V4 and V5 in that the latter three models were equipped with three defensive armament positions to the rear of the cockpit , and were able to carry two 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombs, one under each inner wing panel. On 21 December 1936,

1365-480: A response. Junkers design team opted to perform a pair of design studies in parallel; work began on 15 January 1936. These studies subsequently produced two distinct, yet similar, aircraft, designated Ju 85 and Ju 88 . Both were twin-engined bomber aircraft, the main difference between the two being the Ju 85's use of a twin fin (and twin rudder ) tail unit while the Ju 88 had a single fin (and rudder) tail unit instead. Following deliberation amongst officials,

1456-522: A result of the high loss rate, daytime bombing of Britain ceased in favour of night time bombing. The Battle of Britain proved to be very costly to the Luftwaffe. The Ju 88's higher speed did not prevent losses from exceeding those of its Dornier Do 17 and Heinkel He 111 stablemates despite being deployed in smaller numbers than either. During 1940, Ju 88 losses over Britain totalled 303 aircraft between July and October 1940. Do 17 and He 111 losses for

1547-491: A series of dive-bombing tests with 250 and 500 kg (550 and 1,100 lb) bombs, and in early 1940, with 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombs. The A-1 series prototypes were Wrk Nrs 0003, 0004 and 0005. The A-1s were given the Jumo 211B-1 or G powerplants. The choice of annular radiators for engine cooling on the Ju 88, which placed these radiators immediately forward of each engine and directly behind each propeller, allowed

1638-509: A series of extensive tests at the Rechlin experimental station. According to the aviation authors J.R. Smith and Antony Kay, the results of this evaluation were so positive that all work on the competing Henschel Hs 127 and Messerschmitt Bf 162 was abandoned quickly thereafter. Upon reviewing the Ju 88's performance, Hermann Göring , head of the Luftwaffe , was reportedly ecstatic; it

1729-471: A series of radical modifications to adapt the Ju 88 to function as a "heavy" dive bomber in response to a request from the RLM. These changes, which were first implemented on the V8 and V9 prototypes, included the strengthening of the wings, the addition of dive brakes , an extended fuselage , and the number of crewmen being increased to four. During August 1938, Generalluftzeugmeister Ernst Udet had set out

1820-578: A shaped charge was expected to allow penetration of up to seven meters of reinforced concrete . Some 250 Mistels of various combinations were built during the war, but they met with limited success. They were first flown in combat against the Allied invasion fleet during the Battle of Normandy , targeting the British-held harbour at Courseulles-sur-Mer . An RCAF Mosquito piloted by Walter Dinsdale

1911-629: A single battleship in the process. Following the Italian surrender in 1943, Ju 88s were also used during the German invasion of the Italian-held Dodecanese Islands, which took place between September and November 1943. In advance of Operation Barbarossa , a combination of Ju 86s and Ju 88s were used to systematically map out the western portion of the Soviet Union as part of Germany's pre-invasion preparations. By

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2002-604: A smaller scale reprisal bombing campaign was waged using Ju 88s against the British mainland. On 21 January, almost every available bomber on the Western Front was dispatched to attack London. Attacks continued against various British cities for months but the number of aircraft in each raid dwindled. In late April, in an attempt to disrupt preparations for the D-Day landings , Ju 88s were redirected towards British ports along

2093-739: A teardrop-shaped streamlined fairing above the canopy, or FuG 227 Flensburg radar detector homing devices that had their own trio of twin-dipole antennae: one on each wing leading edge and one under the tail. One Ju 88G-1 of 7. Staffel / NJG 2 was flown by mistake to RAF Woodbridge in July 1944, giving the Royal Air Force its first chance to check out the VHF-band Lichtenstein SN-2 radar and Flensburg radar detector gear. G-6 versions were equipped with 1,287 kW (1,726 hp) Jumo 213A inverted V-12 engines (using

2184-567: The 7.5 cm PaK 40 installed in a large conformal gun pod under the fuselage. This was followed by a small batch of Ju 88 P-1 , which standardized the solid sheet metal nose of the C version for all known examples of the P-series, and used the new 75 mm (3.0 in) PaK 40L semi-automatic gun, also known as the Bordkanone BK 7,5 , which was also meant for use in both the later Henschel Hs 129B-3 dedicated anti-armor aircraft, and

2275-459: The Battle of Britain was intensifying. On 11 August 1940, the first major bombing raid upon Britain by the Ju 88 was conducted against Weymouth and Portland . Subsequent attacks that month were flown against targets in Portsmouth , Farnborough , Driffield , Brize Norton , and Middle Wallop . On 7 September 1940, the Luftwaffe redirected its attacks towards London. From October 1940, as

2366-718: The Imperial War Museum . Variants of the Mistel included: Junkers Ju 88 The Junkers Ju 88 is a twin-engined multirole combat aircraft designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works . It was used extensively during the Second World War by the Luftwaffe and became one of the most versatile combat aircraft of the conflict. The Ju 88 originated from

2457-570: The Ju 188 . G-1 aircraft possessed more powerful armament and like the earlier R-1, used a pair of 1,250 kW (1,677 hp) BMW 801 radial engines, the G-1 using the later BMW 801G-2 version. Electronic equipment consisted of the then-standard FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 90 MHz VHF radar using eight-dipole Hirschgeweih antennas, which could include fitment of the borderline- SHF-band FuG 350 Naxos radar detector with its receiving antenna housed in

2548-509: The Ju 287 / Me 262 and Ar 234C / Arado E.377 . Initial experiments in Nazi Germany concerning composite aircraft of any type were performed with the DFS 230 troop glider as the "lower" component and using established, piston engine-powered Luftwaffe aircraft, such as the Focke-Wulf Fw 56 or the Messerschmitt Bf 109E , as the upper component in an attempt to provide the troop glider with

2639-571: The Messerschmitt Me 262 , the Junkers Ju 287 and the entirely new Arado Ar 234 . None of these ambitious schemes, with the exception of the Me 262 Mistel , had left the drawing board before the end of the war. The definitive Mistel warhead was a shaped charge weighing nearly two tonnes (the weight of a blockbuster bomb ) fitted with a copper or aluminium liner. The use of

2730-698: The Oder were similarly ineffective. A Focke-Wulf Fw 190 ( Werk Nr. 733682), preserved at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford , was the fighter part of a Mistel system. It was one of four that were captured by British forces at Tirstrup in Denmark in 1945. In service, it had been flown by a unit that trained Mistel crews. After capture, the aircraft were flown as a combined pair in Allied hands as they were ferried to Schleswig Air Base , along with two other captured Mistels , The Fw 190

2821-542: The Red Army overrunning advance bases, the plan was postponed repeatedly. In February 1945, however, Eisenhammer was resurrected, and Kampfgeschwader 200 assembled scout planes and about 100 Mistels near Berlin and waited for favourable weather to attack the plants around Moscow. After a US air raid on the primary Rechlin Erprobungstelle military aviation test headquarters facility, which destroyed 18 Mistels,

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2912-753: The Rybinsk Reservoir , as well as to attack certain substations , transmission lines and factories. If the attack were to succeed in destroying just two thirds of the turbines it would have knocked out about 75 percent of the power used by the Soviet defence industry. Only two smaller energy centers behind the Urals and in the Soviet Far East would have been left intact. At this time, the Soviet Union had no turbine manufacturing capabilities and

3003-511: The Takt system of construction for large state-owned firms, including Junkers. Almost all of the tooling and jigs were produced at the company's facility in Schönebeck ; the wing and tail sections were constructed at Halberstadt and Leopoldschall while the fuselage was originally produced as two separate shells that were brought together at Aschersleben . Later on, fuselage construction

3094-770: The invasion of Greece , the Siege of Malta , the North African campaign , and the Eastern Front amongst others. While the Luftwaffe was the primary operator of the Ju 88, numerous other nation's air services also flew the type in quantity during the war; these include the Finnish Air Force , Regia Aeronautica and the Royal Romanian Air Force . The Ju 88 was one of the Luftwaffe ' s most important and heavily used aircraft during

3185-484: The second-most produced bomber of all time, behind the four-engined Consolidated B-24 Liberator , and the most-produced twin-engine German aircraft of the period. Throughout its production run, the basic structure of the Ju 88 remained unchanged. The origins of the Ju 88 can be traced back to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) and the formulation of a new requirement in 1934 that called for

3276-686: The A-4 bomber, equipped with the same Jumo 211J engines but replacing the "beetle's eye" nose glazing with a smoothly curved all-metal nose, pierced only by the barrels of its forward-firing offensive armament. The C-6 was used mostly as fighter-bomber and therefore assigned to bomber units. As a reaction to the increasing number of attacks on German shipping, especially on U-boats in the Bay of Biscay , from July 1942 it started flying anti-shipping patrols and escort missions from bases in France. V./ Kampfgeschwader 40

3367-517: The A-4 was 3,000 kg (6,600 lb), but in practice, standard bomb load was 1,500–2,000 kg (3,300–4,400 lb). Junkers later used the A-4 airframe for the A-17 torpedo carrier, which did not have the undernose Bola gondola for a ventral gun position. The Ju 88C series of standard fighter-bomber versions from the C-2 onwards culminated in the Ju 88 C-6 , applying experience acquired with

3458-481: The British and was treated as a regular prisoner of war . All previous night fighter versions of the Ju 88 used a modified A-series fuselage. The G-series fuselage was purpose-built for the special needs of a night fighter, with the A-series' Bola ventral under-nose defensive gun position omitted for lower aerodynamic drag and less weight, and adding the enlarged squared-off vertical fin / rudder tail unit of

3549-633: The French campaign reveals all but one of the Luftwaffe's Fliegerkorps ( I. Fliegerkorps ) contained Ju 88s in the combat role. The mixed bomber units, including the Ju 88, of Kampfgeschwader 51 (under the command of Luftflotte 3 ) helped claim between 233 and 248 Allied aircraft on the ground between 10 and 13 May 1940. The Ju 88 was particularly effective at dive-bombing. Between 13 and 24 May, I. and II./KG 54 flew 174 attack against rail systems, paralysing French logistics and mobility. On 17 June 1940, Ju 88s (mainly from Kampfgeschwader 30) destroyed

3640-507: The German fighter escort dealt with the threat. By the end of the first day of the campaign, Ju 88 losses amounted to 23 destroyed. Immediately following the initial attacks, it was decided to send Ju 88s to bomb Moscow . Over a hundred bombers were dispatched on these missions every night during the opening portion of the campaign. The air campaign against the Soviet capital was not sustainable in light of other demands, tapering down to only seven aircraft per night by December 1941. Due to

3731-507: The Ju 88 C-6, powered by unitized BMW 801 radial engines. The R-1 had 1,147 kW (1,539 hp) BMW 801L engines and the R-2 had 1,250 kW (1,677 hp) BMW 801 G-2 engines. One of the first aircraft from the R-1 series that went into service ( Werknummer 360 043) was involved in one of the most significant defections from the Luftwaffe . On 9 May 1943, this night fighter (D5+EV), which

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3822-655: The Ju 88 than the enemy, and requested a transfer to an He 111 unit. By this time, major performance deficiencies in the A-1 led to an all-out effort in a major design rework. The outcome was a longer, 20.08 m (65.9 ft) wingspan , from extended rounded wing tips that had already been standardised on the A-4 version, that was deemed needed for all A-1s; thus the A-5 was born. Surviving A-1s were modified as quickly as possible, with new wings to A-5 specifications. By August 1940, A-1s and A-5s were reaching operational units just as

3913-800: The Ju 88 was against the Arctic convoys bringing supplies to the Soviets via the ports of Murmansk and Archangel . Effective attacks against these convoys did not commence until late March 1942; conveys after this point would often lose ships to air-launched torpedoes. Convoy PQ 17 reportedly lost 23 out of 34 ships, which was partially attributed to attacks by Ju 88s. Later conveys with heavier escorts, which sometimes included aircraft carriers , proved to be far more costly to attack. Operation Eisenhammer Operation Eisenhammer ( German ; in English Operation Iron Hammer )

4004-506: The Ju 88's top speed had dropped to around 450 km/h (280 mph). The Ju 88 V7 was fitted with cable-cutting equipment to combat the potential threat of British barrage balloons , and was successfully tested in this role; the V7 also had the Ju 88 A-1 "beetle's eye" faceted nose glazing installed, complete with the Bola undernose ventral defensive machine gun emplacement, and was put through

4095-558: The RLM decided in favour of the Ju 88. According, the passed-over Ju 85 was never put into service. The detailed design work was performed by Junkers chief designer Ernst Zindel. He was assisted by Wilhelm Heinrich Evers and American engineer Alfred Gassner. Evers and Gassner had worked together at Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America where Gassner had been Chief Engineer. Junkers presented their initial design in June 1936, and were given clearance to build two prototypes (Werknummer 4941 and 4942). The first two aircraft were to have

4186-661: The Russian tanks in the Eastern Front. This aircraft was used by Erprobungskommando 25. The Ju 88 P-3 also used the twin BK 37 guns, and added further armor for the crew, and was delivered at one Staffel of the Nachtschlachtgruppen 1, 2, 4, 8 and 9 for night attacks in the Eastern Front, in northern Norway (NSGr 8) and Italy (NSGr 9). Finally, the Ju 88 P-4 mounted a smaller-volume ventral gun pod housing

4277-485: The Second World War. The aircraft, akin to several other German bombers of the era, served as a bomber , dive bomber, night fighter , torpedo bomber , reconnaissance aircraft , and heavy fighter . Perhaps most unusually, it was adapted into a flying bomb towards the end of the war . The assembly line ran constantly from 1936 to 1945, building in excess of 15,000 Ju 88s across dozens of variants, making it

4368-399: The Soviet 23rd Tank Division of the 12th Armoured Corps described a low-level attack by Ju 88s on 22 June, resulting in the loss of 40 tanks. However, the Ju 88s were to suffer steady attritional losses. At 0415 on 22 June 1941, III./KG 51 attacked the airfield at Kurovitsa. Despite destroying 34 Polikarpov I-153s , the Ju 88s were intercepted by 66 ShAP I-153s. Six Ju 88s were shot down before

4459-535: The Soviet South Western Front's offensive. The Ju 88s destroyed most rail links during interdiction missions in the area, allowing Panzergruppe 1 to maintain the pace of its advance. Ju 88 units operating over the Baltic states during the battle for Estonia inflicted severe losses on Soviet shipping, with the same dive-bombing tactics used over Norway , France and Britain. KGr 806 sank

4550-467: The Soviet destroyer Karl Marx on 8 August 1941 in Loksa Bay Tallinn . On 28 August the Ju 88s had more success when KG 77 and KGr 806 sank the 2,026  grt steamer Vironia , the 2,317 grt Lucerne , the 1,423 grt Atis Kronvalds and the ice breaker Krišjānis Valdemārs (2,250 grt). The rest of the Soviet "fleet", were forced to change course. This took them through

4641-429: The Soviets and irreplaceable. However, before the plan could be implemented, the Red Army had entered Germany, and it was decided to use the Mistels against their bridgehead at Küstrin instead. On 12 April 1945, Mistels attacked the bridges being built there, but the damage caused was negligible and delayed the Soviet forces for only a day or two. Subsequent Mistel attacks on other bridges being thrown across

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4732-423: The aircraft's maiden flight was performed by the prototype Ju 88 V1, which bore the civil registration D-AQEN. During its first flight, it managed to reach a speed of about 580 km/h (360 mph). On 10 April 1937, the first prototype was lost in an accident. The third prototype, Ju 88 V3, which made its first flight on 13 September 1937 and was the first to be powered by the Jumo 211A engine, participated in

4823-483: The aircraft's development, delaying its introduction to squadron service from 1938 to September 1939, by which point the Second World War had already started. The Ju 88 first saw action with the Luftwaffe during the invasion of Poland . It would subsequently be deployed into numerous theatres of the conflict, including the Norwegian campaign , the Battle of France , the Battle of Britain , the invasion of Yugoslavia ,

4914-464: The approaches to the harbour of Piraeus and bombed ships in the vicinity, which took the port out of action for weeks. During May 1941, the German invasion of Crete commenced. On 22 May, numerous Ju 88s, along with various other bomber aircraft of the Luftwaffe, attacked vessels belonging to the Royal Navy 's Mediterranean Fleet , reportedly sinking one cruiser, damaging two other cruisers and

5005-589: The complex 32-dipole Matratze antennas. The first four C-6 night fighters were tested in early 1942 by NJG 2 . The trials were successful and the aircraft was ordered into production. In October 1943, many C-6s were upgraded with new radar systems. The first new radar equipment was the FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1. After the UHF-band Lichtenstein radars had been compromised to the Allies in the late spring of 1943,

5096-424: The cooling lines for the engine coolant and oil -cooling radiators (integrated within the annular design) to be as short as possible, with integral port and starboard air intakes for cooling the exhaust headers, the starboard inlet also supplying the inlet air for the supercharger. During autumn of 1938, Dr. Heinrich Koppenberg (managing director of Jumo) assured Göring that a production rate of 300 Ju 88s per month

5187-502: The first production version with 60 produced and 60 converted from A-5 airframes. The C-6 , of which 900 aircraft were produced, was based on the A-4 airframe with more powerful engines and stronger defensive armament (single- or dual-mount belt-fed 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 81 or 13 mm (0.512 in) MG 131 instead of drum-fed MG 15 machine guns). The C-6 as night fighter was typically equipped with FuG 202 Lichtenstein BC low- UHF band airborne intercept radar , using

5278-424: The lack of sufficient numbers of Ju 87 Stukas , the Ju 88 was quickly employed in the direct ground support role. This decision resulted in severe losses being incurred from ground fire. Kampfgeschwader 1 , Kampfgeschwader 76 and Kampfgeschwader 77 reported the loss of 18 Ju 88s over enemy territory on 23 June. KG 76 and KG 77 reported the loss of a further four Ju 88s, of which 12 were 100% destroyed. In

5369-419: The main wheels to end up above the lower end of the strut when fully retracted and was adopted as standard for all future production Ju 88s, and only minimally modified for the later Ju 188 and 388 developments of it. These single-leg landing gear struts also made use of stacks of conical Belleville washers inside them as their main form of suspension for takeoffs and landings. By 1938, the design had received

5460-413: The morning of 22 June 1941. It caught, and claimed destroyed, 60 Soviet bombers on the ground. The 39 SBAP Regiment of the 10 Division SAD actually lost 43 Tupolev SBa and five Petlyakov Pe-2s . Ju 88s from Kampfgeschwader 51 destroyed over 100 aircraft after dispatching 80 Ju 88s to hit airfields. In general the Soviet aircraft were not dispersed and the Luftwaffe found them easy targets. A report from

5551-538: The next development in German AI radar was the VHF -band FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2, discarding the 32-dipole Matratze antennae for the much larger eight-dipole Hirschgeweih (stag's antlers) aerials, required for the longer wavelength SN-2 system. Many Ju 88C's had their Bola gondolas modified to hold up to two forward firing 20 mm (0.787 in) cannons. Several C-6 night fighters were equipped with two "Schräge-Musik" upward-firing 20 mm (0.79 in) cannons in trial fittings, and from mid 1943 onward, there

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5642-560: The north, the VVS North-Western Front lost 465 aircraft on the ground, 148 of them bombers, to the Ju 88s of KG 1. A further 33 were damaged. Out of a total of 1,720 aircraft deployed by the VVS Northern Front on 22 June, it lost 890 and a further 187 suffered battle damage in eight days. The Ju 88s units helped virtually destroy Soviet airpower in the northern sector. Again, the Ju 88 demonstrated its dive-bombing capability. Along with He 111s from KG 55, Ju 88s from KG 51 and 54 destroyed some 220 trucks and 40 tanks on 1 July, which helped repulse

5733-421: The nose while retaining some bomb carrying ability of the A-series bomber. The C-series had a solid metal nose, typically housing one 20 mm (0.787 in) MG FF cannon and three 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 17 machine guns . The aircraft retained the ventral Bola gondola under the crew compartment though individual units sometimes removed this to reduce weight and drag to enhance performance. The Ju 88C

5824-415: The only repair facility (in Leningrad ) had been heavily damaged. To accomplish the goal Mistel long-range bombers were to be employed. To destroy water turbines, special floating mines called Sommerballon ("summer balloon") were to be dropped into the water and then pulled by the current straight into the turbines. Due to the shortage of bombers and fuel, technical problems with the floating mine, and

5915-400: The proven He 111, and to the crews' lack of experience on the type – many having converted to the Ju 88 only shortly before. Of the 39 losses recorded for July 1940, for example, only 20 were due to enemy action. The others being written off in training accidents, crashes, or malfunctions over mainland Europe. A series of field modifications were made to make the Ju 88 less vulnerable, including

6006-613: The release of the bombs, the elevators automatically moved to their full-up position to bring the aircraft out of its dive and into a climb. As a dive bomber, the Ju 88 was capable of pinpoint deliveries of heavy loads; however, despite all the modifications, dive bombing still proved too stressful for the airframe, and in 1943, tactics were changed so that bombs were delivered from a shallower, 45° diving angle. Aircraft and bomb sights were accordingly modified and dive brakes were removed. With an advanced Stuvi dive- bombsight , accuracy remained very good for its time. The maximum bomb load of

6097-441: The replacement of the single MG 15 rear machine gun by a twin-barreled MG 81Z machine gun and the fitting of additional cockpit armour. One incident involved ground fighting between the crew of an A-1 and soldiers from the London Irish Rifles during the Battle of Graveney Marsh on 27 September 1940. It was the last action between British and foreign military forces on British mainland soil. Between January 1943 and April 1944,

6188-437: The same period were 132 and 252 machines destroyed, respectively. Amongst the factors responsible for the high loss rate were the poor coordination between Luftwaffe fighter and bomber aircraft and the austere conditions of the French airfields from where these bombers operated. Of all the losses suffered by the Ju 88 at that time, however, a number were due to the tricky behaviour of the aircraft, especially when compared with

6279-413: The same redesigned annular radiator cores as the Ju 188s powered by them), enlarged fuel tanks and often one or two 20 mm (0.79 in) MG 151/20 cannons in a Schräge Musik ("Jazz Music", i.e. slanted) installation. These guns were pointed obliquely upwards and forwards from the upper fuselage – usually at an angle of 70°. Some of the final G-series models received updates to the engines, using

6370-498: The semi-experimental FuG 240 Berlin N-1 cavity magnetron based, 3  GHz -band (centimetric) radar, whose dish antenna was housed in a smoothly contoured radome on the G-6's nose. Only about 15 of the Berlin systems were completed before V-E Day . Many Luftwaffe night fighter aces, such as Helmut Lent (110 victories) and Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (87 victories) flew Ju 88s during their careers. The first Ju 88s to be used in squadron service were assigned to

6461-443: The southern coast; these were largely ineffective and thus were abandoned within the space of a month. By August 1944, the Luftwaffe's Ju 88 force had been heavily diminished. The Ju 88 was used by VIII Fliegerkorps during the German invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. That same month, the type was also used during the German invasion of Greece (Operation Marita); at the start of the conflict, several Ju 88s dropped mines along

6552-449: The study of pull-out systems and dive brakes . The first prototype to be tested as a dive bomber was the Ju 88 V4 followed by the V5 and V6. These models became the planned prototype for the A-1 series. The V5 made its maiden flight on 13 April 1938, and the V6 on 28 June 1938. Both the V5 and V6 were fitted with four-blade propellers, an extra bomb bay and a central "control system". Following

6643-580: The summer of 1941, most of the units equipped with the Dornier Do 17 were upgrading to the Ju 88. With a few exceptions, the majority of the Luftwaffe's bomber units were flying the He 111 and Ju 88 by this point. On 22 June 1941, the invasion commenced; the Ju 88 units met with instant success, attacking numerous enemy airfields and positions at low level and causing enormous losses for little damage in return. 3./ Kampfgeschwader 3 attacked Pinsk airfield in

6734-413: The type were often more successful. A total of 12 Ju 88s saw action during the invasion of Poland . Ekdo 88 selected 12 aircraft and their crews and attached them to 1./ Kampfgeschwader 25. As a result of its small operational numbers, the type made no meaningful impact. The Luftwaffe committed II./ Kampfgeschwader 30 to the campaign under X. Fliegerkorps for Operation Weserübung . The unit

6825-519: The unit Erprobungskommando 88 (Ekdo 88), which was responsible for testing new bomber designs and their crews under hostile conditions. On 26 September 1939, the unit's first operation was conducted, during which multiple Ju 88s flew over the Firth of Forth with the intention of bombing any British warships present. It is generally believed that no meaningful damage was inflicted to any British vessel during this raid, although future attacks to this area by

6916-499: The unmanned bomber was released to hit its target and explode, leaving the fighter free to return to base. The first such composite aircraft flew in July 1943 and was promising enough to begin a programme by Luftwaffe test unit KG 200 , code-named "Beethoven", eventually entering operational service. Other Mistel composites included the Ta 154 / Fw 190 , Ar 234 / Fi 103 , Do 217K / DFS 228 and Si 204 / Lippisch DM-1 . Projects included

7007-539: Was a planned strategic bombing operation against power generators near Moscow and Gorky in the Soviet Union which was planned by Nazi Germany during World War II but eventually abandoned. The plan of the operation was created in 1943 by Professor Heinrich Steinmann (1899–1969), an official at the Reich Air Ministry . A bombing raid was to destroy twelve turbines in water and steam power-plants near Moscow , Gorky , Tula , Stalinogorsk and under

7098-524: Was a specialized variant for ground attack and to function as a bomber destroyer , designed starting from 1942 and produced in small numbers, using examples of the Bordkanone heavy calibre aviation autocannon series, which required the omission of the Bola undernose gondola for clearance. The prototype, derived from a standard Ju 88 A-4, was armed with a 75 mm (3.0 in) anti-tank gun derived from

7189-451: Was abandoned after the sinking of the German battleship Tirpitz led to the departure of all of the Royal Navy 's major surface units from the target. As part of Operation Iron Hammer in late 1943 and early 1944, Mistels were selected to carry out key raids against Soviet weapons-manufacturing facilities—specifically, electricity-generating power stations around Moscow and Gorky . These plants were known to be poorly defended by

7280-534: Was allegedly viewed as an aircraft that could finally fulfil the promise of the Schnellbomber . The streamlined fuselage was modelled after its contemporary, the Dornier Do 17 , but furnished with fewer defensive guns as a result of the belief still held that it could outrun late 1930s-era fighters. During March 1939, the fifth prototype set a 1,000 km (620 mi) closed-circuit record while carrying

7371-546: Was an official field modification kit available for this arrangement. A small number of the C-series day fighters had their new solid-metal noses specially painted to resemble the bomber A-series' "beetle's eye" faceted clear view nose glazing, in an attempt to deceive Allied pilots into thinking the fighters were actually bombers; the unusual "camouflage" attempt did result initially in a number of Allied aerial losses. The Ju 88R series night fighters were basically versions of

7462-455: Was being manufactured per week as problems kept cropping up. The Ju 88C series of heavy fighter was also designed in early 1940, but its existence was kept secret from Göring, as he only sought bombers at this time. In October 1937, Ernst Udet had ordered the development of the Ju 88 as a heavy dive bomber . This decision was influenced by the success of the Ju 87 Stuka in this role. The Junkers development centre at Dessau gave priority to

7553-538: Was broken down further, a decision that made it easier to produce the numerous variations of the Ju 88. During early 1939, a pre-production batch of ten Ju 88A-0s was completed to conduct service trials of the type; the A-0 series were almost entirely identical to the Ju 88 V10 prototype. As the outbreak of the Second World War approached, by the time Luftwaffe planners such as Udet had their opportunities to have their own "pet" features added (including dive-bombing by Udet),

7644-410: Was definitely achievable; indeed, such a rate was achieved during 1940. However, the pre-war ramping up of production was delayed drastically by developmental problems. Although planned for a service introduction in 1938, the Ju 88 finally entered squadron service (with only 12 aircraft) on the first day of the invasion of Poland in 1939. Production was painfully slow at this point, only a single Ju 88

7735-450: Was equipped with Ju 88s and engaged Allied shipping as its main target. On 9 April 1940, Ju 88s of KG 30 dive-bombed, in cooperation with high-level bombing Heinkel He 111s of KG 26, and helped damage the battleship HMS  Rodney and sink the destroyer HMS  Gurkha . However, the unit lost four Ju 88s in the action, the highest single loss of the aircraft in combat throughout the campaign. The Luftwaffe's order of battle for

7826-459: Was first to shoot down a Mistel over Normandy, causing it to crash behind enemy lines and cause a large explosion. The night-fighter ace described the Bf 109 and Ju 88 composite as "lumbering" and a "cinch to shoot down". While Mistel pilots claimed hits, none of these match Allied records; they may have been made against the hulk of the old French battleship Courbet , which had been included as

7917-677: Was later flown to Britain while its Ju 88 partner is thought to have been scrapped. The Fw 190 retains its Kugelverschraubung mit Sprengbolzen ("ball joints with explosive bolts "), fittings that attached it to the other aircraft. The aircraft became the property of the RAF Museum in 1998 when its title was transferred from the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. It was put on display at the RAF Museum Cosford in 2013 after previously being on long-term loan to

8008-567: Was later used as a night fighter , and this became its main role. The first version of the Ju 88C was the C-1 with 20 aircraft converted from A-1 airframes. Some of them entered service in the Zerstörerstaffel of KG 30 which became part of II./NJG 1 in July 1940. The C-1 was followed by the C-2 of which 20 aircraft were converted from A-5 airframes with enlarged wingspan. The C-4 became

8099-461: Was specifically formed to operate the C-6. The aircraft of V./KG 40 (which was redesignated I./ Zerstörergeschwader 1 in 1943 ) were a significant threat to antisubmarine aircraft and operated as escort fighters for the more vulnerable Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor maritime patrol bombers. Between July 1942 and July 1944, the Ju 88s of KG 40 and ZG 1 were credited with 109 confirmed air-to-air victories, at

8190-560: Was stationed with 10./ NJG 3 in Aalborg Denmark, flew to the RAF Station at Dyce (now Aberdeen Airport ) with its entire crew and complete electronic equipment on board. The fact that Spitfire Vb fighters No.165 (Ceylon) Squadron escorted it towards the end of its flight could indicate that its arrival had been expected. It was immediately transferred to Farnborough Airfield , received RAF markings and serial number PJ876, and

8281-569: Was tested in great detail. The preserved aircraft is on exhibit at the RAF Museum , as one of the first two intact Ju 88s in aviation museums. The Luftwaffe learned of this defection only the following month when members of the crew, pilot Oberleutnant Heinrich Schmitt (son of the former secretary to the ministry for foreign affairs (1923–1929) Gustav Stresemann) and Oberfeldwebel Paul Rosenberger made broadcasts on British radio. The third crew-member, Erich Kantwill, refused to co-operate with

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