67-569: The High Court of Bombay is the high court of the states of Maharashtra and Goa in India , and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . It is seated primarily at Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), and is one of the oldest high courts in India. The High Court has circuit benches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Porvorim , The first Chief Justice ,
134-480: A Bar Council of Maharashtra & Goa office. The present building of bench is situated in huge premises. The garden is beautifully maintained. Lush green grass invites the attention of any passerby. The HC bench at Aurangabad is approximately 4 km from the Aurangabad Airport and around 6 km from the central bus stand. The new building has 13 court halls in all now including two new ones. All
201-664: A Circuit Bench at Auangabad under sub-sec. (3) of Section 51 pending the decision of the Central Government to establish a permanent Bench there under sub-section (2) of S. 51 of the Act. The Chief Justice then added: "I agree that some such step is necessary in view of the preparations made by the Government at huge costs and the mounting expectations of the people there." On 20 July 1981, the Law Secretary addressed
268-478: A civil case and the session's judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a high court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction, known by different names in different states. Under Article 141 of the constitution, all courts in India, including high courts – are bound by the judgements and orders of the Supreme Court of India by precedence. Judges in
335-445: A garden courtyard in the centre. The outside dimensions are 400 ft x 230 ft. The original design provided for a main central dome rising 109 feet above ground land, the remainder of the building being approximately 52 feet in height. The building has been constructed with sandstone. The building has Ashlar stone facing and brick hearting. The flooring in the corridors and offices is of Sikosa and Shahabad flag stones. The building
402-626: A high court are appointed by the president of India in consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state under Article 217, Chapter Five of Part VI of the Constitution, but through subsequent judicial interpretations, the primacy of the appointment process is on the hands of the Judicial Collegium . High courts are headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on
469-597: A letter to the Registrar requesting him to forward, with the permission of the Chief Justice, a proposal as is required under sub-section (3) of S. 51 for the setting up of a Bench at Auangabad . In reply to the same, the Registrar by his letter dated 24 July 1981 conveyed that the Chief Justice agreed with the suggestion of the State Government that action had to be taken under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of
536-456: A particular region have permanent benches established there. Benches are also present in states which come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this interim period are judged when
603-678: A permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad was supported by the State Bar Council of Maharashtra, the Advocates' Association of Western India, several bar associations and people in general. It is necessary here to mention that the resolution as originally moved made a demand for the setting up of a permanent Bench of the High Court of Bombay at Aurangabad for the Marathwada region, and there was, no reference to Pune which
670-451: A sanctioned strength of 94 judges (71 permanent, 23 additional). The building is part of The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai , which was added to the list of World Heritage Sites in 2018. As of 2022, the Court is currently understaffed, with only 57 judges as against the permitted number of 96 judges. The Bombay High Court was one of the three High Courts in India established at
737-543: A view to save huge expenses and to reduce the inconvenience of the people of the Marathwada and Pune regions in connection with legal proceedings, this Assembly recommends to the Government to make a request to the President to establish a permanent Bench of the Bombay High Court having jurisdiction in Marathwada and Pune regions, one at Aurangabad and the other at Pune." The said demand for the constitution of
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#1732787230314804-472: Is an industrial and commercial city situated in the centre of India. Formerly, it was the capital of the former State of CP & Berar , later old Madhya Pradesh and now it is the sub-capital of the State of Maharashtra . A full-fledged High Court was established at Nagpur on 9 January 1936 and contracted by Sir Sobha Singh . Later it was included as a separate bench in the Bombay High Court jurisdiction after
871-494: Is available on its official website at www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in . The Orders and Judgments from the year 2005 are also available on the website. As of March 2012 the High Court has 315,988 civil cases and 45,960 criminal cases pending. At the same time, the District and subordinate courts under the Bombay High Court have a total of 3,179,475 pending cases. High courts of India The high courts of India are
938-480: Is declared open on 6 January 1940. On the opening ceremony the Viceroy of India described this building as a poem in stone. The High Court has a fairly well planned garden on the eastern as well as western sides. The High Court of Judicature at Nagpur continued to be housed in this building till the reorganisation of states in 1956. With effect from 1-11-1956, eight Marathi speaking districts of Vidarbha formed part of
1005-476: Is responsible for the death of the afflicted. Some rumors appeared that the suit was against Bill Gates for partial funding of AstraZeneca, but these rumors were fake. The suit is addressed to both The State of Maharashtra and AstraZeneca. The Bombay High Court sits at Mumbai , the capital of the state of Maharashtra, and has additional benches in Aurangabad and Nagpur in Maharashtra, as well as Panaji in
1072-640: The Attorney General and the Solicitor General of Independent India were from this court. Since India's Independence , 22 judges from this court have been elevated to the Supreme Court and 8 have been appointed to the office of Chief Justice of India . The court has Original Jurisdiction in addition to its Appellate . Judgments issued by this court can be appealed only to the Supreme Court of India . The Bombay High Court has
1139-601: The India's Parliament ) and later architect of the civil nuclear liability bill . He was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1991 and followed it up in subsequent elections. Chavan held five portfolios in the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government that includes the ministry of science and technology. He became chief minister of Maharashtra in 2010 at the insistence of Congress President Sonia Gandhi succeeding unrelated Ashok Chavan . He resigned as
1206-474: The Indian order of precedence . The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that high court, whichever is higher. The Madras High Court is the oldest high court in the country, established on 26 June 1862. High courts that handle numerous cases of
1273-533: The University of California, Berkeley . He wrote articles on computer science; engineering design; and also contributed to research in computerization. He also worked briefly in the US as a design engineer , working on defence electronics, anti-submarine warfare , computer storage systems, and computerisation of Indian languages. Chavan started his political career in 1991 by winning his parents old seat of Karad to
1340-425: The constitution , a state law or union law. The work of most high courts primarily consists of appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in terms of Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. Writ jurisdiction is also the original jurisdiction of a high court. Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a district judge and a session judge. He is known as the district judge when he presides over
1407-739: The constitutions of the separate states and as a result vary greatly from state to state. The Calcutta High Court in Kolkata (est. 1862), Bombay High Court in Mumbai (est. 1862), Madras High Court in Chennai (est. 1862), Allahabad High Court in Allahabad (est. 1866), and Bangalore High Court (now Karnataka High Court ) in Bengaluru (est. 1884) are the five oldest high courts in India. The Andhra High Court and Telangana High Court are
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#17327872303141474-458: The Act for which the approval of the Governor was necessary and he enclosed a copy of the draft order which the Chief Justice proposed to issue under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act. On 10 Aug. 1981, the Law Secretary conveyed to the Registrar the approval of the Governor. On 27 Aug. 1981, the Chief Justice issued an order under sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the Act to the effect: "In exercise of
1541-533: The Act may be resorted to and he, therefore, requested the Chief Justice to favour the Government With his views on the matter at an early date. On 5 July 1981, the Law Secretary waited on the Chief Justice in that connection. On 7 July 1981 the Chief Justice wrote a letter to the Chief Minister in which he stated that the Law Secretary had conveyed to him the decision of the State Government to have
1608-735: The Aurangabad Bench of the Bombay High Court was constituted. The Constitution of the Bench by The Hon’ble Chief Justice V.S.Deshpande then came to be challenged before the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The Petition filed by the State of Maharashtra was allowed and the people's aspirations from Marathwada were recognized. The Judgment is a reported one (State of Maharashtra v. Narain Shyamrao Puranik) in AIR 1983 Supreme Court 46. When
1675-486: The Bench. As a result of this communication, the Chief Justice wrote to the Chief Minister on 26 February 1981 signifying his consent to the establishment of a permanent Bench at Aurangabad. After adverting to the fact that his predecessors had opposed such a move and had indicated, amongst other things, that such a step involved, as it does, breaking up of the integrity of the institution and the Bar, which would necessarily impair
1742-531: The Central Court Hall on 15 August 2012. The then Prime Minister of India , Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Chief Guest at the concluding ceremony of the year-long Sesquicentennial celebrations on 18 August 2012. A book titled A Heritage of Judging: The Bombay High Court through one hundred and fifty years , edited by Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud , Anoop V. Mohta and Roshan S. Dalvi was published by
1809-532: The Department of Atomic Energy. Chavan replaced Ashok Chavan as chief minister after the latter's involvement in the Adarsh Housing Society scam forced him to resign. Reasons for his choice reported by the media included the perception that he had a "clean image" and that he did not have his own faction of political supporters within the state. One of his first actions as Chief Minister
1876-676: The Goa bench for 8 and 12 years respectively. Justice F.I Rebello, was appointed Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court in 2010 and retired in 2011. Justice Nelson Britto was Judge for five years. Justice A.P Lavande, Justice F.M.Reis, and Justice M.S. Sonak, were senior lawyers who practiced in the Goa Bench before their elevation. Presently Goa has one lady judge, Justice Anuja Prabhudesai. Justice A Prabhudesai and retired Justice Nutan Sardesai who were both District Judges. Prior to
1943-521: The High Court at Aurangabad and this was conveyed by the Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, Law & Judiciary Department, communicated by his letter dated 3 February 1981 to the Registrar and he was requested, with the permission of the Chief Justice, to submit proposals regarding accommodation for the Court and residential bungalows for the Judges, staff, furniture, etc. necessary for setting up
2010-532: The High Court of Bombay constituted a bench in Porvorim , Goa, Justice G.F Couto was appointed its first Goan permanent judge. Justice G.D. Kamath was appointed as judge in 1983 and later in 1996 as Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court. Justice E.S da Silva was elevated in 1990 and was a judge of this court till his retirement in 1995. Justice R.K. Batta and Justice R.M.S. Khandeparkar were Judges of
2077-426: The High Court. A special postal cover was released by Milind Deora , the then Minister of State for Communications and Information Technology at the historical Central Court Hall of the High Court on 14 August 2012. An exhibition displaying important artifacts, royal charters, stamps, old maps and other documents of historical importance was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Prithviraj Chavan , in
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2144-517: The Lok sabha. He went on to win the seat thrice, in 1991, 1996 and 1998 but lost in 1999. He served as a Minister of State for the ministries of Ministry of Science and Technology , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions , Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs and in charge of Prime Minister's Office. Earlier he also served as the Minister of State in charge of
2211-482: The Maharashtra Judicial Academy. In its illustrious history, the Bombay High Court has been the site for numerous noteworthy trials and court cases. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was tried a number of times in the Bombay High Court, but the most famous was his trial for sedition in the 1916 case Emperor v. Bal Gangadhar Tilak . Bar Council had boycotted some judges of the High Court in 1991 under
2278-520: The Parliament conferring Statehood to Goa, the High Court of Bombay became the common High Court for the states of Maharashtra and Goa and the Union territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu w.e.f. 30.5.1987. The High Court was shifted from the old building of Tribunal da Relação to Lyceum Complex at Altinho, Panaji and started functioning there from 3.11.1997. The main building at
2345-661: The Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Queen Victoria , bearing date 26 June 1862. It was inaugurated on 14 August 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861 . The work on the present building of the High Court was commenced in April 1871 and completed in November 1878. It was designed by British engineer Col. James A. Fuller . The first sitting in this building was on 10 January 1879. Justice M. C. Chagla
2412-438: The Secretary to the Government of Maharashtra, Law & Judiciary Department wrote to the Registrar stating that there was a possibility of a delay in securing concurrence of the Central Government and the issuance of a notification by the President under subsection (2) of S. 51 of the Act for the establishment of a permanent Bench at Auangabad and in order to tide over the difficulty, the provisions of sub-sec. (3) of Section 51 of
2479-473: The Union territory of Goa Daman & Diu and established a permanent Bench of that High Court at Panaji on 30.10.1982 From its inception, the Hon'ble Shri Justice Dr. G.F.Couto who was at that time acting Judicial Commissioner was elevated to the Bench of High Court of Bombay. The Hon'ble Shri Justice G.D.Kamat was elevated to the Bench on 29.8.1983. With the passing of Goa, Daman & Re-organization Act, 1987 by
2546-740: The annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu the highest Court for the then Portuguese State of India was the Tribunal da Relação de Goa functioning at Panjim . Originally established in 1554, the Relação de Goa used to serve as the high court of appeal for all the Portuguese East Indies territories of the Indian Ocean and the Far East, including what are now Mozambique, Macau and East Timor, besides India itself. The Relação de Goa
2613-467: The architectural work of Le Corbusier ) are UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The high courts are substantially different from and should not be confused with the state courts of other federations, in that the Constitution of India includes detailed provisions for the uniform organisation and operation of all high courts. In other federations like the United States, state courts are formed under
2680-559: The building was marked by the release of a book, commissioned by the Bar Association, called " The Bombay High Court: The Story of the Building – 1878–2003 " by local historians Rahul Mehrotra and Sharada Dwivedi . Although the name of the city was changed from Bombay to Mumbai in 1995, the Court as an institution did not follow suit and retained the name Bombay High Court. Although, a bill to rename it as Mumbai High Court
2747-674: The chief minister of Maharashtra after the ruling NCP-Congress alliance split in the state. He contested the 2024 legislative assembly elections from the Karad South constituency but lost to Dr. Atulbaba Suresh Bhosale of the BJP. Chavan was born in a Maratha family in Indore , Central Provinces on 17 March 1946. His parents were Dajisaheb Chavan and Premala . He is the eldest of three siblings. His younger sisters are Nirupama Ajitrao Yadav-Deshmukh and Vidyulata Venkatrao Ghorpade. Dajisaheb
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2814-577: The circuit court is in session. According to a study conducted by Bangalore -based N.G.O, Daksh, on 21 high courts in collaboration with the Ministry of Law and Justice in March 2015, it was found that average pendency of a case in high courts in India is 3 years. The buildings of Bombay High Court (as part of the Victorian and art deco ensemble of Mumbai ) and Punjab and Haryana High Court (as part of
2881-408: The concurrence of the Central Government and the issuance of a Presidential Notification under sub-sec. (2) of S. 51 of the Act. On 19 June 1981, the State Government accordingly took a Cabinet decision pending the establishment of a permanent Bench under sub-sec. (2) of S. 51 of the Act at Aurangabad for the Marathwada region, resort be had to the provisions of sub-section (3) thereof. On 20 June 1981,
2948-462: The court halls are on the first floor of the building, while the registry of the Court is on the ground floor. The Aurangabad bench has a strong Bar of more than 1000 advocates, but the Aurangabad bench does not have jurisdiction over company law matters. The Aurangabad Bench celebrated its 28th anniversary on 27 August 2009. Due to the continued demand of the people of Marathwada region for
3015-498: The establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad under sub-section (2) of Sec. 51 of the Act, the State Government first took up the issue with the then Chief Justice R. M. Kantawala in 1977. On 22 March 1978, the State Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution supporting a demand for the establishment of a permanent Bench of the High Court at Aurangabad to the effect : "With
3082-576: The field of aircraft instrumentation and designing audio recorders for anti-submarine warfare in the US before returning to India and becoming an entrepreneur in 1974. Referred to in the media as a technocrat with a clean, non-controversial image, a low-profile leader. Chavan served as the Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs and Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances, and Pensions . Chavan
3149-412: The formation of the State of Maharashtra on 1-5-1960. During the year 1960 the strength of this Bench consisted of four Honourable Judges. The extension of High Court building consists of two annex buildings on both sides of the existing building viz., North and South Wings. For this Government of Maharashtra has sanctioned Rs. 1,2,926,605/- on dated 21 March 1983. 'South Wing' houses various utilities for
3216-482: The formation of the state of Maharashtra in 1960. Sir Gilbert Stone, a Judge of the Madras High Court was appointed as first Chief Justice. The foundation stone of the new building (present High Court building) was laid by late Sir Hyde Gowan on 9-1-1937. The building was designed by Mr. H.A.N. Medd, Resident Architect. It was constructed at a cost of Rs.737,746/-.The building consisted of two stories with
3283-665: The general elections of 1977, 1984, and 1989 serving till her death in 1991. Chavan began his schooling at a local Municipal Marathi-medium school in Karad. After his father moved to Delhi , Chavan joined Nutan Marathi School in Delhi. Chavan graduated in Mechanical Engineering from BITS Pilani . After graduation in 1967, he won a UNESCO scholarship in Germany and later moved to pursue a Master of Science degree from
3350-476: The greater bilingual State of Bombay which came into existence. Remaining fourteen Hindi speaking districts of the former State of Madhya Pradesh became part of the newly constituted State of Madhya Pradesh with the capital at Bhopal . The High Court of Madhya Pradesh was treated as the successor of the former High Court at Nagpur. A bench of the High Court at Bombay began to sit in this building at Nagpur with effect from 1-11-1956 and continues to do so even after
3417-402: The highest courts of appellate jurisdiction in each state and union territory of India . However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of peculiar or territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated, especially by
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#17327872303143484-404: The leadership of Senior Counsel Iqbal Chagla. In 2011, a couple of petitions came to be filed challenging housing societies built by judges upon plots of land reserved for other purposes. In November 2021, the Bombay High Court issued a controversial criminal case against AstraZeneca for misinformation and misleading claims regarding the safety of their vaccines. The suit claims this misinformation
3551-521: The newest high courts, established on 1 January 2019 according to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 . The following are the 25 high courts in India, sorted by name, year established, act by which it was established, jurisdiction, principal seat (headquarters), permanent benches (subordinate to the principal seat), circuit benches (functional a few days in a month/year), the maximum number of judges sanctioned, and
3618-491: The powers conferred by sub-section (3) of S. 51 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (No. 37 of 1956) and all other powers enabling him on this behalf, the Hon'ble the Chief Justice, with the approval of the Governor of Maharashtra, is pleased to appoint Aurangabad as a place at which the Hon'ble Judges and Division Courts of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay may also sit." This is the history of how
3685-411: The presiding chief justice of the high court: Prithviraj Chavan Prithviraj Chavan ( Marathi pronunciation: [prut̪ʱʋiːɾaːd͡ʑ t͡səʋʱaːɳ] ) (born 17 March 1946) is an Indian politician who was the 17th Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 2010 to 2014. Chavan is a graduate of BITS Pilani and University of California, Berkeley in mechanical engineering . He spent time working in
3752-585: The public, i.e. litigants and the Bar as well as High Court Government Pleader's Establishment including Standing Counsel for Central Government and 'A Panel Counsels, and also for the establishment. In the North Wing, it is proposed to accommodate additional Court Halls, Chambers of the Hobble Judges, Judges' Library and the office. Presently, the strength of this Bench consists of 10 Honourable Judges and total employees are 412. The Aurangabad bench
3819-524: The quality and quantity of the disposals. It, however, became evident by the middle of June 1981 that the Central Government would take time in reaching a decision on the proposal for the establishment of a permanent Bench under sub-sec. (2) of Section 51 of the Act at Aurangabad as the question involved a much larger issue, viz. the principles to be adopted and the criterion laid down for the establishment of permanent Benches of High Courts generally. This meant that there would be an inevitable delay in securing
3886-550: The said Complex, constructed in the year 1925 by the Portuguese Government, was renovated by the Goa state government and inaugurated by the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Bombay High Court Shri M.B.Shah on 2.10.1997.The Hon'ble Chief Justice of Bombay High Court, Shri Y. K. Sabharwal, inaugurated the 2nd building on 9.9.1999. Both these buildings now house several departments of the Bombay high court – panaji bench. Due to
3953-423: The space crunch in the lyseum complex, a new building complex is being built in alto – betim porvorim region in Porvorim . The new building was inaugurated on 27 March 2021. The first court hearing in the new building was presided on by the divisional bench composed of Chief Justice of the Bombay high court Dipankar Datta and Justice Mahesh Sonak on 17 August 2021. The Case Status and Causelists of Bombay High Court
4020-697: The state of Goa. It may have a maximum of 94 judges, of which 71 must be permanently appointed and 23 may be additionally appointed. Currently, it has a total of 66 Judges. *Justice Rohit B Deo of the Nagpur bench of the Bombay high court reportedly resigned saying he could not compromise on self-respect. (Oathed By) The court has jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra , Goa and the Union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli . The court has benches in Nagpur , Aurangabad and Panaji . Nagpur
4087-410: Was a member of the Lok Sabha from the Karad constituency from 1957 to 1973 & served as a Minister in the cabinets of Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru , Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi . Upon Dajisaheb's death in 1973, Chavan's mother, Premala (affectionately known as Premalakaki, aunt Premala) contested from her late husband's constituency and was elected in the by election in 1973 and in
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#17327872303144154-423: Was abolished when a Court of Judicial Commissioner was established w.e.f. 16 December 1963 under Goa-Daman & Diu (Judicial Commissioner Court) Regulation, 1963. In May 1964 an Act was passed by the Parliament which conferred upon the Court of Judicial Commissioner, some powers of the High Court for the purposes of the Constitution of India. Parliament by an Act extended the jurisdiction of High Court at Bombay to
4221-405: Was added by way of amendment. Initially, the State Government recommended to the Central Government in 1978 to establish two permanent Benches under sub-sec. (2) of Section 51 of the Act, one at Aurangabad and the other at Pune, but later in 1981 confined its recommendation to Aurangabad alone. The State Government thereafter took a Cabinet decision in January 1981 to establish a permanent Bench of
4288-426: Was also General Secretary of the All-India Congress Committee (AICC), in-charge of many states, including Jammu and Kashmir , Karnataka , Haryana , Gujarat , Tripura , and Arunachal Pradesh . Chavan was drawn into politics after meeting with Rajiv Gandhi . He has been involved in the Indian National Congress bureaucracy for most of his adult life, notably as a member of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of
4355-411: Was approved by the Union Cabinet on 5 July 2016, along with the change of name of the Calcutta High Court and Madras High Court as Kolkata High Court and Chennai High Court respectively, the same is pending approval before the Parliament of India but may not be enacted for some time. In 2010, the High Court organized several functions to mark the completion of 150 years of the establishment of
4422-411: Was established in 1982. Initially, only a few districts of Maharashtra were under the Aurangabad bench. Subsequently, in 1988, Ahmednagar & other districts were attached to the bench. The bench at Aurangabad has more than 13 judges. The jurisdiction of the Aurangabad Bench is over Aurangabad, Dhule , Nandurbar, Jalna , Jalgaon , Beed , Parbhani , Latur & Osmanabad . The bench also has
4489-482: Was the first Indian permanent Chief Justice of Bombay High Court after independence [1948 – 1958] Architecture: Gothic revival in the Early English style. It is 562 feet (171 m) long and 187 feet (57 m) wide. To the west of the central tower are two octagonal towers. The statues of Justice and Mercy are atop this building. In 2016, it was announced that the premises of the Bombay High Court would be shifting to Bandra Kurla Complex . The 125th anniversary of
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