The Forum for Democracy and Development (FDD) is a political party in Zambia .
53-586: Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (3 September 1948 – 19 August 2008) was the third president of Zambia . He served as president from January 2002 until his death in August 2008. Mwanawasa is credited with having initiated a campaign to rid the corruption situation in Zambia during his term. Prior to Mwanawasa's election, he served as the fourth vice-president of Zambia from November 1991 to July 1994, whilst an elected Member of Parliament of Chifubu Constituency . Mr. Mwanawasa
106-463: A Two-round system in which over 50% of valid votes cast are required for a president to win. In the event that this does not happen a second round will be held within 37 days between the two leading candidates to which the 50% + 1 rule will determine the winner on that second round. The third notable change is in the introduction of the running mate clause in Article 110 Sections 1, 2 and 3. This saw
159-574: A " cabbage ", an apparent reference to his injuries. However, in a move Mwanawasa described as an attempt to promote "national reconciliation", Mwanawasa appointed a number of opposition lawmakers to his cabinet in February 2003, including Patel of the FDD as Minister of Trade, Commerce, and Industry, and Sylvia Masebo of the ZRP as Local Government Minister. However, Godfrey Miyanda, himself also belonging to
212-408: A French military aircraft on 23 August. It was received with full military honours; Banda and Kaunda were present for the ceremony, which featured a 21-gun salute and jet fighter planes in the sky. It was then taken to all provincial capitals of Zambia, where members of the public had an opportunity to pay their respects. The body was accompanied by both the opposition and the ruling party leaders beside
265-496: A close second with 27%, according to official results. Mwanawasa took office on 2 January 2002. However, the results of the elections were disputed by main opposition parties, including Mazoka's United Party for National Development , which many observers claim had actually won the elections. Both domestic and international election monitors cited serious irregularities with the campaign and election, including vote rigging, flawed voter registration, unequal and biased media coverage, and
318-545: A factor. Due to Mwanawasa's incapacitation, Banda became acting president. On 3 July 2008 news outlets began reporting that Mwanawasa had died in a Paris hospital due to his stroke. The story originated at the Johannesburg -based 702 Talk Radio, which cited Malone Zaza, who claimed to be the head of protocol at Zambia's High Commission in Pretoria , South Africa; however, the commission denied having someone employed at
371-691: A family member who wished to remain anonymous stated that Mwanawasa had died early that morning. The news of Mwanawasa's death was confirmed by Banda through a television broadcast on the government-owned Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC). He informed the nation that Mwanawasa had died that morning at 10:30 (8:30 GMT) at the Percy Military Hospital in Paris. Expressing "immense grief and deep sorrow", Banda declared national mourning for seven days and urged Zambians to "remain calm and mourn our President with dignity". The mourning period
424-637: Is Hakainde Hichilema , who assumed office on August 24, 2021, following the 2021 presidential election where his party, the United Party for National Development , won a majority. The President's role includes appointing the Cabinet , serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Zambian Defence Force , and ensuring the enforcement of laws. The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964 . Since 1991, when Kaunda left
477-531: The 2008 presidential by-election , but put forward Nawakwi for the 2011 general elections . She received 0.2% of the vote, finishing seventh out of the nine candidates. The party won a single seat in the National Assembly, Chifumu Banda in Chasefu . Nawakwi ran for the presidency again in the 2015 presidential by-election , finishing third with 0.9% of the vote. The FDD currently holds one seat in
530-514: The 2011 Zambian general election Rupiah was defeated by the Patriotic Front 's (PF) Michael Sata . Sata died in office in 2014. Accordingly, his Vice-President Guy Scott became president in an acting capacity. This made Scott the first white head of state of an African country since South Africa 's F. W. de Klerk who left office in 1994 following the end of apartheid . However, because his parents were not born in Zambia, due to
583-476: The Patriotic Front was considered his main challenger. His re-election was confirmed on 2 October; according to official results, he received 42.98% of the vote. He was sworn in for another term on 3 October. A few days later, he named a new cabinet and appointed Rupiah Banda as vice-president. Foreign investors liked Mwanawasa, owing partly to his anti-corruption drive. During his presidency, Zambia received foreign investment. The main driver of economic growth
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#1732791657299636-556: The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations Duncan Sandys announced that Northern Rhodesia would become independent under a President. The election for the first President would be held by secret ballot amongst the elected members of the Legislative Council. Upon independence and the renaming of the country as Zambia, Prime Minister Kenneth Kaunda was elected as the first President. The office of Prime Minister
689-528: The United Democratic Alliance , which put forward United Party for National Development leader Hakainde Hichilema as its presidential candidate for the 2006 general elections . Hilchema finished third with 25% of the vote, whilst the UDA won 24 seats in the National Assembly, down from the combined 74 the alliance's member parties had won in 2001. The FDD did not nominate a candidate for
742-476: The Egyptian hospital to which Mwanawasa was taken said that the doctors there had stopped the brain haemorrhage and that he was in a semi-comatose state. Vice-President Banda said that his condition was stable, and Minister of Information Mike Mulongoti noted that Mwanawasa had previously suffered from hypertension ; Mulongoti also said that Mwanawasa was a "very hard working man" and said that this may have been
795-625: The Electoral Commission of Zambia. In 2020, Lungu attempted to change the constitution to allow the President to change electoral laws and take control of Zambia's monetary policy. However the controversial Bill 10 failed after the Parliament of Zambia did not vote in favour with the required 2/3 majority. Symbols Elected unopposed Died in office Forum for Democracy and Development The FDD
848-545: The MMD's candidate to succeed him. Mwanawasa won the 2001 Zambian general election but his victory was marred by accusations of electoral fraud by opposition parties. Following legal disputes, the Supreme Court eventually ruled in 2005 that though the poll was "flawed", there were not enough errors to justify overturning the result. Mwanawasa won re-election in 2006. He died in 2008 and was replaced by Rupiah Banda . In
901-401: The MMD's chairman for Information and Publicity, subsequently said that the MMD "should begin looking for a successor" to Mwanawasa as president of the MMD. Mulongoti, speaking on state radio on 14 July, said that Tetamashimba's suggestion did not represent the government's views. United Party for National Development leader Hakainde Hichilema said that Mwanawasa's incapacitation had paralysed
954-521: The MMD's improper use of state resources. In January 2002, three opposition candidates petitioned the Supreme Court to overturn Mwanawasa's victory. While the court agreed that the poll was flawed, it ruled in February 2005 that the irregularities did not affect the results and declined the petition. In February 2002, Mwanawasa's government filed defamation charges against The Post editor Fred M'membe and opposition lawmaker Dipak Patel for an article in which M'membe quoted Patel as calling Mwanawasa
1007-414: The President and Vice President directly elected on the same ticket as opposed to before where the President who once elected appoints and dismisses the vice president executively. Lastly, the fourth change was in Article 100 Section 1 j) which requires an aspiring presidential candidates to prove to have at least 100 registered voters in each of the ten provinces to successfully file for nominations with
1060-502: The Republic of Zambia is the head of state and head of government of Zambia and is the highest executive authority in the country. The President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is responsible for the administration of the government, overseeing the implementation of national policies, and representing Zambia in international affairs. The office was established at Zambia's independence in 1964. The current President
1113-581: The college. While in Arkansas, he addressed students and press at the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service about social, economic, and political development in Zambia and the region with specific attention paid to HIV/AIDS in Africa and President Mugabe of Zimbabwe. [REDACTED] Media related to Levy Mwanawasa at Wikimedia Commons President of Zambia The President of
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#17327916572991166-461: The constitution [1] . Firstly, Article 100 Section 1 a) effectively removal the parental clause requiring presidential and vice presidential candidates to have at least one parent born in Zambia and the harmonisation of Presidential and Vice-presidential eligibility in Article 110 Section 2. Secondly, Article 101 Sections 1, 2 3 (a & b) and 8 signalled the shift from a First-Past the Post system to
1219-609: The constitution he was only able to act as president for 90 days and could not stand for election. At the 2015 Zambian presidential election , the PF's Edgar Lungu won the presidency and retained it a year later in the 2016 general election under the amended constitution. There are four most notable changes affecting the presidency in this amendment assented to by Edgar Lungu in January 2016, most of which are found in Part VII(7) of
1272-466: The country went into mourning, with flags flying at half-staff , the National Assembly session that had been in progress was indefinitely suspended; a strike by doctors was also suspended, and sporting matches were cancelled, all social events, weddings and birthday parties, were also cancelled. Joyous music in Zambian homes and bars was not heard during the mourning period. This gesture was later noted by
1325-583: The embassy with that name. Mulongoti, speaking for the government, said the news of Mwanawasa's death was "false," and he urged the South African media to show more restraint in its reporting. As the reports were spreading, South African President Thabo Mbeki called for a moment of silence in Mwanawasa's memory; the South African government quickly expressed regret over this misunderstanding and expressed Mbeki's hopes for Mwanawasa's recovery. Mwanawasa
1378-802: The first family during the tour. The burial of Mwanawasa occurred on 3 September at Embassy Park opposite the Zambian Cabinet Office. The funeral was attended by heads of 14 African states, including Mbeki, Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe , and Tanzania's Jakaya Kikwete . In her eulogy at the funeral, Maureen Mwanawasa said of her husband: "Typical of you, you died on duty. You died a sad man as no one seemed to appreciate your sacrifices. Had you been with us today, I am sure these accolades could have made you happy." Mwanawasa married Maureen Mwanawasa on 7 May 1987, and they remained married until his death. He had seven children: Miriam, Patrick, Lorna, Chipokota Mwanawasa , Matolo, Lubona and Ntembe. His wife
1431-476: The functioning of the government. On 15 July, Patriotic Front leader Michael Sata questioned the official claims about Mwanawasa's health, and he called for a team of doctors to be sent by the Cabinet to examine Mwanawasa; this team would then disclose Mwanawasa's actual condition. On 17 July, the MMD announced that Tetamashimba was facing potential disciplinary action, including the possibility of expulsion from
1484-544: The local community. Mwanawasa was open to accepting climate immigrants from Kiribati into Zambia, telling Anote Tong that the country had "plenty of room," but a deal was not finalized. In April 2006, Mwanawasa experienced a mild stroke. On 29 June 2008, while in Sharm el-Sheikh , Egypt , for an African Union summit, Mwanawasa was hospitalised due to a second stroke. On 1 July, International SOS evacuated him by air ambulance to France for further treatment. The head of
1537-541: The media as proof of the people's love for their president. Former president Kenneth Kaunda paid tribute to Mwanawasa, saying that he was "a true servant of the people who served this country with dignity and honour. … He observed the rule of law and he gallantly fought graft in all its forms. … We have lost a great leader who had a real vision for leadership and problems that face the country." Acting president Banda announced state funeral arrangements for Mwanawasa on 21 August. According to this programme, after Mwanawasa's body
1590-482: The multi-party ban to be rescinded. After negotiations with the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) in 1990, President Kaunda signed a constitutional amendment legalising political parties other than UNIP. The office of Prime Minister was abolished again and the powers returned to the President. In the 1991 Zambian general election , Kaunda was defeated by the MMD's Frederick Chiluba . Kaunda agreed to hand over
1643-530: The opposition, opposed the move and threatened to file a lawsuit over it. In January 2005, Mwanawasa apologised to the nation for failing to tackle Zambian poverty. About 75% of the country's population lived on less than $ 1 a day, the United Nations' indicator of absolute poverty. He was elected as president of the MMD for a five-year term in 2005. Mwanawasa ran for a second term in the presidential election held on 28 September 2006. Michael Sata of
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1696-498: The party received 16% of the vote, winning 12 seats. Three FDD politicians were later invited by President Levy Mwanawasa to serve in a 'unity cabinet', and they were expelled from the party for accepting the invitation. In 2005 the FDD chose Edith Nawakwi , a former MMD minister, as its president. However, in 2006 the government de-registered the FDD on the grounds that it had failed to submit an annual report. The FDD subsequently joined
1749-487: The party. Tetamashimba argued that he had been misunderstood. He also said that Mwanawasa's condition was improving and that he was "responding to treatment", while asserting that the government was functioning smoothly and criticising the opposition call for a team of doctors to report on Mwanawasa's health. Banda gave another update of Mwanawasa's condition on 24 July, saying that he was making "steady progress … in his recovery". Skepticism regarding Banda's optimistic updates
1802-591: The presidency of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy . After the loss, Mwanawasa retired from politics until the 2001 election. In August 2001, the National Executive Committee of MMD elected Mwanawasa as its presidential candidate for the 2001 election . He won the election, held on 27 December 2001, with 29% due to Zambia's first past the post system , beating 10 other candidates including two other former vice-presidents ( Godfrey Miyanda and Gen. Christon Tembo ); Anderson Mazoka came in
1855-490: The presidency peacefully, becoming the second African leader to do so after Mathieu Kérékou of Benin . In 1996, President Chiluba allegedly discovered a plot by members of UNIP to carry out a coup d'état and declared a state of emergency to arrest UNIP members. However the Supreme Court of Zambia declared the emergency declaration was not valid and lifted the state of emergency and released those arrested. Later in
1908-411: The presidency, the office has been held by seven others: Frederick Chiluba , Levy Mwanawasa , Rupiah Banda , Michael Sata , Edgar Lungu and the current president Hakainde Hichilema . In addition, acting president Guy Scott served in an interim capacity after the death of President Michael Sata . Since 31 August 1991 the president is also the head of government, as the position of Prime Minister
1961-455: The year, Chiluba amended the constitution stating that only people who had one parent born in Zambia or Northern Rhodesia could run for president. This amendment was ostensibly targeted at blocking Kaunda from standing for president again as his parents had been born in Nyasaland (modern day Malawi ). Due to a two-term limit in the constitution, Levy Mwanawasa was selected by Chiluba as
2014-755: Was a baptised member of the Jehovah's Witnesses but has since been disfellowshiped because of her active role in politics. It is against the faith of Jehovah's Witnesses to take part or sides in politics. He became Baptist in 2005 and was baptized at Twin Palm Baptist Church in Lusaka . In September 2007, Mwanawasa travelled to Arkansas in the United States to give a speech at Harding University in Searcy and received an honorary doctorate from
2067-514: Was abolished in the last months of Kaunda's presidential term following negotiations with opposition parties. The president is elected for a term of five years. Since 1991, There is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Zambia . There was an attempt to modify the term limits in 2001 for Chiluba, but it did not materialize. When the British colony of Northern Rhodesia
2120-626: Was accused by the Kenneth Kaunda government of conspiracy to overthrow the government, which was judged as an act of treason worthy of the death penalty; Tembo won the case against the state, and Mwanawasa's fame among the anti-Kaunda opposition grew. After Frederick Chiluba was elected as president, he appointed Mwanawasa as vice-president in November 1991. Mwanawasa left his firm in March 1992. Before his party's convention in 1990, Mwanawasa
2173-530: Was also abolished making the presidency an executive post. Initially, the country would be governed as a multi-party democracy. However, following the African National Congress integrating with United National Independence Party (UNIP), President Kaunda announced that the Constitution of Zambia would be changed to turn the country into a one-party state in 1973 with UNIP as the only legal party with all others banned. Kaunda claimed this
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2226-483: Was born in Mufulira , Northern Rhodesia , as the second of 10 children. He held a law degree from the University of Zambia . He worked in private law firms from 1974 until 1978 when he formed his own firm: Mwanawasa & Company. In 1985, Mwanawasa served as Solicitor General in the Zambian government but he went back to private practice in 1986. In 1989, he led the legal defence team for Lt. Gen Christon Tembo , who
2279-466: Was done to discourage tribalism. However, the constitution also restored the office of Prime Minister as head of government. In the 1973 Zambian general election , voters were only able to vote for the UNIP sponsored Kaunda and their only options were to vote if they approved or rejected his candidacy. Kaunda was re-elected unanimously at each election until 1991. During the 1980s, pressures increased for
2332-401: Was extended to 21 days on 21 August. He is the first President of Zambia to die in office. The Patriotic Front's Michael Sata expressed sadness and said that Mwanawasa's death was a "national disaster", urging Zambians to remain calm. The Zambia Daily Mail , a state-owned newspaper, said that his death marked "a dark day for Zambia" and had left Zambians "shell-shocked and grief-stricken". As
2385-452: Was flown to Johannesburg , South Africa for medical treatment. He remained hospitalised for three months. A lasting effect of the accident was his noticeably slurred speech. A commission of inquiry was set up to investigate who was responsible for the alleged assassination attempt. Mwanawasa served as vice-president until he resigned in July 1994. In 1996 he unsuccessfully contested Chiluba for
2438-473: Was founded in 2001 by former members of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), disaffected by Frederick Chiluba 's efforts to change the constitution to allow him to stand for a third term. In the 2001 general elections it nominated Christon Tembo as its presidential candidate; Tembo finished third in a field of eleven candidates with 13% of the vote. In the National Assembly elections
2491-595: Was hospitalised at the Percy Military Hospital in Clamart , near Paris. In a statement on 7 July 2008, Banda said that Mwanawasa "remain[ed] in a stable condition" but had to undergo surgery, which Banda described as minor, to correct a breathing problem. Banda said on 8 July that this operation was successful. On 11 July, Banda said that Mwanawasa's condition was stable and that his doctors were "satisfied with [his] current status". Benny Tetamashimba ,
2544-538: Was minerals. Mwanawasa's policies helped to lower inflation and spread some benefits to the poor. Tourists and white farmers diverted from Zimbabwe and helped Zambian economy. Mwanawasa turned the Zambian town of Livingstone, near Victoria Falls , into a tourist hub. Zambia received a relatively large amount of aid and debt relief because of liberalisation and Mwanawasa's "stolid efforts". Overall, economic growth increased to about 6% per year. Mwanawasa criticised President Robert Mugabe of neighbouring Zimbabwe . Mwanawasa
2597-442: Was one of the first African leaders to publicly do so. When Mwanawasa died, Zimbabwean opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai was among the first to publicly express grief. Mwanawasa sold off Konkola Copper Mines to Vedanta for $ 25m despite an initial asking price of $ 400m. An amount (i.e. $ 25m) the company made back in around 3 months and was later making a minimum of $ 500m in profit per year despite its environmental pollutions of
2650-472: Was reportedly widespread. Minister of Health Brian Chituwo , speaking before the National Assembly on 8 August, said that Mwanawasa's "healing process will indeed be long" due to the "serious nature of [his] illness". Vice-President Banda said on 18 August that Mwanawasa's condition had suddenly deteriorated and urgent medical intervention was necessary. The intervention was successful, according to Banda, but Mwanawasa remained in serious condition. On 19 August,
2703-559: Was returned to Zambia, it would first lie in state at Mulungushi International Conference Centre in Lusaka , the capital. The body would then be moved to different provincial capitals from 25 to 29 August, after which it would again lie in state at Mulungushi International Conference Centre until 2 September. His burial, planned for 3 September, was intended to coincide with his birthday; Mwanawasa would have turned 60 years old on that date. Mwanawasa's body arrived in Lusaka from France aboard
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#17327916572992756-557: Was separated from Southern Rhodesia and British South Africa Company rule, the head of state was the British Monarch represented in the colony by the Governor of Northern Rhodesia who exercised executive power as head of state and government. In the 1964 Northern Rhodesian general election , the office of Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia was created to become the head of government ahead of independence. On 19 May 1964,
2809-490: Was widely tipped to become the president of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), but he declined the overture, citing his young age and inexperience. He opted instead to stand as a member of parliament for Chifubu and won with an overwhelming majority of the popular vote. On 8 December 1991 Mwanawasa was involved in a serious traffic accident in which his aide died on the spot. He suffered multiple body injuries and
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