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42-582: Since the late-2010s, the MNC has faced disputes over fundamentals as who is considered Métis, and which organizations should have the democratic mandate to speak for the Métis Nation to Canada's federal and provincial governments. Two of its founding members, Manitoba Metis Federation (MMF) and Métis Nation–Saskatchewan (MN–S) withdrew from the Council in 2021 and 2024 respectively: both organizations cited

84-427: A clear mandate, while plurality or coalition government suggests a lesser mandate, requiring greater compromise between parties. Parties with strong mandates are free to implement their preferred policies with the understanding that they are supported by the people. When no mandate exists for a single party, the median voter may be used to determine what policies have a mandate for implementation. The modern concept of

126-716: A federal bill that would establish a framework to "advance the recognition of the right to self-determination" by the MNA, Métis Nation–Saskatchewan (MN–S), and MNO, and "provide a framework for the implementation of treaties". The bill has faced opposition from the MMF and First Nations communities in Ontario for its recognition of the MNO. MN–S initially supported the bill, but withdrew its support in April 2024, with president Glen McCallum criticizing

168-442: A party that received only a plurality of the vote. In this case, the majority only carries a mandate if it is representative of the median voter. Policy does not necessary correspond to the platform of the dominant party, as it may still have to negotiate with other parties or otherwise have limits on its power to implement certain policies. Proportional representation allows for more nuanced voter preferences, but it also allows for

210-488: A party with only plurality support to receive a majority of seats. In any coalition-based system, voters are unable to know what coalitions may form after an election, further distancing voter preferences from electoral results. The existence of political mandate as a concept is challenged by supporters of deliberative democracy , who believe that parties are elected as representatives to negotiate and compromise between different policy proposals. Direct democracy bypasses

252-468: A political mandate first developed around the 16th century and became a prominent aspect of politics after the French Revolution . A mandate is a social construct based on what is understood to be the will of the voters. Mandate theory proposes that political parties are vehicles for policy options. Voters choose from these options during elections, which then empowers the policies that have

294-460: A political mandate is unclear, it may be seen as the policy preferences of the median voter on a left–right political spectrum . This presents its own challenges when applied, as policy preferences are often more complex and have multiple dimensions. Modern democracies do not consistently provide a majority mandate, as several competing parties offer different policies, requiring coalition governments to make compromises between their members. In

336-407: A popular mandate to rule. Mandates develop from the interpretation of elections. If it becomes widely accepted that the voters support a given platform, then it will be understood that a mandate exists, regardless of the actual wishes of the voters. There is no agreed upon metric for how much support a position must have—or be believed to have—before there is a mandate for its implementation. When

378-485: A statement that it was "determined it is in the strongest position to independently advocate for Métis citizens in Saskatchewan with all other governments". The issue with the MNO was also raised. Chartrand told CBC News that MN–S's withdrawal from the MNC effectively makes the organisation defunct, as its bylaws require that meetings be attended by representatives of two of the founding members (of which only Alberta

420-477: A whole is necessary to govern. Those involved in politics look to mandates to determine what is expected by the voters and what they will consider acceptable. A mandate is desirable for political parties, as it gives them leeway in policy implementation. A party or candidate may claim to have a mandate, but it only confers a political advantage if this claim is widely accepted. Non-electoral governments, such as dictatorships and monarchies , may also claim to have

462-456: A withdrawal from the Council if it fails to uphold its citizenship requirements. The resolution stated that these actions "have endangered our Métis Nation's identity including our political, social, and economic integrity and the future of our Nation's existence". In September 2021, the MMF withdrew from the Council; president David Chartrand stated that the MNC had "abandoned the MMF ;and

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504-770: Is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the riding of Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs in the House of Commons in the 2015 election . A member of the Liberal Party of Canada , he currently serves as Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship in the Federal Cabinet following the swearing in of a new cabinet on July 26, 2023. He previously served as the Minister of Crown Indigenous Relations , starting on October 26, 2021. An anglophone Montrealer, Miller attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in

546-529: Is composed of several provincial Métis organizations, the number of which has varied over time. Its current members include: Mandate (politics) In representative democracies , a mandate is a perceived legitimacy to rule through popular support. Mandates are conveyed through elections , in which voters choose political parties and candidates based on their own policy preferences. The election results are then interpreted to determine which policies are popularly supported. A majority government provides

588-552: Is left). Prior to the withdrawal, the MNC had already cancelled a planned presidential election that was to be held in Saskatoon on September 26 (with the MNC having being run without a president since), and had delayed its next annual general meeting to November pending the completion of a report on the Ontario issue. On October 31, 2024, the AGM was delayed again after Métis Nation British Columbia (MNBC) withdrew over an imbalance in

630-668: The 2024 Paris Olympics were ongoing. Eldidi and his son were apprehended with bombs at a hotel in Toronto on July 28 and charged with terrorism, possession of weapons and conspiracy to commit murder for the Islamic State. Miller married Elin Sandberg, a former Swedish diplomat, whom he met at a party while both were studying at the Université de Montréal . Together, they have three children, two boys named Marius and Lukas and

672-425: The 43rd Canadian Parliament , he was sworn in as Minister of Indigenous Services . On October 26, 2021, just after the 2021 Canadian federal election to the 44th Canadian Parliament , Miller was named the Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations , replacing Carolyn Bennett . On July 26, 2023, Miller became the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship . After Miller replaced Sean Fraser , he announced

714-568: The Canadian Army Primary Reserve as an infantry officer. Miller helped organize Trudeau's first run for office in Papineau in 2007. He was an advisor and the fundraising director for Trudeau's successful run at the 2013 Liberal Party leadership election . Miller was elected in the 2015 federal election to represent the riding of Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs in the 42nd Canadian Parliament . After

756-478: The Manitoba Metis Federation (MMF) adopted a resolution condemning the MNO for recognizing Métis communities outside of what it considered the traditional Métis homeland (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, parts of north-eastern British Columbia, the southern Northwest Territories , and northern halves of the U.S. states of Montana , North Dakota , and a portion of Minnesota ), and advocating

798-505: The "national spokesperson" for MNC until a new president could be elected in April. However, Chartrand was never officially made interim president, and no board meeting was convened to sanction the change. Ultimately, the general assembly scheduled for April was cancelled due to COVID-19, so the situation was not resolved. In 2019 the Fort McKay Métis Community Association (whose membership was largely

840-519: The 1980s at the same time as Justin Trudeau , and has been described variously as "a boyhood friend of Mr. Trudeau" and "one of Trudeau's oldest friends." Miller earned bachelor's and master's degrees in political science from the Université de Montréal . Miller graduated from McGill University Faculty of Law in 2001 with common and civil law degrees. Before his election, Miller practised law at Stikeman Elliott . Miller also previously served in

882-606: The 2024–2026 immigration levels plan for permanent residents, with 485,000 in 2024 and 500,000 in both 2025 and 2026. Canada's population grew by over 2.3 million in two years (July 2022–July 2024), the highest growth seen since the 1950s. With increasing unemployment and continued housing and affordability issues, Miller initially said reducing immigration targets was not feasible but he later signalled there could be an adjustment coming in November 2024. Miller claims high population growth has prevented two recessions. He also called

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924-658: The MNC's continued recognition of the Métis Nation of Ontario , which has been accused of recognising communities with insufficient ancestral and cultural ties to the traditional Métis homeland. The National Council was formed in 1983 to support the recognition of the Métis as a distinct ethnicity who identify separately from other aboriginal groups, share Métis Nation ancestry (e.g. the Northwest and Red River, Manitoba settlements) and form recognized communities. This Council

966-565: The Manitoba Métis Federation and Métis Nation British Columbia did not. The three provincial organizations formed a "tri-council" and asked that the federal government deal directly with them and not with the MNC and met with Indigenous Relations Minister Carolyn Bennet in January 2020. In November 2019 MNC's president, Clément Chartier, announced he would reduce his duties and allow MMF president David Chartrand to become

1008-526: The United States, the two-party system always results in one party having a majority in government that can be interpreted as a mandate. In the event of a coalition government, there is no single party with a popular mandate, as every party was supported by less than half of voters. Some political systems, such as that of the United Kingdom, frequently give a majority of legislative seats to

1050-419: The bill's "one size fits all" approach. It would then introduce its own self-government treaty. On September 19, 2024, Métis Nation—Saskatchewan passed a resolution to withdraw from the MNC, with McCallum citing that "our MN–S government and our Métis communities need to have control over our identity and culture while making decisions that align with the values of our Saskatchewan Métis Nation", and MN–S issuing

1092-703: The blessing of a deity was often invoked as justification for a ruler's power. The first ideas of a mandate for popular rule developed around the year 1500. These ideas began to see political implementation during the Age of Revolution , when monarchical rule was overthrown across many kingdoms through popular uprising. The French Revolution specifically invoked popular mandate as a necessary factor for political legitimacy . As modern electoral politics emerged, rulers came to seek legitimacy from popular mandate in individual constituencies . Marc Miller (politician) Marc Miller PC MP (born March 12, 1973)

1134-591: The country, in September 2024, was met with pushback from some premiers. On August 14, 2024, Miller said he was "disgusted" with the case of Ahmed Fouad Mostafa Eldidi, who was made a citizen of Canada after he had beheaded someone on film when he was part of the terrorist group ISIS in 2015. Eldidi would have gone unnoticed until a tip from police in France notified the RCMP of a conspiracy to terrorize Canadians while

1176-614: The election, he served as the chair of the Quebec Liberal Caucus of MPs. On January 28, 2017, Miller was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Infrastructure and Communities . On June 1, 2017, Miller delivered the first speech in the Mohawk language in the House of Commons. Miller said he had started taking language lessons from Zoe Hopkins in the spirit of reconciliation . He also wanted to demonstrate to

1218-640: The end of 2027. A report from the Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer released on November 15 said the revised immigration targets will only reduce the housing gap by 534,000 units by 2030. The government plans to continue reducing the temporary resident population from 7% to 5% in the coming years. Miller stated, "This shows that we are listening to Canadians. It shows that we have a controlled immigration plan that we can be proud of." Miller's plan to disperse asylum seekers across

1260-506: The insinuation the Liberal government dramatically increased immigration targets to secure votes in future elections, "political hooey". Polls show immigrants who have been in the country longer than six years do not plan to vote Liberal in the next federal election. There was a rise in international students requesting asylum in 2023. In January 2024, Miller announced a two-year cap on international student permits. Miller also signalled

1302-490: The issue of mandates entirely as it allows voters to choose policies directly. Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic both incorporated ideas of citizenship in their governments that granted all men the right to participate in political decisions. In the post-classical era , the authority of a ruler was typically accepted without question and without consideration of the wishes of the people. Religious authority or

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1344-410: The most popular support and allows for their implementation. When voters overwhelmingly support a specific party or candidate in an election, it may be interpreted as a communication from the voters that they wish for the associated political platform to be implemented, creating a mandate for that platform. Mandates are based on the idea that all voters are equal , and popular assent from the group as

1386-546: The national president. A former national president of the Council is Yvon Dumont , who went on to become the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba . The most recent president of the Métis National Council was Cassidy Caron , whose term ended on October 1, 2024; the Council has yet to elect a replacement. Indigenous Affairs Canada, the relevant federal ministry, deals with the MNC; on April 13, 2017

1428-418: The non-French speaking Liberal MPs whom he had urged to study French in his former role as the Quebec Liberal Caucus chair that it was possible to juggle learning a new language while performing their parliamentary duties. On August 31, 2018, he was moved to be the parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations . On November 20, 2019, just after the 2019 Canadian federal election to

1470-487: The number of temporary foreign workers would be reconsidered. On October 24, 2024, after increasing immigration targets each year since taking power in 2015 (excluding the COVID pandemic ), the Liberal government announced they were reducing the number of permanent residents by 20%, commencing in 2025. By 2027, the number of permanent residents would be 365,000, down from the previously proposed target of 500,000. The new target

1512-437: The organisation's governance; president Walter Mineault stated that "with Métis Nation–Saskatchewan no longer a governing member, the governance structure that remains is inequitable", and that "there is an unwillingness to create a new way forward together". The Métis Nation of Alberta, Métis Nation – Saskatchewan, and Métis Nation of Ontario signed self-government agreements with the government of Canada in 2017 or 2018, whereas

1554-605: The recognized Métis communities. It was alleged that 90% of the Métis who have registered with the MNO did not fulfill the requirements of citizenship put in place by the National Council in 2002, notably the requirement for an ancestral link to the Métis homelands and the Red River area specifically. The MNO disputes these claims. The Council placed the MNO on a one-year probation in 2018, and suspended its membership in 2020. During its annual general meeting in 2019,

1596-544: The same as the region's Métis Nation of Alberta "local") voted to secede from the Métis Nation of Alberta. This prompted other community associations in Alberta to likewise secede. The separatist bodies then united in 2021 under a loose umbrella group called the Alberta Métis Federation. This group was recognized by the Manitoba Métis Federation despite protests from the Métis Nation of Alberta. The MNC

1638-427: The true Métis Nation", and that the MMF had resolved to withdraw from the Council "should MNO continue to be allowed a seat at the governance table while they—by their own admission–have nearly 80% non-Métis Nation Citizens in their registry." The MNC has stated that they reject the idea of new Ontario Métis communities. In 2023, Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations Marc Miller tabled Bill C-53,

1680-691: The two parties signed the Canada–Métis Nation Accord, with the goal of working with the Métis Nation, as represented by the Métis National Council on a "nation-to-nation" basis. One source of recent tension between provincial organizations is a disagreement over who is considered Métis. In particular, the Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO) has granted memberships to people from four disputed communities— Mattawa , Georgian Bay , Killarney , and Temiskaming , claiming these groups consist of Métis people, and not simply regions inhabited by First Nations individuals and some settlers, but without cultural ties to

1722-609: Was formed to advocate at the federal level in Canada, which became particularly important with Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 . It is a recognized voice of the Métis people in three Canadian provinces to the Government of Canada , and represents these Métis people on the international stage. The National Council is governed by a Board of Governors made up of the presidents of the provincial Métis organizations and

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1764-472: Was in the middle of what economists recommended but higher than the 300,000 target the government followed before Justin Trudeau was elected. During the press conference, Miller claimed rent in Vancouver and Toronto had decreased since the government reduced the number of study permits by 43% the previous year. With lower permanent resident targets Miller believes 670,000 fewer housing units will be needed by

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