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62-640: The first non-elected Board of Directors was Adam Cuthand, Joe Keeper and Alfred Disbrowe. The successive presidents of the MMF have been the following. During the COVID-19 pandemic , MMF received a $ 460,200 grant from the Public Health Agency of Canada 's Immunization Partnership Fund to increase acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines among Métis citizens in Manitoba . This article relating to

124-490: A COVID-19 PCR test on arrival and must quarantine at an "approved hotel" at their own expense. At the same time, they awaited test results or recovery and were subject to "increased surveillance" during the remainder of the mandatory 14-day quarantine period. Foreign flights were only allowed to land in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, or Vancouver. To discourage non-essential travel, the major airlines agreed to suspend all flights to

186-624: A moratorium of cod fishing in 1992. This affected the region significantly and caused the loss of between 30,000 and 50,000 jobs in the region which was the largest single layoff in Canadian history. Additionally the region is host to parts of Canada's eastern boreal forests which were historically used for timber production and boat production. Labrador hosts the second largest hydroelectric system in Canada at Churchill Falls where it produces 35,000 GWh of power each year. Elsewhere in

248-989: A physical Atlantic coast on the Gulf of St. Lawrence , it is generally not considered an Atlantic Province; instead, it is classified as part of Central Canada , along with Ontario . Atlantic and Central Canada together are also known as Eastern Canada . Atlantic Canada includes a section of the Appalachian Mountains known as the Appalachian Uplands . In each Atlantic province, Upland regions have been divided into three highland areas. The mountain range results in coastal regions being fjorded . Some areas contain glaciofluvial deposits . Atlantic Canada's primary industries are natural resource extraction and power generation including fishing , hydroelectricity , wind power, forestry , oil, and mining . The Atlantic provinces contribute

310-561: A significant part of Canada's fish production, with many coastal communities primarily dependent on fisheries. Over half of all ocean related jobs in Canada are found in Atlantic Canada with 75% of the ocean economy centered in its provinces. The access point for many of such fisheries being the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic continental shelf . Due to the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery Canada imposed

372-523: A third wave of the virus, cases began rising across most provinces west of Atlantic Canada in mid-March, prompting further lockdowns and restrictions in the most populous provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Due to a relatively low volume of cases in the Atlantic provinces, the travel-restricted Atlantic Bubble was planned to reopen; however, in late April, the third wave had spread to the Atlantic provinces. In response, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia reinstated travel bans toward

434-469: A total of four approved vaccines in the nation. However, most provinces discontinued first doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca by May 12, 2021, while the administration of the Janssen vaccine was determined unnecessary. Canada became one of the most vaccinated countries in the world, with a continually high uptake of the vaccine. Despite high general uptake of the vaccine, cases began to surge particularly amongst

496-774: Is responsible for approval and regulation of vaccines (and other pharmaceuticals), while the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. Vaccines are authorized by Health Canada, purchased by the Government of Canada and distributed by PHAC to individual provinces and territories in tranches based on various factors such as population size and prioritized peoples. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) has also issued recommendations on how vaccines should be distributed, in what intervals and to which populations. NACI has also been involved in recommendations on

558-467: Is uncertain, but an archaeological site on the northern tip of Newfoundland at L'Anse aux Meadows has been identified as a good candidate. It was a modest Viking settlement and is the oldest confirmed presence of Europeans in North America. The Vikings would make brief excursions to North America for the next 200 years, though further attempts at colonization were thwarted. The site produced

620-477: The Quarantine Act , introduced following the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak . For the first time in its legislative history, the act was used, legally requiring all travelers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country to self-isolate for 14 days, until rules were changed to accommodate fully vaccinated travelers. Between July and November, the four Atlantic provinces By mid to late summer of 2020,

682-521: The Christmas and holiday season in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Alarmed by hospital capacity issues, fatalities and new cases, heavy restrictions (such as lockdowns and curfews) were put in place in affected areas (primarily Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta) and across the country. These lockdowns caused active cases to steadily decline, reaching a plateau in active cases in mid-February 2021. During

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744-720: The Great Expulsion or Le Grand Dérangement. Following the Seven Years War and the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Newfoundland's governor, Admiral Hugh Palliser , consolidated British control by carrying out the first systematic hydrographic charting of the island, including the Bay of Islands and Humber Arm , much of it by the Royal Naval officer James Cook . After the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1764 some of

806-577: The Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Manitoba -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . COVID-19 pandemic in Canada The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ). It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). Most cases over

868-571: The Omicron variant , which caused provincial and territorial governments to reintroduce restrictions surrounding travel and isolation. However, in mid-February active caseloads and hospitalizations began to decrease and towards the end of February 2022, almost all provinces and territories had announced plans to lift restrictions by early March or mid-March 2022, if epidemiology remained favorable. By March 2022, more than 85% of Canadians aged five and over were fully vaccinated. On January 12, 2020,

930-479: The Wabanaki Confederacy , important allies to New France. Competition for control of the island of Newfoundland and its waters contributed to major ongoing conflicts and occasional wars between France and Britain. The first major agreement between the two powers over access to this coastline came with the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, giving Britain governance over the entire island and establishing

992-598: The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019. The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 was much lower than SARS of 2003, but the transmission was significantly greater, with a significant death toll. On January 1, 2020,

1054-588: The epidemic typhus outbreak. The first premier of Newfoundland , Joey Smallwood , coined the term "Atlantic Canada" when the Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949. He believed that it would have been presumptuous for Newfoundland to assume that it could include itself within the existing term " Maritime provinces ," which was used to describe the cultural similarities shared by New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The other provinces of Atlantic Canada entered Confederation during

1116-535: The 19th century with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia being founding members of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, and later Prince Edward Island joined in 1873. Atlantic Canada is characterized by its rugged coastlines, gravel beaches, rugged mountains , and dense forests. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, and Quebec to the west. The region shares two international borders one with

1178-530: The Acadians returned and settled in the area that would become New Brunswick. The effect of this migration can still be seen today as the province of New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada with over a quarter of residents speaking French at home. After the conclusion of the American Revolution with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 many loyalists from

1240-563: The Alpha and Gamma variants. A study in Ontario found that the Pfizer vaccine was 95% effective to prevent hospitalization or death from the Alpha, Beta and Gamma variants 7 days after the second dose. Moderna was 94% effective against Alpha 7 days after the 2nd dose. Moderna appeared to be highly effective against Delta. A preprint study from epidemiologists David Fisman and Ashleigh Tuite, at

1302-587: The ArriveCAN app or website. On August 9, 2021, Canada reopened its land border to American citizens and permanent residents that are fully-vaccinated. However, the U.S. land border remained closed to Canadians entering the United States until November 8, 2021, when the U.S. began to allow non-essential land travel into the country, with a vaccine mandate for residents 18 and over (enforced via random checks). However, as with air travel, anyone re-entering

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1364-479: The B.C. Ministry of Health announced that they had seen cases of B.1.617 as early as April 4. On May 14, Canada added B.1.617 (including what is now known as Delta ) to its variants of concern. On May 31, 2021, WHO announced that the variant B.1.1.7 was being renamed Alpha , P.1 Gamma , B.1.617.2 Delta and B.1.351 Beta . Early evidence out of Alberta suggested that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines would continue to be effective against death or hospitalization from

1426-563: The British war effort against the United States. In the last half of the 19th century the region's population grew due to the immigration from Ireland due to the great potato famine . Saint John and Halifax , both port cities, particularly received a significant influx of Irish immigrants within the region, with Saint John's quarantine station on Partridge Island being the second-busiest in British North America during

1488-665: The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness planning guidelines, which outlines risks and measures to address a viral disease, and the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Public Health Response Plan for Biological Events , which includes identifying, tracking, and ensuring rapid access to medical care. By February 27, the response plan was at level 3 (escalated). On March 18, the federal Minister of Health , Patty Hajdu , announced that

1550-477: The Caribbean and Mexico until April 30, 2021. On February 12, it was announced a third PCR test would also be required at the end of the 14-day quarantine period. The new rules for international travel went into effect on February 22. In July 2021, the government lifted the quarantine requirement for Canadian citizens and permanent residents re-entering the country, provided they submit proof of vaccination via

1612-405: The Caribbean, Mexico, and the U.S. were instructed to land at either Calgary International Airport , Montréal–Trudeau International Airport , Toronto Pearson International Airport , or Vancouver International Airport . From March 20, Canada and the United States temporarily restricted all non-essential travel across their land border . The U.S. did not restrict non-essential air travel into

1674-426: The United States and its State of Maine and another off the coast of Newfoundland with France and its overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon . The region's maritime environment has profoundly influenced the region's climate, culture, and economy. The area encompasses a mix of urban centers like Halifax and St. John's and rural communities that rely on fishing, and tourism. Although Quebec has

1736-430: The United States settled in the region. This influx of immigrants caused the partition of Nova Scotia creating New Brunswick. Additionally these immigrants changed the culture and character of the region which had historically been French towards more British styled communities. It also marked one of the first large waves of migration to the area that established a predominantly Anglo-Canadian population. Some of

1798-602: The University of Toronto, found that the Delta variant had a 120% greater risk of hospitalization, 287% greater risk of ICU admission and 137% greater risk of death compared to non-variant of concern strains of SARS-COV-2. Over the five years (2020-2024), five main variants have been recorded, with hundreds of different lineages, sublineages, recombinants , and mutations . As the people of Canada experience profound and rapid changes to their lives, we are all concerned about

1860-552: The WHO set up the IMST (Incident Management Support Team) across all three levels of the organization: headquarters, regional headquarters and country-level, putting the organization on an emergency footing for dealing with the outbreak. On January 7, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Public Health Canada advised travelers to China to avoid contact with animals, noting that they were very carefully monitoring

1922-549: The country by Canadians, but Americans were prohibited from boarding flights into Canada per U.S. restrictions—a non-reciprocal restriction that was criticized as being contradictory. On April 16, Trudeau stated that the Canada/U.S. border restrictions would remain in place "for a significant amount of time". The next day, Canada and the United States agreed to extend their entry restrictions, which were to expire on April 21, for an additional 30 days beyond that date. On April 20,

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1984-465: The country saw a steady decline in active cases until the beginning of late summer. In July, the four Atlantic provinces formed the Atlantic Bubble , which allowed unrestricted movement for provincial residents. Through autumn, there was a resurgence of cases in all provinces and territories. On September 23, 2020, Prime Minister Trudeau declared that Canada was experiencing a "second wave" of

2046-579: The country was required to present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test conducted within 72 hours of their arrival; this test could alternatively be obtained in Canada if the traveler had been in the country for less than 72 hours. Atlantic Canada Atlantic Canada , also called the Atlantic provinces ( French : provinces de l'Atlantique ), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising four provinces: New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island . As of 2021,

2108-1023: The course of the pandemic have been in Ontario , Quebec , British Columbia and Alberta . Confirmed cases have been reported in all of Canada's provinces and territories. The virus was confirmed to have reached Canada on January 25, 2020, after an individual who had returned to Toronto from Wuhan , Hubei, China, tested positive. The first case of community transmission in Canada was confirmed in British Columbia on March 5. In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed, all of Canada's provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories implemented, to varying degrees, school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travelers from all countries with some exceptions. The federal Minister of Health invoked

2170-400: The elderly). Starting March 16, only Canadian citizens and their immediate families, permanent residents, and U.S. citizens were allowed to enter the country. The only exceptions were flight crews, diplomats, and trade and commerce. Travellers showing COVID-19 symptoms were not allowed to board flights into Canada, regardless of their citizenship. International flights to Canada from outside

2232-431: The electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central China. The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low, and there were no direct flights from Wuhan to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would "monitor the situation closely". On January 23, the federal Minister of Health , Patty Hajdu , said they were monitoring five or six people for signs of

2294-900: The exact number varying by province), and that those deaths would continue to increase even as the transmission rate decreased. Tam cited factors such as outside visitors, communal living spaces, and staff being transferred among multiple facilities as particular vulnerabilities. The pandemic exacerbated pre-existing staffing issues at some facilities, including underpaid staff and being understaffed in general. On April 28, Tam stated that as many as 79 percent of Canada's COVID-19 fatalities occurred in long-term care homes. Health Canada issued recommendations for long-term care homes. They were encouraged to restrict outside visitors and volunteers, restrict employees from being transferred between multiple facilities, provide personal protective equipment , enforce physical distancing during meals, screen staff and essential visitors. On April 15, Trudeau announced that

2356-625: The federal government announced funding for an additional 49 projects to bring the total to 96. On March 20, Trudeau stated that the National Research Council would work with small- and medium-sized companies on health research to fight the virus, as part of the announcement on Canada's industrial strategy (see below). On March 23, Theresa Tam began appearing in public service announcements on radio and television, urging personal hygiene, social distancing, and against unnecessary travel. On April 6, Tam began to suggest that

2418-492: The federal government had signed an interim order to speed up access to COVID-19 test kits that would allow provincial labs to increase testing. The test kits were made by Switzerland-based Roche Molecular Systems and Thermo Fisher Scientific . Several research projects were provided federal funding to develop and implement measures to detect, manage, and reduce the transmission of COVID-19. On March 11, Trudeau announced $ 275 million in funding for 47 projects. On March 19,

2480-655: The federal government introduced the " ArriveCAN " mobile app , which is used to conduct entry screenings and submit documentation; use of the app became mandatory in November. Since March 30, individuals showing COVID-19 symptoms were to be refused boarding on domestic flights (10 seats or more) and passenger trains. However, it excluded buses and intercity passenger rail services. From April 20, all travellers were required to wear face masks while departing and arriving on air travel, including during security screenings. Those who did not comply were prevented from proceeding. As

2542-713: The federal government planned to provide additional pay to long-term care workers. In April 2020, the Department of National Defence gave the provinces the option to get Canadian Armed Forces assistance in combating the pandemic in long-term care facilities. Quebec was the first to act, with military personnel arriving on April 17. Ontario responded next, with Premier Doug Ford requesting military aid on April 22. On March 14, Canada recommended against any international travel and advised those returning from outside of Canada, except for essential workers (such as flight crew), to self-isolate for 14 days. The Quarantine Act

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2604-540: The first French Shore , giving France and its migratory fishery almost exclusive access to a substantial stretch of the island's coastline. Despite reoccurring wars and conflicts the Britain acquiesced to France's demands for continuing access to this fishery. Between 1755 and 1764 during the Seven Years' War the British forcibly removed thousands of Acadians from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in an event known as

2666-534: The first evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact of Europeans with the Americas outside of Greenland . Acadia , a colony of New France , was established in areas of present-day Atlantic Canada in 1604, under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons . The French would form alliances with many indigenous groups within Atlantic Canada, including the Mi'kmaq of Acadia, who joined

2728-467: The future. It may be difficult to remain hopeful when faced with loss and uncertainty, but Canadians have many reasons for optimism, even in the most trying times. Across Canada, countless people continue to care for the most vulnerable and to provide essential services for their fellow citizens. I am thankful for their dedication and for the hope it offers. In the coming weeks and months, the people of Canada will need to continue to work together to ensure

2790-427: The health and vitality of our communities. I know that Canadians will remain optimistic and will rise to the challenges ahead. My thoughts and prayers are with the people of Canada at this time." Elizabeth II , Queen of Canada , April 5, 2020 The federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre on January 15, 2020. The federal government's pandemic response was based on two primary documents:

2852-658: The historical territories of the Mi'kmaq , Naskapi , Beothuk and Nunatsiavut peoples. The people of Nunatsiavut are the Labrador Inuit (Labradormiut), who are descended from the Thule people . Leif Erikson and other members of his family began exploring the North American coast in 986 CE. Leif landed in three places, and in the third established a small settlement called Vinland. The location of Vinland

2914-503: The land border with the United States continued to be closed to non-essential travel, the Canadian government announced plans in October to allow family members to reunite under compassionate terms. Within the country, the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador established the Atlantic Bubble , restricting travel from other provinces but allowing free movement amongst residents of

2976-504: The landmass of the four Atlantic provinces was approximately 488,000 km (188,000 sq mi), and had a population of over 2.4 million people. The term Atlantic Canada was popularized following the admission of Newfoundland as a Canadian province in 1949. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is not included in the Maritimes , another significant regional term, but is included in Atlantic Canada. The Atlantic Provinces are

3038-426: The member provinces. On January 6, 2021, the federal government announced that all incoming travellers must present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test conducted within 72 hours of their departure time to board flights into Canada. On January 29, 2021, due to concerns surrounding SARS-CoV-2 variants , Trudeau announced a series of new travel restrictions. Travellers arriving in Canada would be required to receive

3100-585: The new settlers brought with them Black slaves. Also 3,000 Black loyalists who were slaves during the war and who sided with the British were given freedom and evacuated with other Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia. Most of the free Blacks settled at Birchtown , the most prominent Black township in North America at the time. The War of 1812 significantly impacted the provinces of Atlantic Canada where they played crucial roles in naval operations, privateering, and as strategic support bases for

3162-439: The region wind power and hydrogen generation have begun to make a large impact on the energy landscape including exporting energy to Canada and hydrogen overseas. The Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency is the official agency responsible for creating economic opportunities within Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia has historically been an exporter of gypsum and now produces over 60% of the gypsum in Canada. Salt and iron

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3224-584: The reinstatement of pandemic restrictions like mask mandates in provinces such as British Columbia and Alberta. Consequently, vaccine passports were introduced in all provinces and two territories. Federally, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau implemented vaccination requirements for air travel, Via Rail and Rocky Mountaineer trains, and federally regulated workers, effective October 30, 2021.. In January 2022, all of Canada's provinces and territories were experiencing record-level case numbers, primarily driven by

3286-607: The rest of the country. Following Health Canada 's approval of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine , and later the mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna , mass vaccinations began nationwide on December 14, 2020. On February 26, 2021, Health Canada approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for use, and on March 5, 2021, they additionally approved the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine for

3348-564: The situation. Still there was no evidence of what caused the illness, or how it spread. On January 15, the federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre. On January 17, the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress "to implement signage" in the Montreal , Toronto , and Vancouver airports to raise awareness of the virus. An additional health screening question added to

3410-500: The unvaccinated population in provinces like Alberta, which had removed nearly all pandemic restrictions. Near the end of summer 2021, cases surged across Canada, particularly in British Columbia , Alberta , Quebec and Ontario , described as a "pandemic of the unvaccinated". A July 2021 PHAC epidemiology report said that those who were unvaccinated represented almost 90% of COVID cases reported. This fourth wave led to

3472-464: The use of non-medical face masks in public could be an "additional measure" of protection. She stated to "protect others around you in situations where physical distancing is difficult to maintain", but that this is not proven to protect the wearer and is considered complementary to all existing health guidance issued thus far. In response to backlogs in COVID-19 testing , especially provinces like Ontario , Health Canada approved new rapid testing for

3534-743: The use or disuse of vaccines to certain ages or populations. On December 26, 2020, Ontario announced that two cases of the B.1.1.7 variant had been found in Durham. On January 8, 2021, the Public Health Agency of Canada announced that the first case of the South African variant had been found in Alberta. On February 8, CTV reported that the first case of the P.1 variant out of Brazil had been detected in Toronto. On April 21,

3596-400: The virus and the numbers accelerate and keep accelerating...you will then end up with more widespread closures. So, I think as cities or hotspots cool down, if you like, the restart needs to be carefully thought of." Long-term care homes were impacted heavily by the pandemic. On April 13, Tam reported that at least half of COVID-19 deaths in Canada were linked to long-term care homes (with

3658-453: The virus. On November 3, the Public Health Agency of Canada started recommended that people wear non-medical masks with three layers including a filter. Tam said that " living with COVID-19 is something that we have to do because it's not going to immediately disappear and the population doesn't have much immunity", and went on to say that "If cases do occur and accelerate in a community, then you have to get at it early because if you let it,

3720-462: The virus. That same day, the chief public health officer of Canada, Theresa Tam , was a member of the WHO committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern . Initially, Canada faced a shortage of personal protective equipment , as the Trudeau government had reduced PPE funding as a cost-cutting measure in previous years. Health Canada

3782-424: The virus. New restrictions from provincial governments were put in place once again as cases increased, including variations of regional lockdowns . In late November, the Atlantic Bubble was disbanded because of the second wave. The federal government passed legislation to approve further modified economic aid for businesses and individuals. Nation-wide cases, hospitalizations and deaths spiked during and after

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3844-403: Was invoked by Hajdu on March 26, making self-isolation a legal mandate for travelers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country. It also prohibits those who are symptomatic from using public transit as transport to their place of self-isolation, and prohibiting self-isolation in settings where they may come in contact with those who are vulnerable (people with pre-existing conditions and

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