141-734: The Heidenau–Kurort Altenberg railway , also known in German as the Müglitztalbahn ("Müglitz Valley Railway") is a German railway in Saxony . Branching off the Elbe Valley Railway , it connects the town of Heidenau near Dresden with the towns of Glashütte and Altenberg in the Ore Mountains , where it terminates . The total length is 38 km, with a total incline of 634 meters. The scenic track follows primarily
282-408: A crank on a driving axle. Steam locomotives have been phased out in most parts of the world for economical and safety reasons, although many are preserved in working order by heritage railways . Electric locomotives draw power from a stationary source via an overhead wire or third rail . Some also or instead use a battery . In locomotives that are powered by high-voltage alternating current ,
423-586: A dining car . Some lines also provide over-night services with sleeping cars . Some long-haul trains have been given a specific name . Regional trains are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service, making more stops and having lower speeds. Commuter trains serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily commuting service. Airport rail links provide quick access from city centres to airports . High-speed rail are special inter-city trains that operate at much higher speeds than conventional railways,
564-731: A fourth rail system in 1890 on the City and South London Railway , now part of the London Underground Northern line . This was the first major railway to use electric traction . The world's first deep-level electric railway, it runs from the City of London , under the River Thames , to Stockwell in south London. The first practical AC electric locomotive was designed by Charles Brown , then working for Oerlikon , Zürich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission, using three-phase AC , between
705-542: A funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Fortress in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel . The line is still operational, although in updated form and is possibly the oldest operational railway. Wagonways (or tramways ) using wooden rails, hauled by horses, started appearing in the 1550s to facilitate
846-492: A hydro-electric plant at Lauffen am Neckar and Frankfurt am Main West, a distance of 280 km (170 mi). Using experience he had gained while working for Jean Heilmann on steam–electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that three-phase motors had a higher power-to-weight ratio than DC motors and, because of the absence of a commutator , were simpler to manufacture and maintain. However, they were much larger than
987-431: A steam engine that provides adhesion. Coal , petroleum , or wood is burned in a firebox , boiling water in the boiler to create pressurized steam. The steam travels through the smokebox before leaving via the chimney or smoke stack. In the process, it powers a piston that transmits power directly through a connecting rod (US: main rod) and a crankpin (US: wristpin) on the driving wheel (US main driver) or to
1128-469: A transformer in the locomotive converts the high-voltage low-current power to low-voltage high current used in the traction motors that power the wheels. Modern locomotives may use three-phase AC induction motors or direct current motors. Under certain conditions, electric locomotives are the most powerful traction. They are also the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for
1269-550: A diesel locomotive from the company in 1909. The world's first diesel-powered locomotive was operated in the summer of 1912 on the Winterthur–Romanshorn railway in Switzerland, but was not a commercial success. The locomotive weight was 95 tonnes and the power was 883 kW with a maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). Small numbers of prototype diesel locomotives were produced in a number of countries through
1410-478: A double track plateway, erroneously sometimes cited as world's first public railway, in south London. William Jessop had earlier used a form of all-iron edge rail and flanged wheels successfully for an extension to the Charnwood Forest Canal at Nanpantan , Loughborough, Leicestershire in 1789. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge rails. Jessop became a partner in
1551-502: A halt was built in 1938 on the site of the narrow-gauge station. The entrance building is almost the same as in Burkhardswalde and Bärenstein. The sgraffito on the gable represents a peasant couple that was typical for the area. The signal box was built in a contemporary style. Niederschlottwitz was reclassified in 1999 after the extension of the second station track as a halt with block post . The elevated signal box served until
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#17327873470461692-437: A large turning radius in its design. While high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service. Since 1980, rail transport has changed dramatically, but a number of heritage railways continue to operate as part of living history to preserve and maintain old railway lines for services of tourist trains. A train is a connected series of rail vehicles that move along
1833-498: A larger locomotive named Galvani , exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance motors , with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple commutators . It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It
1974-423: A locomotive. This involves one or more powered vehicles being located at the front of the train, providing sufficient tractive force to haul the weight of the full train. This arrangement remains dominant for freight trains and is often used for passenger trains. A push–pull train has the end passenger car equipped with a driver's cab so that the engine driver can remotely control the locomotive. This allows one of
2115-525: A new unit mark was proposed equal to a drittelthaler or 1 ⁄ 3 Vereinsthaler, also equal to 1 ⁄ 2 the Austrian gulden, but decimally divided into 100 pfennig instead of the existing 120 pfennig. Combined with a gold-silver ratio of 15.5, the new mark of 5 + 5 ⁄ 9 g fine silver was therefore equivalent to 100 ⁄ 279 g fine gold. With 5 billion gold francs (equivalent to 4.05 billion gold marks) secured from France at
2256-477: A number of trains per hour (tph). Passenger trains can usually be into two types of operation, intercity railway and intracity transit. Whereas intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency (usually scheduled), intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher frequency (especially during peak hours). Intercity trains are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as
2397-422: A one-way trip in second class cost 2.30 Marks . The total of 3.6 million Marks spent on the railway contributed significantly to the economic boom of the neighbouring communities. As early as 1895, 14 industrial plants were connected by branches. In addition to the finished products, lignite, wood pulp, straw, paper, wood and bricks have been transported. From the 1920s, ice blocks were carried in winter from
2538-676: A piece of circular rail track in Bloomsbury , London, the Catch Me Who Can , but never got beyond the experimental stage with railway locomotives, not least because his engines were too heavy for the cast-iron plateway track then in use. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray 's rack locomotive Salamanca built for the Middleton Railway in Leeds in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive
2679-465: A pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of the steam locomotive. His designs considerably improved on the work of the earlier pioneers. He built the locomotive Blücher , also a successful flanged -wheel adhesion locomotive. In 1825 he built the locomotive Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in the northeast of England, which became the first public steam railway in
2820-491: A result of this and the further decline in passenger numbers, the decommissioning of the entire line for safety reasons was considered in 1997. Also, the timetable introduced in that year was operationally unstable during the peak hours and its regular-interval timetable of services every two hours was unattractive. It was only when the Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe , the local public transport utility, took over
2961-439: A revival in recent decades due to road congestion and rising fuel prices, as well as governments investing in rail as a means of reducing CO 2 emissions . Smooth, durable road surfaces have been made for wheeled vehicles since prehistoric times. In some cases, they were narrow and in pairs to support only the wheels. That is, they were wagonways or tracks. Some had grooves or flanges or other mechanical means to keep
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#17327873470463102-739: A single lever to control both engine and generator in a coordinated fashion, and was the prototype for all diesel–electric locomotive control systems. In 1914, world's first functional diesel–electric railcars were produced for the Königlich-Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen ( Royal Saxon State Railways ) by Waggonfabrik Rastatt with electric equipment from Brown, Boveri & Cie and diesel engines from Swiss Sulzer AG . They were classified as DET 1 and DET 2 ( de.wiki ). The first regular used diesel–electric locomotives were switcher (shunter) locomotives . General Electric produced several small switching locomotives in
3243-504: A standard of 5 grams silver per mark. Production of 2 and 5 mark coins ceased in 1915 while 1-mark coins continued to be issued until 1916. A few 3 mark coins were minted until 1918, and 1 ⁄ 2 mark coins continued to be issued in silver until 1919. These silver coins are token or subsidiary currency for the gold mark and are therefore legal tender only up to 20 marks. However, all silver 3-mark Vereinsthaler s issued before 1871 enjoyed unlimited legal tender status even after
3384-407: A standard. Following SNCF's successful trials, 50 Hz, now also called industrial frequency was adopted as standard for main-lines across the world. Earliest recorded examples of an internal combustion engine for railway use included a prototype designed by William Dent Priestman . Sir William Thomson examined it in 1888 and described it as a "Priestman oil engine mounted upon a truck which
3525-632: A terminus about one-half mile (800 m) away. A funicular railway was also made at Broseley in Shropshire some time before 1604. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the River Severn to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. The Wollaton Wagonway , completed in 1604 by Huntingdon Beaumont , has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. It ran from Strelley to Wollaton near Nottingham . The Middleton Railway in Leeds , which
3666-613: A troy ounce of gold was worth 86.78 ℳ︁). Gold coin production ceased in 1915. 5-mark gold coins were minted only in 1877 and 1878. Gold marks are a popular choice for Latin Currency Union coin collectors. The 20 mark is the most seen and offers a variety of different types that were mass-produced and therefore can be purchased at a low premium above each coin's melt value. However, some designs are extremely elusive given that they were struck in very low mintages. The rarest type features Adolph Friedrich V with just 1,160 pieces issued by
3807-493: A very short time, the railway reached patronage levels similar than before the flood with about 1,000 passengers each day and thus proved its importance as a transport route through the Eastern Ore Mountains. At the end of December 2010, Regionalbahn RB72 ( Heidenau –Kurort Altenberg) services were running on the line; there were additional Regional-Express RE19 ( Dresden Hbf –Kurort Altenberg) services run on
3948-408: A wheel. This was a large stationary engine , powering cotton mills and a variety of machinery; the state of boiler technology necessitated the use of low-pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the cylinder, which required a separate condenser and an air pump . Nevertheless, as the construction of boilers improved, Watt investigated the use of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a piston, raising
4089-472: Is capital-intensive and less flexible than road transport, it can carry heavy loads of passengers and cargo with greater energy efficiency and safety. Precursors of railways driven by human or animal power have existed since antiquity, but modern rail transport began with the invention of the steam locomotive in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century. The first passenger railway,
4230-410: Is a single, self-powered car, and may be electrically propelled or powered by a diesel engine . Multiple units have a driver's cab at each end of the unit, and were developed following the ability to build electric motors and other engines small enough to fit under the coach. There are only a few freight multiple units, most of which are high-speed post trains. Steam locomotives are locomotives with
4371-399: Is dominant. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesel–electric on unelectrified sections and as electric locomotives on electrified sections. Alternative methods of motive power include magnetic levitation , horse-drawn, cable , gravity, pneumatics and gas turbine . A passenger train stops at stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is
Heidenau–Kurort Altenberg railway - Misplaced Pages Continue
4512-463: Is located beyond Dohna station just before Köttewitz station. The siding leading to a chemical plant in Dohna is the only one on the line still used for freight traffic. Köttewitz ( 50°56′42″N 13°51′37″E / 50.944977°N 13.860336°E / 50.944977; 13.860336 ) Köttewitz halt (German: Haltepunkt , that is a station without any points ) is located just outside
4653-407: Is now only a demand stop. The small service building is owned by Deutsche Bahn AG. The entrance building dates back to 1938. Burkhardswalde-Maxen ( 50°55′31″N 13°50′19″E / 50.925346°N 13.838643°E / 50.925346; 13.838643 ) Burkhardswalde-Maxen halt is located just outside the villages of Burkhardswalde and Maxen. Today it has little traffic. Directly on
4794-477: Is one of the two primary means of land transport , next to road transport . It is used for about 8% of passenger and freight transport globally, thanks to its energy efficiency and potentially high speed . Rolling stock on rails generally encounters lower frictional resistance than rubber-tyred road vehicles, allowing rail cars to be coupled into longer trains . Power is usually provided by diesel or electrical locomotives . While railway transport
4935-573: Is sited approximately on the location of the former narrow gauge station. The small, massive entrance building is built in the Heimatstil and is now unused. Glashütte (Sachs) ( 50°51′05″N 13°46′57″E / 50.851356°N 13.782494°E / 50.851356; 13.782494 ) Railway Rail transport (also known as train transport ) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in tracks , which usually consist of two parallel steel rails . Rail transport
5076-576: Is traversed at Bärenhecke-Johnsbach. From Lauenstein, the line leaves the Müglitz valley and follows the Roten Wasser (part of the Greifenbach ) valley to the southwest towards Geising. The town itself is reached to the north through a 235-metre-long curving tunnel and a 76-metre-long bridge so that the line changes direction completely from running south to running north. The last section leaves
5217-556: Is worked on a temporary line of rails to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes." In 1894, a 20 hp (15 kW) two axle machine built by Priestman Brothers was used on the Hull Docks . In 1906, Rudolf Diesel , Adolf Klose and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer Gebrüder Sulzer founded Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH to manufacture diesel-powered locomotives. Sulzer had been manufacturing diesel engines since 1898. The Prussian State Railways ordered
5358-594: The Papiermark (paper mark) which suffered a serious loss of value through hyperinflation following World War I during hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic . For comparison, from 1900 to 1933, the United States adhered to a gold standard as well with the gold dollar containing 1.50463 grams (23.22 grains ) fine gold; it was therefore worth 4.198 gold marks. The monetary hegemon of the time when
5499-499: The Elbe Valley Railway between Dresden and Schöna . Technically, it would have been easy to carry out, since all the tunnels have the rail profile necessary for the catenary installation. The project was not implemented for unknown reasons. In July 1990, the Müglitz Valley Railway celebrated the 100th anniversary of the opening of its route. The economic upheaval that began as a result of German reunification put
5640-618: The First World War , but was then started as an emergency project in 1919. Within four years the 5.5 km-long roundabout line from Geising via the Geisingberg to Altenberg was opened on 10 November 1923. Large sections of the railway line were destroyed during a devastating flood on 8 July 1927. Because of the steadily increasing transport demand after the Great Depression , Deutsche Reichsbahn decided to rebuild
5781-467: The Müglitz river , passing the towns of Dohna , Glashütte and Geising . The railway was initially a narrow gauge railway, which was opened on 17 November 1890. Between 1935 and 1938, the tracks were graded and converted to standard gauge . Passenger transport services are operated on behalf of Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe by Städtebahn Sachsen since 12 December 2010 following a retendering of
Heidenau–Kurort Altenberg railway - Misplaced Pages Continue
5922-693: The Papiermark ( lit. ' Paper mark ' ) due to hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic from 1918 to 1923. The introduction of the German mark in 1873 was the culmination of decades-long efforts to unify the various currencies used by the German Confederation . The Zollverein unified in 1838 the Prussian and South German currencies at a fixed rate of 1 Prussian thaler = 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 South German gulden = 16.704 g fine silver. A larger currency convention in 1857 replaced
6063-696: The Seven Years' War that took place nearby. After the Battle of Maxen on 20 November 1759, the Prussian General von Finck surrendered and was captured by the Austrians , who were allied with Saxony , together with 14,000 men. Pictured are a Saxon grenadier and a Prussian Freikorps knight and above is the inscription "Anno 1759". In 2002, the flood waters of the Müglitz destroyed the station building's rear wooden freight platform. The structure
6204-541: The Stockton and Darlington Railway , opened in 1825. The quick spread of railways throughout Europe and North America, following the 1830 opening of the first intercity connection in England, was a key component of the Industrial Revolution . The adoption of rail transport lowered shipping costs compared to water transport, leading to "national markets" in which prices varied less from city to city. In
6345-615: The United Kingdom , South Korea , Scandinavia, Belgium and the Netherlands. The construction of many of these lines has resulted in the dramatic decline of short-haul flights and automotive traffic between connected cities, such as the London–Paris–Brussels corridor, Madrid–Barcelona, Milan–Rome–Naples, as well as many other major lines. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates
6486-494: The Vereinsthaler being a silver standard currency, it remained unlimited legal tender for 3 gold marks until it was demonetized in 1908. The South German gulden of 4 ⁄ 7 Vereinsthaler was converted to 1 + 5 ⁄ 7 or 1.71 gold marks. The gold-based Bremen thaler was converted directly to the mark at a rate of 1 Thaler gold = 3 + 9 ⁄ 28 or 3.32 marks. The Hamburg mark courant or currency
6627-565: The end of the Franco-Prussian War , the new currency was launched in 1873 in the form of gold 10-mark and 20-mark coins as well as limited legal-tender silver marks and copper pfennigs. The German Empire 's conversion to the gold standard led to the same being adopted in the rest of Europe and North America, as well as the change in standard in the Latin Monetary Union from bimetallism to solely gold. Despite
6768-414: The overhead lines and the supporting infrastructure, as well as the generating station that is needed to produce electricity. Accordingly, electric traction is used on urban systems, lines with high traffic and for high-speed rail. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover . The energy transmission may be either diesel–electric , diesel-mechanical or diesel–hydraulic but diesel–electric
6909-458: The puddling process in 1784. In 1783 Cort also patented the rolling process , which was 15 times faster at consolidating and shaping iron than hammering. These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and rails. The next important development in iron production was hot blast developed by James Beaumont Neilson (patented 1828), which considerably reduced the amount of coke (fuel) or charcoal needed to produce pig iron. Wrought iron
7050-418: The rotary phase converter , enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high-voltage national networks. An important contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came from SNCF of France after World War II. The company conducted trials at AC 50 Hz, and established it as
7191-540: The 1880s, railway electrification began with tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting in the 1940s, steam locomotives were replaced by diesel locomotives . The first high-speed railway system was introduced in Japan in 1964, and high-speed rail lines now connect many cities in Europe , East Asia , and the eastern United States . Following some decline due to competition from cars and airplanes, rail transport has had
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#17327873470467332-521: The 1930s (the famous " 44-tonner " switcher was introduced in 1940) Westinghouse Electric and Baldwin collaborated to build switching locomotives starting in 1929. In 1929, the Canadian National Railways became the first North American railway to use diesels in mainline service with two units, 9000 and 9001, from Westinghouse. Although steam and diesel services reaching speeds up to 200 km/h (120 mph) were started before
7473-508: The 1960s in Europe, they were not very successful. The first electrified high-speed rail Tōkaidō Shinkansen was introduced in 1964 between Tokyo and Osaka in Japan. Since then high-speed rail transport, functioning at speeds up to and above 300 km/h (190 mph), has been built in Japan, Spain, France , Germany, Italy, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan (Republic of China),
7614-487: The 2002 flood to protect the signal block and the neighbouring level crossing. The block post was not re-established after the flood and an automatic system is now used to secure the line. Oberschlottwitz ( 50°52′14″N 13°48′52″E / 50.870533°N 13.814555°E / 50.870533; 13.814555 ) Oberschwottwitz halt was established in 1938 on the slope before the Müglitz Viaduct and
7755-464: The 40 km Burgdorf–Thun line , Switzerland. Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line rather than a short section. The 106 km Valtellina line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz works. The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. In 1918, Kandó invented and developed
7896-601: The Berlin Mint. Banknotes were issued by the Imperial Treasury (known as "Reichskassenschein") and the Reichsbank , as well as by the banks of some of the states. Imperial Treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 Mark, whilst Reichsbank notes were produced in denominations of 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Mark. The notes issued after 1914 are referred to as Papiermark . In Unicode,
8037-530: The Butterley Company in 1790. The first public edgeway (thus also first public railway) built was Lake Lock Rail Road in 1796. Although the primary purpose of the line was to carry coal, it also carried passengers. These two systems of constructing iron railways, the "L" plate-rail and the smooth edge-rail, continued to exist side by side until well into the early 19th century. The flanged wheel and edge-rail eventually proved its superiority and became
8178-514: The DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor bogies : they could only be carried within locomotive bodies. In 1894, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Kandó developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives. Kandó's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in Évian-les-Bains (France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898. In 1896, Oerlikon installed
8319-680: The Große Galgenteich lake near Altenberg to the Dresden cold stores. Passenger traffic was also significant. Numerous hikers took advantage of the railway to travel from Dresden and the Dresden Basin into the Ore Mountain area, which developed into a summer resort. The snow safety of the upper levels has also given the railway significant winter sport traffic since the turn of the century. As a result, it developed into one of
8460-582: The Müglitz Valley Railway survived the Second World War largely intact apart from isolated damage in some railway stations, the enterprise was difficult in the early post-war years. On the other hand, there was an acute shortage of rollingstock as on all other lines. Class 84 locomotives were used for the transport of uranium in the Western Ore Mountains and passenger cars of the "Altenberg" class were used for express services. On
8601-689: The Müglitz valley to the Dresden–Bodenbach line and the lignite deposits of the North Bohemian Basin via the Ore Mountains . In December 1887, the Saxon Landtag (parliament) agreed to the construction of the railway, as the competitiveness of the companies in the valley diminished markedly in the 1880s due to poor accessibility. Plans, which provided, among other things, for lines via Lockwitz– Kreischa –Schlottwitz or Pirna – Zehista – Liebstadt –Schlottwitz could not be realised and
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#17327873470468742-424: The Prussian thaler with the Vereinsthaler of 16 + 2 ⁄ 3 g fine silver, equivalent to 1 North German thaler , 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 Austro-Hungarian florins , or 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 South German gulden . Unification to this system proceeded further due to German Unification in 1871 as well as monetary conventions from 1865 to 1870 expressing a desire to move to the gold standard . For this system
8883-442: The connection of the station buildings to the landscape. The goal was to create a smooth transition between the rural structures of the Dresden Basin and those of the eastern Ore Mountains. Even smaller halts were given individually designed wooden service buildings. At the same time, a new slate-covered steep roof and the use of wood as a building material for all attachments, such as freight sheds and waiting rooms, are common to all
9024-501: The continuation of operations on the line into question again. A number of industrial enterprises were closed between Heidenau and Altenberg at the beginning of the 1990s. In 1991 the VEB Zinnerz Altenberg factory was closed. Other companies were able to continue their production only to a much lesser extent. As a result, the railways lost a large part of the freight volume within a few years. The decline in traffic volume
9165-487: The danger of accidents were markedly reduced despite the increasing road traffic, but the Niederschlottwitz–Glashütte section was not accessible until April 1939. The flood risk also declined due to the raising of the line, although not on all sections of the line. However, the creation of a profitable basis for freight transport and improvements in passenger services were more important. For Deutsche Reichsbahn,
9306-406: The double name of "Geising-Altenberg", although the hill town hardly gained any benefit, since it was about 3 km away from and 160 metres in altitude above Geising. Despite this small "flaw", the railway was greeted by the valley inhabitants with festivals, fireworks and gun salutes. The first timetable provided for four daily train pairs; the travel time for the entire route was 150 minutes,
9447-430: The duty of a guard/train manager/conductor . Passenger trains are part of public transport and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations. Passenger trains provide long-distance intercity travel, daily commuter trips, or local urban transit services, operating with a diversity of vehicles, operating speeds, right-of-way requirements, and service frequency. Service frequencies are often expressed as
9588-402: The end of the 19th century, because they were cleaner compared to steam-driven trams which caused smoke in city streets. In 1784 James Watt , a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, patented a design for a steam locomotive . Watt had improved the steam engine of Thomas Newcomen , hitherto used to pump water out of mines, and developed a reciprocating engine in 1769 capable of powering
9729-471: The end of the 19th century, improving the quality of steel and further reducing costs. Thus steel completely replaced the use of iron in rails, becoming standard for all railways. The first passenger horsecar or tram , Swansea and Mumbles Railway , was opened between Swansea and Mumbles in Wales in 1807. Horses remained the preferable mode for tram transport even after the arrival of steam engines until
9870-527: The engine by one power stroke. The transmission system employed a large flywheel to even out the action of the piston rod. On 21 February 1804, the world's first steam-powered railway journey took place when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales . Trevithick later demonstrated a locomotive operating upon
10011-638: The entrance building from the narrow gauge period. Because of its great importance for passenger traffic, Dohna was integrated into the Dresden S-Bahn fare zone before German reunification. At times, the station, which is located in the Dohna lower town, was also planned as the terminus of an S-Bahn service, but this was not implemented. Dohna Fluorchemie siding ( 50°56′48″N 13°51′26″E / 50.946692°N 13.857356°E / 50.946692; 13.857356 ) The Dohna Fluorchemie siding
10152-475: The era of great expansion of railways that began in the late 1860s. Steel rails lasted several times longer than iron. Steel rails made heavier locomotives possible, allowing for longer trains and improving the productivity of railroads. The Bessemer process introduced nitrogen into the steel, which caused the steel to become brittle with age. The open hearth furnace began to replace the Bessemer process near
10293-409: The factories in the lower Müitz valley were not connected. The permit was therefore given for the construction of a complete valley railway from Mügeln bei Pirna (now a district of Heidenau) to Geising . It was designed as a 750 mm gauge railway to make it easier to follow the curves of the valley and to provide numerous connections. A continuation to Bohemia did not occur because the transit traffic
10434-485: The failure of the drainage system of VEB Zinnerz Altenberg . In addition, the railway was affected by increased the competition from private cars. This, however, was probably the reason for a shift in transport services to the already heavily used streets, especially in the winter months on the Dresden–Altenberg and Heidenau–Altenberg routes. Nevertheless, freight traffic declined in the following decades and focused on
10575-522: The first commercial example of the system on the Lugano Tramway . Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at a constant speed and provide regenerative braking , and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with Walter Boveri ) in 1899 on
10716-444: The flood of 1927, the standardisation in 1934/39 and the rehabilitation in 1998/99, the fifth period of major works on the railway began, which was finished by 20 December 2003. The resumption of operations was celebrated with popular festivals; Altenberg alone welcomed around 2,000 people on the first train. Its journey was preceded by the construction of two bridges and the repair of a further 13 bridges and five railway stations. Within
10857-406: The focus of interest. The town repeatedly proposed an extension of the railway. Various plans would have seen a continuation from Geising via Altenberg to Moldava , Hermsdorf , Kipsdorf or Frauenstein . The government did not support these projects because of high construction costs and the low revenues expected. The 1914 proposal for an extension to Altenberg failed at the beginning of
10998-434: The four-lane state road 172. Just before Dohna, it crosses Autobahn 17 and climbs the first significant slope before Köttewitz station. After the station, the Müglitz is crossed for the first time, followed immediately by the first and, at 198 metres, the longest of a total of four tunnels through spurs. Just after Weesenstein station, the route is shortened again by a second tunnel, 240 metres long. After Burkhardswalde-Maxen,
11139-421: The gold mark was in use, however, was the pound sterling , with the sovereign (£1) being valued at 20.43 gold marks. World War I reparations owed by Germany were stated in gold reserves in 1921, 1929 and 1931; this was the victorious Allies' response to their fear that vanquished Germany might try to pay off the obligation in paper currency. The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out
11280-466: The highest possible radius. All these features are dramatically different from freight operations, thus justifying exclusive high-speed rail lines if it is economically feasible. German gold mark The German mark ( German : Goldmark [ˈɡɔltmaʁk] ; sign : ℳ︁ ) was the currency of the German Empire , which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with
11421-542: The individual states, using a standard design for the reverses (the Reichsadler , the eagle insignia of the German Empire) with a design specific to the state on the obverse, generally a portrait of the monarch of the kingdom or duchy (and not that of the emperor); while the free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck each used the city's coat of arms. Occasionally commemorative coins were minted, in which cases
11562-470: The industrial economy was closely linked to the growing industries in the Dresden Basin , which depended on supplies from the surrounding area. The transport systems were not able to cope with the increased requirements (access to raw materials, transport of finished products), so that between 1846 and 1864, the Müglitz valley road was extended and rebuilt. In the medium term, however, the valley road
11703-530: The lack of coal, only three to five pairs of passenger trains operated every day, but the number of railcars from regions affected by air warfare was increasing. At the end of the Second World War there were fighting in the Müglitz Valley between Soviet and German troops. In April 1945, the railway installations in Glashütte, Bärenhecke-Johnsbach and Altenberg were damaged by strafing. In the last days of
11844-1230: The limit being regarded at 200 to 350 kilometres per hour (120 to 220 mph). High-speed trains are used mostly for long-haul service and most systems are in Western Europe and East Asia. Magnetic levitation trains such as the Shanghai maglev train use under-riding magnets which attract themselves upward towards the underside of a guideway and this line has achieved somewhat higher peak speeds in day-to-day operation than conventional high-speed railways, although only over short distances. Due to their heightened speeds, route alignments for high-speed rail tend to have broader curves than conventional railways, but may have steeper grades that are more easily climbed by trains with large kinetic energy. High kinetic energy translates to higher horsepower-to-ton ratios (e.g. 20 horsepower per short ton or 16 kilowatts per tonne); this allows trains to accelerate and maintain higher speeds and negotiate steep grades as momentum builds up and recovered in downgrades (reducing cut and fill and tunnelling requirements). Since lateral forces act on curves, curvatures are designed with
11985-433: The line and awarded a contract to DB for the operation of train services for 15 years that a general restoration took place in 1998/99. The expenditure of €15 to 20 million enabled a thorough renewal of the railways and thus the elimination of numerous speed restrictions. In addition, DB used modern Siemens Desiro sets. With a reduction of travel times of60 minutes, services running every to 60 or 90 minutes and
12126-421: The line as standard gauge in 1934. This project was implemented between 1935 and December 1938. The Heidenau-Lauenstein section was completely redesigned; on the rest of the section to Altenberg, only the radius of the curve was enlarged. As a result, the line was approximately 3 km shorter. With the commencement of services on the standard gauge track in 1938, the number of road and track crossings and thus
12267-412: The line, but this was by no means as great as the 2002 floods . Between 12 and 14 August 2002 enormous masses of water were discharged above the crest of the Eastern Ore Mountains. In Zinnwald-Georgenfeld, 406 mm of rain fell in this time, almost half of the annual average precipitation. The torrential rain turned the Müglitz into a torrential stream, devastating almost the entire valley. The situation
12408-429: The locomotive-hauled train's drawbacks to be removed, since the locomotive need not be moved to the front of the train each time the train changes direction. A railroad car is a vehicle used for the haulage of either passengers or freight. A multiple unit has powered wheels throughout the whole train. These are used for rapid transit and tram systems, as well as many both short- and long-haul passenger trains. A railcar
12549-569: The main portion of the B&;O to the new line to New York through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by the Sprague's invention of multiple-unit train control in 1897. By the early 1900s most street railways were electrified. The London Underground , the world's oldest underground railway, opened in 1863, and it began operating electric services using
12690-433: The mid-1920s. The Soviet Union operated three experimental units of different designs since late 1925, though only one of them (the E el-2 ) proved technically viable. A significant breakthrough occurred in 1914, when Hermann Lemp , a General Electric electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable direct current electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp). Lemp's design used
12831-457: The mid-1960s onwards with the class 110 . This locomotive class took over operations on the Müglitz Valley Railway from 1967. At the same time, there were considerations of abandoning operations, in particular freight, on part or even all of the line. This was an issue particularly after the flooding in October 1966 of Geising station with a wave carrying sludge and gravel, which had escaped after
12972-729: The minor unit of the pfennig (₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the gold standard from 1871 to 1914, but like most nations during World War I , the German Empire removed the gold backing in August 1914, and gold coins ceased to circulate. After the fall of the Empire due to the November Revolution of 1918, the mark was succeeded by the Weimar Republic 's mark, derisively referred to as
13113-533: The most economic routes in the Saxonian narrow-gauge railway network. Because of the heavy freight traffic, there were even proposals in 1914 for the operational separation of goods and passenger traffic on the Mügeln– Weesenstein section by the construction of a second railway. However, these plans were not implemented due to the post-war economic crisis. Instead, the extension of the line to Altenberg became
13254-404: The narrow gauge line. It was originally called Häselich after the neighbouring small village and was later called Häselich-Mühlbach . Since 15 May 1938, it has borne the present name. The layout originally consisted of a continuous railway track with a platform and a loading track, which was connected at both ends, which was not included in the standardisation. The originally wooden waiting room
13395-477: The newly built station buildings. The red-painted window frames are also typical of the landscape. Some of the buildings–as in Burkhardswalde-Maxen and Lauenstein–are decorated with Sgraffito elements on the facades. During the floods of August 2002, some of the station buildings of the line were badly affected. The route turns from Heidenau station southwards into the Müglitz valley and crosses
13536-412: The noise they made on the tracks. There are many references to their use in central Europe in the 16th century. Such a transport system was later used by German miners at Caldbeck , Cumbria , England, perhaps from the 1560s. A wagonway was built at Prescot , near Liverpool , sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to
13677-490: The obverse and (much more rarely) the reverse designs might depart from the usual pictorial standards. Many of the smaller states issued coins in very small numbers. Also, in general all states' coinage became very limited after the First World War began. Well-preserved examples of such low-mintage coins can be rare and valuable. The Principality of Lippe was the only state not to issue any gold coins in this period. Subsidiary silver coins were minted in .900 fineness to
13818-413: The other hand, the track of the line had been built between 1935 and 1938 out of reused materials due to the scarcity of raw materials, and the material shortage of the immediate post-war years made the urgently necessary renewal difficult. From 1949/50, it was possible to speak of an initial normalisation of traffic, which included, among other things, the reinstatement of the first winter sports traffic. In
13959-558: The passenger and freight transport sector of the early 1950s, the operations of the uranium ore mining operation of the SDAG Wismut company near Bärenhecke played an important role between 1948 and 1954. All in all, rail traffic reached considerable proportions again. In the mid-1960s, at least 14 plants were connected to nine freight lines, including metal, chemical and paper processing companies in Dohna ( VEB Druckguss Heidenau and VEB Chemiewerke Dohna ). In passenger transport, it
14100-467: The past, additional direct trains are still operated between Dresden Hbf and Kurort Altenberg, only stopping at selected stations. From 10 December 2011 to 14 December 2014, the little used request stops of Köttewitz and Burkhardswalde-Maxen were not served. The reason for this was the construction of the S-Bahn tracks between Dresden-Neustadt and Coswig , which led to timetable changes. In order to speed up
14241-412: The payment of debt that Germany had acquired in the inter-war period to finance its reparation payments, paying off the principal on those debts by 1980. The interest on those debts was paid off on 3 October 2010, the 20th anniversary of German reunification . Coins of denominations between 1 pfennig and 1 mark were issued in standard designs for the whole empire, whilst those above 1 mark were issued by
14382-525: The possibility of a smaller engine that might be used to power a vehicle. Following his patent, Watt's employee William Murdoch produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year. The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by Richard Trevithick , a British engineer born in Cornwall . This used high-pressure steam to drive
14523-576: The railway was the "new gateway to the eastern Ore Mountains", which made the Altenberg winter sport region "a sports ground at the gates of the national capital". The travel time for passenger services was shortened significantly, Altenberg was approximately 70 minutes from Dresden , about 160 minutes from Leipzig and about 180 minutes from Berlin . The outbreak of the Second World War strongly restricted tourism. Because of
14664-417: The route selection. Of the total length, 86% was uphill (31 km) and 40% was in curvy sections (14.5 km). The Geising Viaduct was at 65 m long, the longest of the 57 bridges built. For the time being, Altenberg did not have a connection to the railway, as there was insufficient finance and no suitable locomotives available for the steep Geising–Altenberg section. Geising station was officially given
14805-506: The section between Heidenau and Köttewitz. The route was maintained as a route for excursion traffic. In the winter months numerous special trains were used, connecting Altenberg directly with Dresden, Cottbus , Halle (Saale) , Leipzig , Riesa and Hoyerswerda . In the mid-1970s there were serious plans to electrify the line. The electrification was to be carried out by Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD) in May 1976 after completion of work on
14946-426: The slope above the station are the formerly well-known Margon mineral water ( Margonwasser ) springs and the attached Schloss Gesundbrunnen ("healthy spring palace"). In the course of the restoration the line in 1998/99, the former station was restored as a halt. The station building, which is heritage listed, is mainly known for its sgraffito decorations on its gable . These have their background in some events of
15087-441: The standard for railways. Cast iron used in rails proved unsatisfactory because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads. The wrought iron invented by John Birkinshaw in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought iron, usually simply referred to as "iron", was a ductile material that could undergo considerable deformation before breaking, making it more suitable for iron rails. But iron was expensive to produce until Henry Cort patented
15228-482: The switch-over to the gold standard . This ended with the demonetization of the Vereinsthaler in 1908 and the introduction of the new subsidiary 3-mark coins. The 5-mark coin, however, was significantly closer in value to older thalers (and other such crown-sized coins). Gold coins were minted in .900 fineness to a standard of 2,790 mark = 1 kilogram of gold (a mark was therefore about 0.3584 g of gold;
15369-475: The time, was Liverpool and Manchester Railway , built in 1830. Steam power continued to be the dominant power system in railways around the world for more than a century. The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and it was powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Thus it was also the earliest battery-electric locomotive. Davidson later built
15510-629: The town. Köttewitz is only a request stop because of the extremely low volume of passengers. From 10 December 2011 to 14 December 2013, Köttewitz was not served to save time in order to improve connections in Heidenau to the trains on line S1. Instead, a special bus served this halt from Heidenau or Mühlbach. The halt is beyond the approach signal to Dohna station and is thus operationally part of Dohna station. Weesenstein ( 50°56′10″N 13°51′46″E / 50.936116°N 13.862669°E / 50.936116; 13.862669 ) Weesenstein halt
15651-543: The track. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Most trains carry a revenue load, although non-revenue cars exist for the railway's own use, such as for maintenance-of-way purposes. The engine driver (engineer in North America) controls the locomotive or other power cars, although people movers and some rapid transits are under automatic control. Traditionally, trains are pulled using
15792-456: The trains and ensure connections in Heidenau, the VVO decided to drop the stops temporarily. On 2 June 2013, train operations had to be stopped again due to floods . In contrast to the flood in 2002, however, there was only minor damage, and the trains were able to return to schedule as of noon on 4 June. During the reconstruction of the line in the 1930s, a great deal of importance was attached to
15933-471: The transport of ore tubs to and from mines and soon became popular in Europe. Such an operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by Georgius Agricola in his work De re metallica . This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") from
16074-462: The transport services. The rail infrastructure is operated by DB Netz , the stations are run by DB Station&Service . In the middle of the 19th century, an industrial boom, supported by small and medium-sized enterprises, began in the Müglitz valley , which coincided with the beginning of the manufacture of watches in Glashütte (1845). In addition, a number of smaller production facilities in
16215-512: The use of new technology, there was a considerable increase in passenger numbers. The rehabilitated railway achieved patronage of about 1,200 to 2,000 passengers a day and thus proved its profitability. It was not only important for tourists, but also for student and commuter traffic. As early as 1897, during the floods in the Eastern Ore Mountains of 1927 as well as in 1954, 1957, 1958 and 1966, serious flood damage occurred along
16356-468: The valley narrows for a short time and at 15.0 km between Niederschwottwitz and Oberschwottwitz, the line runs past the rock of the Schlottwitz agate lode. Again, the valley is shortened before Glashütte with the 292 metre-long Brückenmühle tunnel. After the station is the longest tunnel of the line, 539 metres long, and a two-lane concrete bridge, which is untypical of the Müglitz Valley Railway,
16497-804: The valley on the western slope and rounds the Geisingberg . Starting from kilometre 36.6, the steepest section begins with a gradient of 1:37.6. Heidenau ( 50°58′52″N 13°51′29″E / 50.98111°N 13.85806°E / 50.98111; 13.85806 ) The Müglitz Valley Railway begins in Heidenau station on the Děčín–Dresden-Neustadt railway . There is a connection to the Dresden S-Bahn line S1 ( Meissen -Triebischtal – Schöna ) and S2 ( Dresden Flughafen – Pirna ). Dohna (Sachs) ( 50°57′40″N 13°51′20″E / 50.960992°N 13.855650°E / 50.960992; 13.855650 ) Dohna (Sachs) station still has
16638-490: The war in May 1945 further damage occurred during air raids on Altenberg and Glashütte. Parts of the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg used the Müglitz Valley as a retreat to northern Bohemia and planned the demolition of the Weesenstein tunnel. The derailment of a military train at Bärenstein on 7 May, as well as the rapid Soviet advance, prevented the planned destruction of the operationally important railway. Although
16779-432: The weekends of the winter half year. A special feature of the route is that these additional trains are only run if the conditions are appropriate for winter sports. It is announced in the traditional media on Thursdays whether they are running. The 2008 timetable included a total of 14 pairs of regional railway train running between Heidenau and Altenberg. Apart from a few gaps in the morning, a regular-interval hourly service
16920-461: The weekends, the timetable remains unchanged with a two-hour cycle. In order to connect with the S-Bahn in Heidenau, the timetable has an unusual symmetry minute , which is approximately at 14 minute past the hour. Köttewitz, Weesenstein, Burkhardswalde-Maxen, Mühlbach (b Pirna), Oberschlottwitz, Bärenhecke-Johnsbach, Bärenstein (b Glashütte/Sachs) and Hartmannmühle stations are request stops . As in
17061-629: The wheels on track. For example, evidence indicates that a 6 to 8.5 km long Diolkos paved trackway transported boats across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece from around 600 BC. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD. Paved trackways were also later built in Roman Egypt . In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug ,
17202-579: The wood and paper industry were built after Friedrich Gottlob Keller invented a method for making paper from wood pulp in 1843. Along the Müglitz numerous small paper and paper industries were established, including large paper factories such as the Peschelmühle near Burkhardswalde and the Pappenfabrik Glashütte (1886). Also metalworking plants such as the Schlottwitz machine factory and iron foundry in Glashütte (1874). The upturn in
17343-559: The world in 1825, although it used both horse power and steam power on different runs. In 1829, he built the locomotive Rocket , which entered in and won the Rainhill Trials . This success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, and much of Europe. The first public railway which used only steam locomotives, all
17484-512: Was a soft material that contained slag or dross . The softness and dross tended to make iron rails distort and delaminate and they lasted less than 10 years. Sometimes they lasted as little as one year under high traffic. All these developments in the production of iron eventually led to the replacement of composite wood/iron rails with superior all-iron rails. The introduction of the Bessemer process , enabling steel to be made inexpensively, led to
17625-602: Was accomplished by the distribution of weight between a number of wheels. Puffing Billy is now on display in the Science Museum in London, and is the oldest locomotive in existence. In 1814, George Stephenson , inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and Hedley, persuaded the manager of the Killingworth colliery where he worked to allow him to build a steam-powered machine. Stephenson played
17766-514: Was built by Siemens. The tram ran on 180 volts DC, which was supplied by running rails. In 1891 the track was equipped with an overhead wire and the line was extended to Berlin-Lichterfelde West station . The Volk's Electric Railway opened in 1883 in Brighton , England. The railway is still operational, thus making it the oldest operational electric railway in the world. Also in 1883, Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram opened near Vienna in Austria. It
17907-706: Was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in the Americas was built in Lewiston, New York . In the late 1760s, the Coalbrookdale Company began to fix plates of cast iron to the upper surface of the wooden rails. This allowed a variation of gauge to be used. At first only balloon loops could be used for turning, but later, movable points were taken into use that allowed for switching. A system
18048-537: Was considered to be insufficient and would have been difficult to finance the technically complex route through Bohemia that would have been required by the steep descent following the crossing of the Ore Mountains. After two years of construction, with up to 1100 workers per month, the line was put into operation on 17 November 1890. It was 36.1 km long and overcame a difference in height of 470 m. The narrow and winding valley made considerable demands on
18189-551: Was converted at 1 mark = 1.2 Imperial marks, and the Hamburg mark banco of the Bank of Hamburg was converted at 1 mark banco = 1.5 Imperial marks. From 1 January 1876 onwards, the mark and vereinsthaler became the only legal tenders . Before 1914, the mark was on a gold standard with 2790 marks equal to 1 kilogram of pure gold (1 mark = 358 mg). The term Goldmark was created later to retrospectively distinguish it from
18330-480: Was exacerbated by the break-up of the only flood retention basin in the Brießnitz valley, which is located above Glashütte. For the third time after 1897 and 1927, the line was largely destroyed. The dams and bridges were submerged and heavily devastated by parts of structures that had broken away. The resulting total loss amounted to approximately €50 million. On 11 December 2002, after the construction of 1888/90,
18471-480: Was exacerbated by the sudden increase in competition between road and rail fieight transport as well as rail passenger transport. This negative development led to the closure of the freight operations south of Köttewitz (where there is a siding to the Fluorchemie factory) in 1995. Due to the uncertain future of the route, Deutsche Bahn failed to carry out necessary investments and only remediated wear and tear. As
18612-415: Was hardly able to cope with ever-increasing quantities of goods, especially as the demand for cheap lignite rose for the operation of steam boilers. Since horse-drawn carts were unable to match the capacity, speed and costs of the railway, manufacturers, merchants, trade associations and representatives of the cities demanded the construction of a railway line from 1865. It would connect the municipalities in
18753-548: Was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates, which came to be known as plateways . John Curr , a Sheffield colliery manager, invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact date of this is disputed. The plate rail was taken up by Benjamin Outram for wagonways serving his canals, manufacturing them at his Butterley ironworks . In 1803, William Jessop opened the Surrey Iron Railway ,
18894-489: Was light enough to not break the edge-rails track and solved the problem of adhesion by a cog-wheel using teeth cast on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was also the first rack railway . This was followed in 1813 by the locomotive Puffing Billy built by Christopher Blackett and William Hedley for the Wylam Colliery Railway, the first successful locomotive running by adhesion only. This
19035-682: Was not the 132 billion marks cited in the London Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about US$ 5 billion or £1 billion . Most of that money came from loans from New York bankers. Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, payments of reparations were officially abandoned. West Germany after World War II did not resume payment of reparations as such, but did resume
19176-543: Was offered on working days. On the weekends, services ran every two hours. The responsible authority for the provision of transport services in regional traffic is the Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe (VVO). After all transport services were retendered, they have been provided by the Städtebahn Sachsen since 12 December 2010. The services have been operated as SB72 and SE19 since then. It has a full-day regular-interval hourly service with trains crossing in Glashütte. On
19317-509: Was replaced in 1938 by a more formal, significantly enlarged building in the Heimatstil (“homeland style”, a German revivalist style), which is now used for residential purposes. During 1998/99, the separate passenger tracks were moved a few metres towards Heidenau and are no longer connected to the line. Niederschlottwitz ( 50°53′23″N 13°48′40″E / 50.889586°N 13.811084°E / 50.889586; 13.811084 ) The former Niederschlottwitz station, now classified as
19458-762: Was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security. By the middle of the nineteenth century most european countries had military uses for railways. Werner von Siemens demonstrated an electric railway in 1879 in Berlin. The world's first electric tram line, Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway , opened in Lichterfelde near Berlin , Germany, in 1881. It
19599-636: Was the first tram line in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric trolleys were pioneered in 1888 on the Richmond Union Passenger Railway , using equipment designed by Frank J. Sprague . The first use of electrification on a main line was on a four-mile section of the Baltimore Belt Line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in 1895 connecting
19740-409: Was then demolished and not rebuilt. Deutsche Bahn has offered the station building for sale for a few years, but so far without success. The building is empty and decaying. Mühlbach (b Pirna) ( 50°54′51″N 13°49′08″E / 50.914271°N 13.818755°E / 50.914271; 13.818755 ) The current Mühlbach (b Pirna) halt is in an almost identical position to the station on
19881-417: Was used by hikers as well as increasingly by commuters to the Dresden Basin. Since the beginning of the 1960s, Deutsche Reichsbahn has been trying to increase the transport performance and profitability of the railways by the use of railcars, double-deck wagons and diesel locomotives. While the operation of the former succeeded only to a limited extent, the diesel traction increasingly took over operations from
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