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65-417: NJA may refer to: New Jewish Agenda , former US organization Naval Air Facility Atsugi , Japan, IATA code New Japan Aviation , Kagoshima, services company, ICAO code Newman-Janis Algorithm , a method of finding solutions in general relativity Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

130-764: A PBS television special, "The Arab and the Israeli". These speaking tour dialogues were followed by local discussions between American Jewish and Arab communities. NJA also sponsored a tour of a founding member of the Committee Against the War in Lebanon and a member of the Israeli Committee in Solidarity with Bir Zeit University . NJA successfully lobbied a resolution to the 1982 General Assembly of

195-785: A civil disobedience action at the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the Hardwick decision (which ruled no legal privacy for gay sex) and for civil rights for people with AIDS. At the National Taskforce meeting in September 1987, the FTF committed to talking about issues of "Family" as a two-year campaign, and went about the work of creating dialogue about both traditional and non-traditional families within

260-513: A historically black college . The family resided on campus at Fort Valley State College . The house of the Bonds was a frequent stop for scholars , activists , and celebrities passing through, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson . In 1945, Bond's father accepted the position of president of Lincoln University , where he was its first African-American president, and the family moved North. In 1957, Bond graduated from George School ,

325-702: A 1986 report-back. NJA also organized a six-week tour featuring one of South Africa's most prominent rabbis active in the anti-apartheid movement, Ben Isaacson , and a leading Black South African minister, Rev. Zachariah Mokgebo . A conference on Anti-Semitism and Racism called "Carrying It On: Organizing Against Anti-Semitism and Racism for Jewish Activist and College Students" was held in Philadelphia in November 1991. Over 500 Jewish activists and allies from other communities gathered for workshops aiming to learn about and mobilize against institutionalized racism in

390-543: A 30-minute video called "Crossing Borders" which was distributed within the Jewish community as an educational tool. New Jewish Agenda was a leadership incubator which contributed to the formation of many more focused and single-issue organizations before it shut down in 1992. There is no conclusive agreement as to the reasons behind NJA's official disbanding, but it is thought to have been in large part due to long-term debt, at one point reaching $ 60,000 and possibly higher. NJA

455-499: A Black man can have in America." In November 2008, he announced that he would not seek another term as chairman. Bond agreed to stay on in the position through 2009, as the organization celebrated its 100th anniversary. Roslyn Brock was chosen as Bond's successor on February 20, 2010. Bond was an outspoken supporter of the rights of gays and lesbians. He publicly stated his support for same-sex marriage . Most notably, he boycotted

520-512: A Friday night event (Shabbat service and celebration), which brought together over 500 people. The images of hundreds of Jews marching with a 24-foot banner that read "Justice, Justice Thou Shall Pursue" created an opportunity to build bridges and demonstrate commitment to the weekend's themes. The Friday night gathering included speeches by Martin Luther King III and Susannah Heschel (whose father, Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel , had been

585-697: A Jewish perspective. In 1981, observance of Tisha B'Av coincided with the anniversary of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki by the U.S. during World War II . The occasion was marked by NJA with traditional observance of Tisha B'Av near the White House and the Soviet Embassy . These were buildings symbolic of the nuclear super-powers, thus marking the shared symbolism of the potential danger of world-destruction. In 1984, NJA chapters sponsored scores of Sukkat Shalom (Shelter of Peace) and Rainbow Sign celebrations, linking traditional Jewish observances with

650-412: A close comrade of Dr. King). Jewish Feminist leadership was part of NJA's culture from its earliest days, and the 1985 Conference passed a resolution to begin a Feminist Taskforce (FTF). The national FTF encouraged local chapters to form their own feminist taskforces and work on recruiting women to NJA who would be interested in that work. New Jewish Agenda's feminist taskforce was heavily influenced by

715-588: A common strategy in our current political era. For example, NJA wrote and revised Jewish prayers and High Holy Day services to reflect Feminist, Secular, and other non-traditional Jewish communities. They also used Jewish ritual in protest – for example, the Disarmament taskforce built a sukkah across the street from the White House. Though NJA members identified their activism as explicitly Jewish, they were met with mixed and often critical response from

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780-664: A delegation to the UN Decade for Women Forum in 1985 in Nairobi . The delegation organized a successful feminist Jewish, African-American and Arab dialogue at the 1985 Forum. Also, at the Forum an Israeli-Jew and a Palestinian-Arab from the Gaza Strip spoke to a crowd of over 400. This was an especially meaningful achievement because the two previous UN Women's Forums had been divided over a "Zionism equals Racism" resolution. NJA

845-537: A private Quaker preparatory boarding school near Newtown in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . He attended Morehouse College , a historically black college in Atlanta, Georgia . He was very involved at Morehouse . He was a swimmer on the varsity squad. He worked as an intern at Time magazine and was one of the founding members of The Pegasus , a literary magazine. On April 17, 1960, Bond helped co-found

910-780: A report that the Sandinistas were not engaging in anti-Semitic behavior or policies and in fact that Nicaragua was willing to resume diplomatic talks with Israel and to oppose any forms of anti-Semitism. Through widespread publicity, the 1984 delegation was able to make great strides in discrediting the Reagan administration's attempts to mobilize the American Jewish community support for the Contras . NJA sent down many more delegations to Central America , joined with other peace groups for lobbying and speaking out against U.S. aid to

975-503: A write-in candidate, a factor which led to the impasse. Bond would not support either Maddox or Callaway, although he was ordered to vote by lame duck Lieutenant Governor Peter Zack Geer . Throughout his House career, Bond had to deal with repeated redistricting of his district by the state legislature: Bond was elected in 1974 for the first of six terms in the Georgia Senate , where he served from 1975 to 1987. During

1040-648: Is the Moment: Israelis and Palestinians Talk". NJA protested Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin when he spoke in Los Angeles in 1982. In November 1983, NJA protested Ariel Sharon at a Hebrew Academy banquet in San Francisco and over 2,000 demonstrators turned out. In 1985, NJA joined protests against violent anti-Arab activities in Los Angeles. In early 1988, NJA supported Israeli peace groups' mobilization of progressive representatives at

1105-583: The 1968 presidential election , Bond led an alternate delegation from Georgia to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago . There he was the first African American to have his name entered into nomination as a major-party candidate for Vice President of the United States . The 28-year-old Bond quickly declined, citing the constitutional requirement that one must be at least 35 years of age to serve in that office. Bond ran for

1170-723: The Boston University conference "Judaism, War and the Nuclear Arms Race". Following a 1986 Shalom Center Training Institute for disarmament activists, taskforce members became increasingly interested in making connections between disarmament and human rights issues, especially as applied to solidarity with Soviet Jewry , including participation in a demonstration on the Mall in Washington in December 1987, on

1235-563: The Council of Jewish Federations (CJF), for the passage of a multi-lateral nuclear arms freeze. The CJF resolution had powerful effects in the larger Jewish community, prompting other major Jewish organizations, including the American Jewish Congress and B'nai Brith , to issue similar statements. Arthur Waskow formed another Jewish organization, The Shalom Center , in 1983 to focus on peace and anti-nuclear activism from

1300-602: The Freedom Summer registration drive in 1964) and to Georgia , Alabama , and Arkansas . By the mid-1960s, and without embracing a black-separatist agenda, Bond was concluding that the continued presence of white organizers in SNCC was undermining black self-confidence. He later reflected: "The successes Freedom Summer achieved resulted from its embrace of a paradox — it tried to fight bigotry by appealing to people more concerned about whites, not blacks. Appealing to

1365-596: The Jewish Peace Fellowship . Julian Bond Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist, leader of the civil rights movement , politician, professor , and writer . While he was a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia , during the early 1960s, he helped establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1971, he co-founded

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1430-781: The National Council of Jewish Women . The event started with a presentation talking about battered Jewish women and Jewish incest survivors. The work of the Feminist Taskforce covered ground that overlapped with many of the other campaigns, and the FTF housed both the Gay/Lesbian Working Group and the AIDS Working Group. AIDS was always on the NJA agenda, especially as an issue to promote within Jewish communities. The AIDS Working Group

1495-693: The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), a public-interest law firm based in Montgomery, Alabama . He served as its president until 1979, and was an emeritus member of its board of directors at the time of his death in 2015. Bond also advocated for Africans in Europe. In 1998, Bond was selected as chairman of the NAACP . Bond once referred to leading the NAACP as "the most powerful job

1560-539: The Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Alabama , and served as its first president for nearly a decade. Bond was elected to serve four terms in the Georgia House of Representatives and later he was elected to serve six terms in the Georgia State Senate , serving a total of twenty years in both legislative chambers. Following his career in the legislature, he was a professor of history at

1625-549: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1961, Bond left Morehouse to join the staff of the Atlanta Inquirer , a new black protest paper he had helped establish in the summer of 1960 with Jesse Hill , Herman J. Russell , and various other students in the Atlanta Student Movement including Charlayne Hunter-Gault , and Lonnie King . Following the white violence visited in

1690-535: The Supreme Court of the United States in 1966, which ruled 9–0 in the case of Bond v. Floyd (385 U.S. 116) that the Georgia House of Representatives had denied Bond his freedom of speech and was required to seat him. From 1967 to 1975, Bond was elected to four terms in the Georgia House , where he organized the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus. In January 1967, Bond was among eleven Georgia House members who refused to vote when

1755-556: The United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 5th congressional district (encompassing Atlanta) in 1986. He lost the Democratic nomination in a primary runoff to rival civil rights leader John Lewis in a bitter contest. During it Bond was accused of using cocaine and other drugs. During the campaign, Lewis challenged Bond to take a drug test (Lewis had said he took one and passed). Bond refused, saying

1820-692: The University of Virginia from 1990 to 2012. From 1998 to 2010, he was chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Bond was born in 1940 at Hubbard Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee , to parents Julia Agnes (Washington) and Horace Mann Bond . His father was an educator, then president of Fort Valley State College . His mother, Julia, was a former librarian at Clark Atlanta University , also

1885-598: The 31st World Zionist Congress (WZC). In the year before the WZC, NJA collected 650 new members for "Americans for Peace in Israel", the US affiliate of Mapam . New Jewish Agenda and American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) co-sponsored a national speaking tour (in 1984) of Peace Now leader Mordechai Bar-on (a former IDF officer and member of Israeli Knesset) and Mohammed Milhem (deposed West Bank Palestinian Mayor), resulting in

1950-839: The Civil Rights Movement who oppose gay marriage. Most resistance came from within the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which was partially blamed for the success of the gay marriage ban amendment in California . On October 11, 2009, Bond appeared at the National Equality March in Washington, D.C. , and spoke about the rights of the LGBT community, a speech that was aired live on C-SPAN . Bond

2015-713: The Contras, and represented the Jewish community in both the Pledge of Resistance coalition and the Inter-Religious Task Force on Central America. NJA took special notice of the Sanctuary movement , which had formerly been a movement of progressive churches, inspired by the Liberation Theology movement . In less than a year, over twenty synagogues were active in the sanctuary movement. This

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2080-401: The Jewish community. NJA was the only American Jewish organization that clearly opposed the 1982 Lebanon War from its onset. In June 1982, shortly after Agenda's founding, NJA took out a full-page New York Times ad criticizing and denouncing the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Local chapters were able to mobilize first, including a public statement by NJA's Washington DC chapter two days after

2145-592: The Jewish community. On Mother's Day 1988, the FTF convened a conference in Philadelphia on Women and Poverty. A panel discussion led by Adrienne Rich addressed the reality of high poverty rates among all women and discussed how stereotypes of Jewish wealth work to hide the poverty many Jewish women struggle with. A few days later, on May 19, 1988, the FTF put on a program in New York City called "No More Family Secrets: Now We're Talking", co-sponsored with

2210-606: The June 6th Israeli invasion of Lebanon, a statement and protest vigil by the Massachusetts chapter, and a City Hall protest by Philadelphia NJA. NJA also organized town meetings featuring foreign policy expert Noam Chomsky . In 1983, NJA circulated a petition for a "Freeze on Settlements in the West Bank". It was signed by 5,000 American Jews and enabled a public education campaign about the effects of settlement policies on

2275-652: The Middle East peace process. NJA then brought the Settlement Freeze petition to the General Assembly of the Council of Jewish Federations. New Jewish Agenda also led two intensive political study missions to Israel and the occupied territories in the summers of 1983 and 1984, meeting with academics, journalists and leading political figures. A later tour led to the creation of the 1991 video "This

2340-576: The NAACP board and then in July when he spoke at that organization's national convention, he attacked the administration for selecting Cabinet secretaries "from the Taliban wing of American politics". Bond specifically criticized Attorney General John Ashcroft , who had opposed affirmative action , and Interior Secretary Gale Norton , who defended the Confederacy in a 1996 speech on states' rights. In

2405-544: The North and South, including American University , Drexel , and Harvard . Bond taught the history of the civil rights movement at the University of Virginia from 1990 to 2012. While there he shared his experiences of the movement with thousands of students through stories, newsreels, music, and film. Bond was on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service . With Morris Dees , in 1971 Bond helped found

2470-525: The Prize in 1987 and 1990. Bond hosted Saturday Night Live on April 9, 1977, becoming the first black political figure to do so. In the same year, he also appeared in the Richard Pryor vehicle Greased Lightning . In 1978, Bond played himself in the miniseries King . He also had a small appearance playing State Representative John E. White in the movie Ray (2004), and played himself in

2535-418: The U.S. and to analyze the relationship between anti-Semitism and racism. Julian Bond , African-American SNCC founder, Georgia senator, and future chairman of the NAACP (1998–2010), offered a Keynote speech detailing the history of black-Jewish relations over the past 250 years in the U.S. NJA organized the Jewish contingent for the 1983 20th Anniversary March on Washington for Jobs, Peace, and Freedom and

2600-476: The Vietnam War . Five of the representatives who did vote to seat Bond were white, including Republican Rodney Cook . They disliked his stated sympathy for persons who were "unwilling to respond to a military draft". Bond took the legislature to court. A three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in a 2–1 decision that the Georgia House had not violated any of Bond's constitutional rights. The case reached

2665-502: The ability to vote and entered the political process. Although initially undecided about his party affiliation, Bond ultimately ran and was elected as a Democrat , the party of President Lyndon B. Johnson , who had supported civil rights, and signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law. On January 10, 1966, Georgia representatives voted 184–12 not to seat Bond after the election, because he had publicly endorsed SNCC's policy of opposition to United States involvement in

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2730-445: The call for nuclear disarmament. NJA built a sukkah in Lafayette Park across from the White House in order to draw attention to their anti-nuclear organizing. 500 NJA members marched in the June 12, 1982 Disarmament Rally in New York, which was at that time the largest Disarmament Rally in American history. In 1985, NJA brought a large delegation to the Mobilization for Justice and Peace in Washington, DC. In 1986, NJA co-sponsored

2795-415: The development of workshops mobilizing the Jewish community to take part in many gay rights events. In April 1986, the Brooklyn and Manhattan chapters of NJA sponsored the first New York community-wide conference on Lesbian and Gay Jews. In 1987, NJA organized a Jewish contingent and Havdallah service at the October 12 March on Washington for gay rights. The day after that historic march, many took part in

2860-416: The drug test was akin to McCarthyism and trivialized the issue of drugs. While Bond had raised twice as much money as Lewis and had a larger national reputation, Lewis cast himself as the man on the front lines of the Civil Rights Movement and ran up large margins over Bond among white liberals in Atlanta. As the district had a very large Democratic majority, winning the Democratic primary meant that Lewis

2925-453: The eve of a Ronald Reagan - Mikhail Gorbachev summit. At the time, Soviet Jews were facing anti-Semitism and political repression while struggling to emigrate in large numbers to the U.S. and Israel. NJA sponsored a 1984 delegation of national Jewish leaders to Nicaragua to examine human rights conditions and investigate U.S. Government allegations of anti-Semitic policies pursued by the Sandinista government. The delegation came back with

2990-400: The funeral services for Coretta Scott King on the grounds that the King children had chosen an anti-gay megachurch as the venue. This was in conflict with their mother's longstanding support for the rights of gay and lesbian people. In a 2005 speech in Richmond, Virginia, Bond said: African Americans ... were the only Americans who were enslaved for two centuries, but we were far from

3055-538: The larger Jewish community. At a November 28, 1982 Delegates Conference in NYC, 65 elected representatives of NJA chapters and at-large members from across US, consented on a National Platform. The Platform included a general Statement of Purpose and specific statements on 18 issue areas. New Jewish Agenda maintained five primary campaigns through National Taskforces on Middle East Peace, Worldwide Nuclear Disarmament, Economic and Social Justice, Peace in Central America, and Jewish Feminism. Each taskforce coordinated work at

3120-464: The legislature elected segregationist Democrat Lester Maddox of Atlanta as governor of Georgia over the Republican Bo Callaway . Callaway had led in the 1966 general election by some three thousand votes. Under the Georgia Constitution of 1824, the state legislature had to settle the election because neither major party candidate had polled a majority in the general election. Former Governor Ellis Arnall polled more than fifty thousand votes as

3185-609: The local and national level using organizing methods including national speaking tours, publications, newsletters, national taskforce gatherings, and conferences. Within many of the taskforces, and occasionally outside of the taskforces' wide subject areas, NJA members often established more focused Working Groups. New Jewish Agenda chapters around the country were active in coalitions to combat racism, anti-Semitism and apartheid . NJA sponsored vigils outside South African consulates in five U.S. cities which "received press from Seattle to Wash, DC and from Paris to Cape Town", according to

3250-493: The movie 5 to 7 (2014). On July 28, 1961, Bond married Alice Clopton, a student at Spelman College . They had five children: Phyllis Jane Bond-McMillan, Horace Mann Bond II, Michael Julian Bond (an Atlanta City councilman), Jeffrey Alvin Bond, and Julia Louise Bond. They divorced on November 10, 1989. In 1990 Bond married Pamela Sue Horowitz, a former SPLC staff attorney. Bond died from complications of vascular disease on August 15, 2015, in Fort Walton Beach, Florida , at

3315-660: The nation's racism accepted white supremacy . By acknowledging its dependence on whites to popularize the civil rights struggle in the South, SNCC contradicted its rhetorical belief in the equal worth of all races, and undermined its insistence that indigenous blacks were best prepared to lead the struggle for their deliverance from white dominance." At age 31, with SNCC shedding staff and volunteers after its abortive merger with Black Panther Party , Bond returned to Morehouse College in 1971, to complete his Bachelor of Arts in English. In addition to his organizing with SNCC , Bond ran for political office in Georgia . In 1965, he

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3380-430: The only Americans suffering discrimination then and now ... Sexual disposition parallels race. I was born this way. I have no choice. I wouldn't change it if I could. Sexuality is unchangeable. In a 2007 speech on the Martin Luther King Day Celebration at Clayton State University , Bond said, "If you don't like gay marriage, don't get gay married." His positions pitted elements of the NAACP against religious groups in

3445-542: The selection of these individuals, Bond said, Bush had appeased "the wretched appetites of the extreme right wing and chosen Cabinet officials whose devotion to the Confederacy is nearly canine in its uncritical affection". House Majority Leader Dick Armey responded to Bond's statement with a letter in which he accused NAACP leaders of "racial McCarthyism". Bond later said at the annual NAACP convention that year, that since Bush's election, he had "had his picture taken with more black people than voted for him." In 2012, Bond

3510-401: The summer of 1961 on the first voter registration efforts (under the direction of Bob Moses) in McComb, Mississippi , including the murder of activist Herbert Lee , Bond took the new full-time position of communications director for SNCC assisted by Casey Hayden , Mary King and Dottie Miller , until September 1966. During this period, he travelled frequently to Mississippi (active in

3575-628: The title NJA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NJA&oldid=947896610 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages New Jewish Agenda Over 1,200 people attended NJA's founding conference on December 25, 1980, representing members of Orthodox , Conservative , Reconstructionist , and Reform , synagogues . The date

3640-486: The work of many non-Jewish feminists of color who had been challenging the white-dominated culture of the larger feminist movement , and making space for complicated conversations about overlapping identities. One of the FTF's projects was Gesher (Bridge), a newsletter that included reports from each chapter's FTF, and raised feminist issues within NJA. Gesher later became the Jewish Feminist journal Bridges , which continued to be published until June, 2011. NJA sent

3705-403: Was a strong critic of policies that contribute to anthropogenic climate change . He was among a group of protesters arrested at the White House for civil disobedience in opposition to the Keystone XL pipeline in February 2013. Bond was a strong critic of the George W. Bush administration, in large part because he believed it was illegitimate. Twice in 2001, first in February when he spoke to

3770-444: Was able to coordinate meetings at the Forum that led to the initiation of a Palestinian/Israeli women's organization. After the 1985 Forum, NJA attendees spoke around the country about the process and outcomes of organizing for it. In 1985, NJA published and widely distributed a pamphlet called "Coming Out/Coming Home" about homophobia and gay rights within the Jewish community. They also spearheaded anti-homophobia work which included

3835-593: Was accomplished in part by distributing educational packets on the issues to over 2,000 rabbis and synagogues and by publishing articles and letters to the editor. NJA also distributed two brochures about the concerns that had kept progressive Jews from responding to Central American crisis and the scriptural commandments that obligate Jews to harbor the persecuted and protect them from harm. In 1986, NJA sponsored national speaking tours by three rabbis whose congregations have offered sanctuary to Central American refugees. Agenda's "Jewish Witness for Peace " delegation created

3900-427: Was almost certain to win the general election. After he did so, he served in Congress for 30 years until his death on July 17, 2020. Still dogged by allegations of drug use, Bond resigned from the Georgia Senate the following year. Bond's estranged wife, Alice, who had publicly accused him of using cocaine, later retracted her statements. After leaving politics, Bond taught at several universities in major cities in

3965-519: Was also isolated because the mainstream Jewish community did not agree with its positions regarding Israel/Palestine and the status of Lesbian and Gay Jews. NJA helped with the development of other left wing Jewish organizations, including Americans for Peace Now , The New Israel Fund , Jewish Fund for Justice, The Shalom Center, The Shefa Fund, Bridges Journal, American Friends of Neve Shalom, Brit Tzedek v'Shalom , Bat Shalom , and The Abraham Fund . It also built liaisons with older organizations such as

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4030-415: Was featured in Julian Bond: Reflections from the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement , a documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley . From 1980 to 1997, Bond hosted America's Black Forum . He was also a commentator for radio's Byline and NBC 's The Today Show . He authored the nationally syndicated newspaper column Viewpoint , and narrated the critically acclaimed PBS series Eyes on

4095-442: Was founded in July 1986 as a program of the FTF, and soon NJA Chapters reported AIDS activism at the local level. At the 1987 National Convention at UCLA , the AIDS Working Group presented a workshop on "AIDS in the Jewish community". Despite the New Jewish Agenda's emphasis on multi-issue organizing, The Middle East Task Force (METF) was central to NJA's work. NJA joined a field that was still deeply controversial and heated within

4160-507: Was one of 11 African Americans elected to the Georgia House of Representatives . They were aided by the expansion of the franchise for blacks in the state, who largely supported Democratic Party candidates, after national passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The latter especially had brought federal oversight to enforce the constitutional rights of blacks to vote. As states ended discriminatory practices in voter registration , African Americans regained

4225-593: Was purposely chosen to coincide with Christmas . At the founding conference, a 25-member Executive Committee (EC) was elected. The EC agreed that the straw-poll resolutions should function as guides and not mandates of NJA policy, and proposed establishing taskforces for each proposal area. Many of the original members were Jewish organizers active in movements for peace and de-militarization, civil-liberties, civil rights , women's liberation, and those critical of Israeli policies. New Jewish Agenda used specifically Jewish cultural symbols and gatherings in their organizing,

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