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31-555: The cemetery was designed by Ivan Mashkov and inaugurated in 1898. Its importance dates from the 1930s, when the necropolises of the medieval Muscovite monasteries ( Simonov , Danilov , Donskoy ) were scheduled for demolition. Only the Donskoy survived the Joseph Stalin era relatively intact. The remains of many famous Russians buried in other abbeys, such as Nikolai Gogol and Sergey Aksakov , were disinterred and reburied at

62-553: A Small Silver medal, received a construction management license, sufficient for taking private orders but not state jobs. The rest did not qualify and had to return with new graduate projects. As an alternative, they could apply to the Imperial Academy and complete the courses at Saint Petersburg; the Academy awarded construction management licenses to all graduates. There were few moves in the opposite direction ( Ivan Fomin

93-563: A construction license in 1886 at the age of 19 – an exceptionally quick education by any standard (normally, it would take 10 to 15 years from admissions to professional license). In 1885–1888, Mashkov assisted Konstantin Bykovsky  [ ru ] on Devichye Pole campus planning and August Weber  [ de ] on the completion of Polytechnical Museum in Moscow. In 1889–1890 he visited Lipetsk and completed there two schools,

124-434: A decade of practical experience. There were, however, rare exceptions like Ivan Mashkov , who earned a license at the age of 19 and completed his first projects at the age of 23. In the late 1880s, prominent members of the realist artists group Peredvizhniki (English: The Wanderers ), taught at the school including Vasily Polenov , Vladimir Makovsky and Illarion Pryanishnikov . One of the leader instructors of sculpture

155-499: A diploma in architecture three years later. A study of 100 architects working in Moscow between the 1890s and 1910s by Maria Naschokina shows that more than half of them graduated from the school. The fact that most school graduates lacked a full state diploma was a major drawback in state employment, but irrelevant for the private clients that dominated construction market in Moscow. Thus, architectural profession in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were clearly divided between graduates of

186-464: A hospital and a prison chapel – at the age of 23. Back in Moscow, Mashkov completed over a dozen buildings still in his twenties, and his masterpiece – the Sokol – at the age of 36. Mashkov's Sokol (Falcon) building is unique not only for his career, but to Moscow Art Nouveau in general. It is the only building in the city designed in original Vienna Secession style (see Illarion Ivanov-Schitz for

217-513: A lasting statement with his iconic monument to Ivan Fydorov (sculpture by Sergei Volnukhin ). Like many contemporary architects, Mashkov was keen on studying and preserving historical national architecture, and in 1898 joined the Moscow Archaeological Society  [ fr ; ru ; uk ] . He surveyed many historical churches and monasteries in Moscow, Dmitrov , Borovsk etc., published his own studies and edited

248-453: A modified version of Secession). Its gilded roof and abundant forged iron ornaments looked like a citation from Otto Wagner (these ornaments were eventually lost). At the same time, the building is definitely Muscovite; the shape of its frieze repeats the lines of nearby Hotel Metropol . The majolica mosaic of a falcon flying over a stormy sea was made by Nikolai Sapunov (of Mir Iskusstva art group). The subject of this picture itself

279-582: A park-like ambience, dotted with small chapels and large sculpted monuments. It is divided into the old (Divisions 1–4), new (Divisions 5–8) and newest (Divisions 9–11) sections; maps are available at the cemetery office. The following noteworthy graves, among others, can be found at Novodevichy Cemetery: 1850s 1800s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Ivan Mashkov Ivan Pavlovich Mashkov ( Russian : Ива́н Па́влович Машко́в , 13 January 1867 – 13 August 1945)

310-844: A section of the cemetery which contains the graves of Constantin Stanislavski and the leading actors of his company. During the Soviet Union , burial in the Novodevichy Cemetery was second in prestige only to burial in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . Among the Soviet leaders, Nikita Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev would be buried there. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Kremlin Wall

341-523: A village blacksmith, lost both his parents in early childhood. He was adopted by Pavel Karpovich Mashkov, a Lipetsk businessman, and his wife, Natalya Yefimovna (née Andreyeva), thus acquiring the name of Mashkov. Natalya's brother, Alexey Yefimovich Andreev, was a town architect in Lipetsk. In 1881, Ivan was admitted to Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture . He graduated Alexander Kaminsky class of architecture with an honorary medal and

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372-524: Is a double citation – from Maxim Gorky 's Song of a falcon (1899) and from nearby Moscow Art Theater 's Seagull symbol (1903). However, the building has nothing to do with these symbols or with Mashkov's natural name – it was named after M.V. Sokol , the owner. [REDACTED] Mashkov's work prior to Sokol belongs to traditional muscovite eclectics and moderate Russian Revival of 1880s-1890s, and does not stand out among hundreds of similar buildings of this period. An unusually large share of his work

403-502: Is no longer used for burials and the Novodevichy Cemetery is used for only the most symbolically significant burials. In 1997, former premier Nikolai Tikhonov was buried in the cemetery at state expense (since he didn't have any money of his own). In April 2007, within one week both the first President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin and cellist Mstislav Rostropovich were buried there. Today,

434-465: The 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Admissions were based primarily on artistic merits, allowing students without formal high school diplomas. For example, Konstantin Melnikov joined the school at the age of 15, having only two years of primary education; his class of 11 was chosen from 270 applicants. Melnikov completed a diploma in arts after nine years of training (1905–1914) and

465-545: The Moscow School and the Saint Petersburg schools ( Imperial Academy of Arts and Institute of Civil Engineers). The students had to demonstrate professional achievement during their education and were rated according to their graduate assignment. The best, earning a Large Silver medal, were rewarded with an official title of an Architect, sufficient for private order and state employment. The next tier, with

496-472: The Novodevichy. A 19th-century necropolis within the walls of the Novodevichy convent, which contained the graves of about 2000 Russian noblemen and university professors, also underwent reconstruction. The vast majority of graves were destroyed. It was at that time that the remains of Anton Chekhov were moved outside the monastery walls. His grave served as the kernel of the so-called "cherry orchard" –

527-566: The acronym MUZHVZ , was one of the largest educational institutions in Russia . The school was formed by the 1865 merger of a private art college, established in Moscow in 1832, and the Palace School of Architecture, established in 1749 by Dmitry Ukhtomsky . By the end of the 19th-century, it vied with the state-run St. Petersburg Academy of Arts for the title of the largest art school in

558-469: The cemetery holds the tombs of Russian authors, musicians, playwrights, and poets, as well as famous actors, political leaders, and scientists. More than 27,000 are buried at Novodevichy. There is scant space for more burials. A new national cemetery is under construction in Mytishchi north of Moscow. Notable burials include Dmitry Shostakovich , Sergei Prokofiev and Anton Chekhov . The cemetery has

589-619: The classes were incorporated as the School of Painting and Sculpture of the Moscow Art Society. In 1865, the Palace School was incorporated into School of Painting and Sculpture; next year, the expanded institution was renamed Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. The School was unique in Imperial Russia , being a private college in a country were education was primarily state-managed. Its diplomas (excluding

620-460: The classes were reinstated by Matvey Kazakov , and in 1804 acquired the title of Kremlin College, later Palace School of Architecture. Graduates were awarded the title of Architect's Assistant and had to earn their own licenses through later work. The private art college was established in 1832 by Egor Makovsky and A.S. Yastrebilov as Classes of Nature, and renamed Art Classes in 1833. In 1843,

651-698: The country. In the 20th century, art and architecture separated again, into the Surikov Art Institute in Moscow ( Russian : Московский Художественный Институт имени Сурикова ) and the Moscow Architectural Institute ( Russian : Московский Архитектурный Институт ); the latter occupies the historical School buildings in Rozhdestvenka Street. The Palace School of Architecture goes back to the classes of Dmitry Ukhtomsky that operated in 1749–1764. Twenty years,

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682-632: The few highest-ranking graduates) were ranked inferior to those of the Academy of Arts; probably unimportant in fine arts, this division was a serious burden for graduates in architecture. The School tried to close the gap through acquiring a state charter in 1896, but failed. After the October Revolution of 1917, the school was transformed in 1918 into the Second Free State Art Workshop ( Svomas ). Art workshops eventually disintegrated. In 1939, Igor Grabar launched

713-414: The forerunner of present-day Museum of Architecture. He is credited with editing the best guide to architecture of Moscow (1913). Despite his reputation as preservationist and archaeologist, Mashkov joined the emerging skyscraper movement in 1913, and proposed a 13-story highrise on Tverskaya Street . The City Hall blocked this proposal and banned further highrise construction in the center of Moscow. At

744-482: The journal of Society. Mashkov supervised restoration of Kremlin cathedrals, Sukharev Tower , St. Basil Cathedral and other memorial buildings. In 1908-1918, he also co-chaired Moscow Architectural Society and contributed to the construction of House of Architects (17, Yermolayevsky Lane, currently Museum of Modern Art). In 1908-1933, he managed the Architectural Department of Polytechnical Museum,

775-461: The new college of fine arts, which acquired the name of Surikov Institute in 1948. Architectural education initially concentrated around VKhUTEMAS and MVTU and was organized into the Moscow Architectural Institute in 1933. More democratic in comparison with the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts , the school played an important role in developing Russian national realistic art in the second half of

806-558: The restoration of Pashkov House (then known as Rumyantsev Museum, later Lenin Library and Russian State Library). He took no part in architectural disputes of 1920s, but was present in professional journals and wrote college textbooks (1935). In 1934, Mashkov became a professor in Moscow Architectural Institute ; since 1935 he chaired the department of architecture of Moscow Construction Institute. In 1937, he

837-648: The time of Russian Revolution of 1917 , Mashkov was employed by the City of Moscow as deputy to City Architect. Bolshevik administration retained him in his office, and for some time Mashkov acted as the City Architect, engaged mostly in maintenance of the city in the middle of a civil war. In 1929, Mashkov and sculptor Nikolay Andreyev erected the neoclassical monument to Aleksandr Ostrovsky near Maly Theater . Mashkov continued surveying memorial buildings (some of them already scheduled for demolition) and headed

868-549: Was a Russian architect and preservationist , notable for surveying and restoration of Dormition Cathedral of Moscow Kremlin , Novodevichy Convent and other medieval buildings. His best known extant building is Sokol (Falcon) luxury Art Nouveau apartment building in Kuznetsky Most Street, Moscow . A prolific architect, Mashkov built mostly eclectic buildings with Russian Revival features. Ivan Mikhailovich Sokolov (Иван Михайлович Евдокимов), son of

899-522: Was awarded the title of Hero of Labor (1927 statute, predecessor of 1938 Hero of Socialist Labor title). Mashkov remained well established in Soviet academic circles until his death and was buried with honors at Novodevichy Cemetery ; his book on Novodevichy Convent was reissued posthumously in 1949. Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture The Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture ( Russian : Московское училище живописи, ваяния и зодчества, МУЖВЗ ), also known by

930-871: Was built for public charities, which ruled out expensive decorations and interiors. The only decoration he allowed was Abramtsevo majolica. After the Russian Revolution of 1905 , the public lost the interest in Art Nouveau ; architects responded with a revival of Neoclassicism. Mashkov completed two private buildings (Tverskoy Pawn Shop and Eggert Apartments) in a stern, Saint Petersburg version of this style. In 1912-1913, he built his last major project - psychiatric hospital in Poteshnaya Street (now, Gannushkin Hospital). These buildings didn't make architectural landmarks; Mashkov, however, did make

961-493: Was expelled from the Academy and completed his license exams in Moscow). Some, like Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky or Ilya Bondarenko , completed training overseas. Fyodor Schechtel was expelled from the School in 1878 and acquired the license only in 1894. These difficulties extended architectural training, from admission to professional license, to 10–15 years and even more; graduates were typically mature men in their thirties, with

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