40-399: The Noctuinae are a subfamily of the family Noctuidae , and is composed of moths. The larvae of many species feed on roots or stems of various grasses. Some are generalist feeders which makes them potential pests. Noctuid systematics is in a state of flux; the list of tribes is provisional and other groups now considered more distinct (e.g. Hadeninae ) were formerly included here. Likewise,
80-469: A few days start to get darker. Eggs : Vary in colors, but all have a spherical shape. The word Noctuidae is derived from the name of the type genus Noctua , which is the Latin name for the little owl , and the patronymic suffix -idae used typically to form taxonomic family names in animals. The common name " owlet " originally means a small or young owl. The names "armyworms" and "cutworms" are based on
120-792: A larger role in systematics , the structure of many Lepidoptera groups has been changing and Noctuidae is not an exception. Most recent studies have shown that Noctuidae sensu stricto is a monophyletic group, mainly based on trifine venation. Some clades within Noctuidae sensu lato have yet to be studied. This taxonomic division represents the subfamilies, tribes and subtribes considered so far. Genera with intervening taxonomy not available include: Antarctic region The Antarctic ( / æ n ˈ t ɑːr t ɪ k / or / æ n ˈ t ɑːr k t ɪ k / , American English also / æ n t ˈ ɑːr t ɪ k / or / æ n t ˈ ɑːr k t ɪ k / ; commonly / æ ˈ n ɑːr t ɪ k / )
160-420: A stronger connection with their host plants. For example, the lychnis moth ( Hadena bicruris ) has a strange mutualistic relationship with pink plants or carnation plants ( Caryophyllaceae ), in that larvae feed on the plant while the adults pollinate the flowers. Herbivory : Caterpillars of most Noctuidae feed on plants; some feed on poisonous plants and are unaffected by their chemical defences; for example,
200-458: A variety of shades of browns, grays, and other varied shades and colourations but some subfamilies, such as Acronictinae and Agaristinae , are very colorful, especially those from tropical regions (e.g. Baorisa hieroglyphica ). They are characterized by a structure in the metathorax called the nodular sclerite or epaulette, which separates the tympanum and the conjunctiva in the tympanal organ . It functions to keep parasites ( Acari ) out of
240-576: Is aposematism , represented by species of Cucullinae . Finally, all adults have another mechanism for defense: a tympanal organ available to hear the echolocation spread out by bats, so the moths can avoid them. Many species of owlet moths are considered an agricultural problem around the world. Their larvae are typically known as "cutworms" or "armyworms" due to enormous swarms that destroy crops, orchards and gardens every year. The Old World bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) produces losses in agriculture every year that exceed US$ 2 billion. Additionally,
280-799: Is a polar region around Earth 's South Pole , opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole . The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica , the Kerguelen Plateau , and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence . The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves , waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of
320-403: Is common in members of the order Lepidoptera, courtship in many Noctuidae includes a set of movements in which the female evaluates the male's reproductive fitness. Most noctuid moths produce pheromones that attract the opposite sex. Female pheromones that attract males occur widely and have long been studied, but the study of male pheromones has further to go. Noctuid moths commonly begin
360-599: Is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny . The Australian James Kerguelen Robinson (1859–1914) was the first human born in the Antarctic, on board the sealing ship Offley in the Gulf of Morbihan (Royal Sound then), Kerguelen Island on 11 March 1859. The first human born and raised on an Antarctic island
400-546: Is credited to the Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla , who reported seeing distant southern snow-capped mountains in 1603. The first Antarctic land discovered was the island of South Georgia , visited by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675. Although such myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent of Antarctica
440-428: Is low on the islands: studies have theorized that the harsh climate was a major contributor towards species richness, but multiple correlations have been found with area, temperature, remoteness of islands, and food chain stability. For example, herbivorous insects are poor in number due to low plant richness, and likewise, indigenous bird numbers are related to insects, which are a major food source. The Antarctic hosts
SECTION 10
#1732802452068480-491: Is managed through an international commission headquartered in Hobart , Australia, by an efficient system of annual fishing quotas, licenses, and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as satellite surveillance. The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the Antarctic Convergence to the north and their respective 200-nautical-mile (370 km) exclusive economic zones fall under
520-763: Is no permanent country in Antarctica . As defined by the Antarctic Treaty System , the Antarctic region is everything south of the 60°S latitude . The Treaty area covers Antarctica and the archipelagos of the Balleny Islands , Peter I Island , Scott Island , the South Orkney Islands , and the South Shetland Islands . However, this area does not include the Antarctic Convergence , a transition zone where
560-722: Is set to expire in 35 years. ) To protect the area, all Antarctic ships over 500 tonnes are subject to mandatory regulations under the Polar Code , adopted by the International Maritime Organization (in force since 1 January 2017). Climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities occurs everywhere on Earth, and while Antarctica is less vulnerable to it than any other continent, climate change in Antarctica has been observed. Since 1959, there has been an average temperature increase of >0.05 °C/decade since 1957 across
600-496: The Antarctic Convergence , a zone approximately 32 to 48 km (20 to 30 mi) wide and varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere , of which 5.5 percent (14 million km ) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System . Biogeographically ,
640-496: The Antarctic realm is one of eight biogeographic realms on Earth's land surface. Climate change in Antarctica is particularly important because the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet has a high potential to add to the global sea level rise . Further, this melting also disrupts the flow of Southern Ocean overturning circulation , which would have significant effects on the local climate and marine ecosystem functioning.There
680-627: The pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestration usually present in Arctiinae is also found in a few species of noctuids, including the Spanish moth ( Xanthopastis timais ). Another chemical defense is formic acid production, which was thought to be present only in Notodontidae , but later was found in caterpillars of Trachosea champa . Finally, the last type of chemical defense is regurgitation of plant compounds, often used by many insects, but
720-540: The Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region. A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including: Most of the Antarctica continent is permanently covered by ice and snow, leaving less than 1 percent of the land exposed. There are only two species of flowering plant, Antarctic hair grass and Antarctic pearlwort , but a range of mosses , liverworts , lichens and macrofungi . Biodiversity among terrestrial flora and fauna
760-562: The West Antarctic, the ocean has warmed by 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955. The fresh, 1100-1500 billion tons (GT) per year of meltwater from the ice dilutes the saline Antarctic bottom water , weakening the lower cell of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation (SOOC). According to some research, a full collapse of the SOOC may occur a between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming, although
800-534: The behavior of the larvae of this group, which can occur in destructive swarms and cut the stems of plants. This family is cosmopolitan and can be found worldwide except in the Antarctic region . Some species, such as the setaceous Hebrew character ( Xestia c-nigrum ), can be found in the Arctic Circle , specifically in the Yukon territory of western Canada , with an elevation 1,702 m above sea level, where
840-492: The cabbage palm caterpillar ( Litoprosopus futilis ) produces a toxin called toluquinone that deters predators. On the other hand, the main physical defense in caterpillars and adults alike is mimicry . Most owlet moths have drab colors with a variety of patterns suitable to camouflage their bodies. The second physical defense consists in thousands of secondary setae that surround the body. The subfamilies that present this mechanism are Pantheinae and Acronictinae . The third
SECTION 20
#1732802452068880-523: The cold waters of the Southern Ocean collide with the warmer waters of the north, forming a natural border to the region. Because the Convergence changes seasonally, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources approximates the Convergence line by joining specified points along parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude . The implementation of the convention
920-496: The continent, although it had been uneven. West Antarctica warmed by over 0.1 °C/decade from the 1950s to the 2000s, and the exposed Antarctic Peninsula has warmed by 3 °C (5.4 °F) since the mid-20th century. The colder, stabler East Antarctica had been experiencing cooling until the 2000s. Around Antarctica, the Southern Ocean has absorbed more oceanic heat than any other ocean, and has seen strong warming at depths below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Around
960-413: The fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) and of genera such as Heliothis and Helicoverpa , aggressively eat their siblings and often other species of caterpillar. Nectarivory and puddling : Like many Lepidoptera , many species of adult Noctuidae visit flowers for their nectar. They also seek other liquid food resources such as plant juices, honeydew , dung, urea and mud, among others. As
1000-752: The full effects are expected to occur over multiple centuries; these include less precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere but more in the Northern Hemisphere , an eventual decline of fisheries in the Southern Ocean and a potential collapse of certain marine ecosystems . While many Antarctic species remain undiscovered, there are documented increases in Antarctic flora , and large fauna such as penguins are already having difficulty retaining suitable habitat. On ice-free land, permafrost thaws release greenhouse gases and formerly frozen pollution. The first recorded sighting of Antarctica
1040-607: The most popular destinations being the Antarctic Peninsula area (especially the South Shetland Islands ) and South Georgia Island . In December 2009, the growth of tourism , with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness, was noted at a conference in New Zealand by experts from signatories to the Antarctic Treaty . The definitive results of
1080-843: The national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom), Bouvet Island (Norway), and Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia). Kerguelen Islands (France; also an EU Overseas territory) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego , Falkland Islands , Isla de los Estados , Hornos Island with Cape Horn , Diego Ramírez Islands , Campbell Island , Macquarie Island , Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands , Prince Edward Islands , Gough Island , and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of
1120-625: The other families of the Noctuoidea. It was considered the largest family in Lepidoptera for a long time, but after regrouping Lymantriinae , Catocalinae and Calpinae within the family Erebidae , the latter holds this title now. Currently, Noctuidae is the second largest family in Noctuoidea, with about 1,089 genera and 11,772 species. This classification is still contingent, as more changes continue to appear between Noctuidae and Erebidae. Adult : Most noctuid adults have wings with
1160-442: The reproductive season from spring to fall, and mostly are multivoltine , such as the eastern panthea moth ( Panthea furcilla ), which reproduces over the year. Nevertheless, some species have just one brood of offspring ( univoltine ); among the best known is the lesser yellow underwing ( Noctua comes ). This group has a wide range of both chemical and physical defenses. Among the chemical defenses three types stand out. First,
1200-467: The southernmost. In late 1977, Silvia Morella de Palma, who was then seven months pregnant, was airlifted to Esperanza Base , in order to complete her pregnancy in the base. The airlift was a part of the Argentine solutions to the sovereignty dispute over territory in Antarctica. Emilio was automatically granted Argentine citizenship by the government since his parents were both Argentine citizens, and he
1240-418: The splendid brocade moth ( Lacanobia splendens ) feeds on cowbane ( Cicuta virosa ), a plant that is notoriously toxic to vertebrates. Predation and cannibalism : During the larval stage, some cutworms readily feed on other insects. One such species is the shivering pinion ( Lithophane querquera ), whose larvae commonly feed on other lepidopteran larvae. Moreover, many noctuid larvae, such as those of
Noctuinae - Misplaced Pages Continue
1280-606: The temperature fluctuates between 23/-25 °C (73/-13 °F). Many species of dart moths have been recorded in elevations as high as 4,000 m above sea level (e.g. Xestia elisabetha ). Among the places where the number of species has been counted are North America and northern Mexico , with about 2,522 species. 1,576 species are found in Europe, while the other species are distributed worldwide. Members of Noctuidae, like other butterflies and moths, perform an important role in plant pollination . Some species have developed
1320-413: The tympanal cavity. Another characteristic in this group is trifine hindwing venation, by reduction or absence of the second medial vein (M2). Markings present on the wings of noctuid adults can be helpful in distinguishing species. From the basal location to the outer edge (proximal to distal) on the forewing, there is a claviform (club-shaped) stigma, horizontally oriented with the thicker end closer to
1360-445: The validity of the tribe Xestiini is doubtful for example. This Noctuinae -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Noctuidae The Noctuidae , commonly known as owlet moths , cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths . Taxonomically, they are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with
1400-403: The variegated cutworm ( Peridroma saucia ) is described by many as one of the most damaging pests to vegetables. In West Africa, species including Busseola fusca , Heliocheilus albipunctella , Sesamia calamistis , Helicoverpa armigera , and Spodoptera exempta are major pests of staple crops such as pearl millet , sorghum , and maize . Since molecular analysis began to play
1440-411: The wing's outer edge, located posterior to a discal (round) stigma. These are followed distally by a reniform (kidney-shaped) stigma, which is typically oriented with its concave side facing the wing's outer edge. It is often not possible to discern all of the stigmata on all specimens or species. Crossbands or crosslines may be present, oriented longitudinally from the leading to the trailing edge of
1480-439: The wing. Larva : Commonly green or brown; some species present bright colors, such as the camphorweed cucullia moth ( Cucullia alfarata ). Most are pudgy and smooth with rounded short heads and few setae , but there are some exceptions in some subfamilies (e.g. Acronictinae and Pantheinae ). Pupa : The pupae most often range from shiny brown to dark brown. When they newly pupate they are bright brownish orange, but after
1520-766: The world's largest protected area comprising 1.07 million km , the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area created in 2012. The latter exceeds the surface area of another vast protected territory, the Greenland National Park 's 972,000 km (375,000 sq mi). (While the Ross Sea Marine Protection Area established in 2016 is still larger at 1.55 million km , its protection
1560-661: Was Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen born on 8 October 1913 in Grytviken , South Georgia. Emilio Marcos Palma (born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica at the Esperanza Base . His father, Captain Jorge Palma, was head of the Argentine Army detachment at the base. While ten people have been born in Antarctica since, Palma's birthplace remains
1600-449: Was born in the claimed Argentine Antarctica . Palma can be considered to be the first native Antarctican. The Antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries. However, the region is visited by more than 40,000 tourists annually,
#67932