86-649: (Redirected from Noorzai ) Pashtun tribe in Afghanistan [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Nurzai" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Noorzai also spelled as Noorzai ( Pashto : نورزی )
172-453: A royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted Pashto the status of an official language, with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a national language , a symbol for Pashtun nationalism . The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian
258-643: A critical edge in fighting the Taliban insurgency , leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul. Following the September 11 attacks , the United States and several allies invaded Afghanistan, overthrowing the Taliban's first government (which had limited recognition) in support of the opposition Northern Alliance . Afterwards, a transitional government was formed under the leadership of Hamid Karzai . After
344-572: A device). Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from Persian and Hindi-Urdu , with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian, but sometimes directly. Modern speech borrows words from English, French , and German . However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings: naṛә́i jahān dunyā tod/táwda garm aṛtyā́ ḍarurah híla umid də...pə aṛá bāra bolә́la qasidah Islamic Republic of Afghanistan The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
430-483: A law against the violence of women could eventually only be passed through a presidential decree. In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killings , but the total number were believed to be much higher. Of the reported honor killings, 21% were committed by the victims' husbands, 7% by their brothers, 4% by their fathers, and the rest by other relatives. Homosexuality was taboo in Afghan society; according to
516-804: A number of NATO and allied nations, particularly the United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Germany , Australia, and Turkey . In 2012, the United States and Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally . Relations with Pakistan were often tense for various reasons such as the Durand Line border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups. Afghanistan also had diplomatic relations with neighboring China , Iran , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan , as well as with regional states such as Bangladesh , Japan , Kazakhstan , Nepal , Russia , South Korea , and
602-665: A promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture." From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet ), Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Nazo Tokhi , and Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire . The Pashtun literary tradition grew in
688-432: A respected tribal leader, he resolves disputes and promotes peace, bridging the gap between government and tribal communities. Abdul Jabar Qahraman , Afghan army general who was an influential leader and politician. Zalmay Khalilzad , American diplomat and foreign policy expert. He was the highest muslim-american in government during his time in office. Furthermore, he was the former ambassador to Afghanistan during
774-427: A third of students at university were women and 27% of members of parliament were women. The literacy rate in 2021 has risen from 8% to 43% since 2001. In 2018, UNICEF reported that 3.7 million children between the ages of 7 and 17, or 44 percent, were not attending school. In 2020, there were over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9.5 million students. Of this, about 60% were males and 40% females. This
860-522: A variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to Bactrian . However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian . Compare with other Eastern Iranian Languages and Old Avestan : Zə tā winə́m /ɐz dɐ wənən/ Az bū tū dzunim Strabo , who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that
946-421: Is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. A national language of Afghanistan , Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan . In Pakistan , Pashto
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#17327720119411032-525: Is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family , natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan . It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی , Afghāni ). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns , it is one of
1118-491: Is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Pashto-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024 Pashto language Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ / PUH -shto , / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ / PASH -toe ; پښتو , Pəx̌tó , [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto] )
1204-550: Is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province , areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad . Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi , Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in
1290-564: Is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan. Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language. Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu. Professor Tariq Rahman states: "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged
1376-623: Is the name of a Pashtun tribe, part of the Panjpai section of Durrani Tareen Pashtuns . Their name means "son of light" whereas Nur is an Arabic word that means "light", and "zai" means "son of" in the Pashto language. Tribally speaking, they are disputed by many Zirak Pashtuns to neither be Durrani nor Ghilji . Historically the Noorzai tribe can be found in Kandahar province , as well as Helmand province , Herat and Farah . Furthermore,
1462-521: The 2003 loya jirga , a unitary presidential Islamic republic was proclaimed under a new constitution , and Karzai was elected for a full term as president . Meanwhile, the US-led international coalition helped maintain internal security, gradually transferring the burden of defense to the Afghan Armed Forces after 2013–14. However, Taliban forces held control of various areas of
1548-478: The 2004 constitution , both presidential and parliamentary elections were to be held every five years. However, due to the disputed 2014 presidential election , the scheduled 2015 parliamentary elections were delayed until 2018 . Presidential elections used the two-round system ; if no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round would be held featuring the top two candidates. Parliamentary elections had only one round and were based on
1634-404: The 2014 presidential election where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred. On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF. Thousands of NATO troops remained in
1720-558: The Afghanistan Islamic National & Liberation Movement have also conducted attacks against the Taliban. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was an Islamic republic with its government consisting of three branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial. The head of state and government was the President of Afghanistan . The National Assembly was the legislature, a bicameral body having two chambers,
1806-747: The Balkhab District of the Sar-e Pol Province . Hazara rebel Mehdi Mujahid , the Taliban-appointed head of intelligence of the Bamyan Province had been expelled from the position after criticizing the closure of girls' schools and continued demanding for equality to Hazaras and other Shia Muslims. He left the Taliban, declaring war on them, and began to gather rebels. Supported by the NRF and several political parties,
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#17327720119411892-592: The House of the People and the House of Elders . The Supreme Court was led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem, the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs. According to Transparency International , Afghanistan remained one of the most corrupt countries. A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23% of
1978-627: The UAE . The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) was established in 2002 to help the country recover from decades of war. Until summer 2021, several NATO member states deployed about 17,000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission . Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces . On 1 December 2021, the nine-nation Credentials Committee of
2064-784: The fall of Kabul , the Afghan Armed Forces were under the Ministry of Defense , which included the Afghan Air Force (AAF) and the Afghan National Army (ANA). The Afghan Defense University housed various educational establishments for the Afghan Armed Forces, including the National Military Academy of Afghanistan . The United States Department of Defense used the exonym "Afghan National Security Forces" (ANSF) to describe
2150-563: The single non-transferable vote system, which allows some candidates to be elected with as little as one percent of the vote. The 2004 Afghan presidential election was relatively peaceful, in which Hamid Karzai won in the first round with 55.4% of the votes. However, the 2009 presidential election was characterized by lack of security, low voter turnout, and widespread electoral fraud, ending in Karzai's reelection. The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning with 56.44% of
2236-719: The "Pablo Escobar of the Middle East". He was one of the earliest members of the Afghan militant group Taliban . Maulavi Ubaidurrahman Nurzai, Was a Taliban commander who fought against a NATO-led coalition in Helmand province . He took part in the battle of Garmsir . Mohammad Arif Noorzai , Former minister of border and tribe affairs for Afghanistan . Wali Muhammad Noorzai , prominent MPA and Noorzai tribal leader in Balochistan. He represents Quetta District and advocates for his constituents' rights and development. As
2322-608: The 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy (Pashto Tolana) in 1937. Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to
2408-770: The 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana . Pə́ṭa Xazāná ( پټه خزانه ) is a Pashto manuscript claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar ; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi. Nile Green comments in this regard: "In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as
2494-2981: The Afghan Presidential Dispute" . Australian Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved September 25, 2020 . v t e Pashtun tribes Bettani Ghilji Ahmadzai Jabbarkhel Akakhel Alikhel Andar Gulwal Hotake Ibrahimkhel Ibrahimzai Kharoti Musakhail Nasher Nasar Sulaimankhel Tarakai Tarakhel Tokhi Lodi Kundi Lodi Lohani Marwat Tatur Niazi Kharotakhel Isakhel Sarwani Harifal Miani Sur Gharghashti Babai Dawi Gandapur Hafizkhel Ibrahimzai Nattuzai Yaqubzai Jadun Kakar Bazai Jalalzai Khudiadadzai Mandokhel Nasozai Panni Barozai Safi Sarbani Durrani Badozai Barech Kiral Loni Panjpai Alizai Ishakzai Nurzai Zirak Achakzai Alakozai Barakzai Mohammadzai Musahiban Nawabi Popalzai Habibzai Sadozai Yusufzai Adokhel Akazai Babuzai Balarkhel Chagharzai Degankhel Hassanzai Kamal Khel Kamalzai Khan Khel Khwaja Khel Madakhel Mahabatkhel Mandanr Abakhel Khadarzai Utmanzai Mughal Khel Niamatkhel Ranizai Tahirkheli Other Sarbani Gigyani Ghoryakhel Chamkani Khalil Mulagori Kasi Gumoriani Kheshgi Mohmand Halimzai Muhammadzai Sherani Sherpao Shinwari Tareen Tarkani Kakazai Mamund Salarzai Wur Karlani Afridi Bangash Baizai Banuchi Dawar Dilazak Khattak Khogyani Kharboni Sherzad Wazir Mahsud Bahlolzai Shamankhel Mangal Muqbil Orakzai Mamozai Zaimukhts Ormur Tanai Turi Utmankhel Wardak Wazir Ahmadzai Darweshkhel Utmanzai Kabul Khel Zadran Zazai Allied tribes Sakzai Ismailkhel Khel Ludin Storyani Zai Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurzai&oldid=1256001264 " Categories : Durrani Pashtun tribes Tribes of Afghanistan Ethnic groups in Kandahar Province Hidden categories: Harv and Sfn no-target errors Articles with short description Short description
2580-406: The Afghan government accounted for 46% of the attacks on Afghan journalists, while insurgents were responsible for rest of the attacks. According to Global Rights , almost 90% of women in Afghanistan had experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse or forced marriage. In the majority of cases, the perpetrators of these crimes were the families of the victim, and a 2009 proposal for
2666-508: The Afghan government to halt Taliban advance. On 15 August 2021, Taliban forces entered the capital city of Kabul, meeting only limited resistance. In the afternoon, it was reported that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had left the country, fleeing into either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan ; Chairman of the House of the People Mir Rahman Rahmani was also reported to have fled into Pakistan . Following Ghani's escape,
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2752-449: The Afghan government would likely collapse within six months after NATO completed its withdrawal from the country. The report proved overly optimistic: by the second week of August, most Afghan provincial capitals had fallen into the hands of the Taliban and the Afghan National Army was in complete disarray, losing ground on all fronts. The falls of Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad on 14 and 15 August respectively removed any possibility for
2838-763: The Armed Forces and Police together. As of 30 June 2020, the ANSF or Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) were composed of the Afghan National Army (including the Afghan Border Force, Afghan Air Force, Afghan Territorial Army, Afghan National Civil Order Force), Afghan National Police (including Afghan Local Police), and the National Directorate of Security (including the Afghan Special Force). Law enforcement
2924-621: The GDP of the nation. Corruption was endemic even in the upper echelons of governance: in August 2010 it was revealed that the leadership of the New Kabul Bank and a handful of political elites, including cabinet ministers, had embezzled close to $ 1 billion through fraudulent loan schemes. On 17 May 2020, President Ashraf Ghani reached a power-sharing deal with his rival from presidential elections, Abdullah Abdullah , about who would manage
3010-605: The General Assembly voted to defer a decision to allow the Taliban to represent Afghanistan at the UN. However, on 15 February 2022, the UN released an updated list of member state officials with the names of Ghani administration officials removed. Freedom of expression and the press were permitted and promoted in the 2004 constitution, so long as it did not threaten national or religious integrity or did not defame individuals. In 2019, Reporters Without Borders listed
3096-627: The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Amrullah Saleh , tweeted that he had remained in the country and had assumed the role of Caretaker President in the absence of Ghani citing the Afghan Constitution as his basis. Saleh's government includes Bismillah Khan Mohammadi as Minister of Defense and Ahmad Massoud , son of Ahmad Shah Massoud and leader of the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan . It
3182-529: The Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism." Robert Nicols states: "In the end, national language policy, especially in
3268-681: The Pathan community in the city of Kolkata , often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul "). Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially the sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia . Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian . Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Persian,
3354-586: The Penal Code, homosexual intimacy was punished by up to a year in prison. With the implementation of Sharia law , offenders could be punished by death ; however, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between youngsters and older men (typically wealthy or elite people) called bacha bazi persisted. Despite being illegal, the people engaging in the act were often not punished. Ethnic and religious minorities such as Hazaras , Sikhs , Hindus , and Christians reportedly faced persecution in
3440-680: The Society's annual meeting in 1927. In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including Abdul Qadir formed the Pashto Academy Peshawar on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan. In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). However, Urdu and English are
3526-586: The Taliban , which marked the end of the 2001–2021 war , the longest war in US history . This led to the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, led by President Ashraf Ghani , and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate under the control of the Taliban. While the United Nations still recognizes the Islamic Republic as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, this toppled regime controls no portion of
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3612-637: The Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security. By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute famine at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in
3698-616: The Taliban-affiliated Hezb-e-Islami , met with both Hamid Karzai , former President of Afghanistan , and Abdullah Abdullah , Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Executive , in Doha , seeking to form a government. President Ghani, having settled in the United Arab Emirates , said that he supported such negotiations. On 17 August, the former First Vice President of
3784-511: The backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: Khushal Khan Khattak used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and Pir Bayazid as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses. For instance Khushal Khattak laments in : "The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If
3870-656: The bush administration. He took part in the Doha-agreement which caused the American armed forces to withdraw from Afghanistan . References [ edit ] ^ Nurzai Clan ^ "Database" . www.afghan-bios.info . Retrieved 2024-05-12 . ^ Project, Joshua. "Pashtun Nurzai in Pakistan" . joshuaproject.net . Retrieved 2024-05-12 . ^ Burnett 2020 , p. 57. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurnett2020 ( help ) ^ Saikal, Amin (May 29, 2020). "Resolving
3956-658: The commission and publication of Pashto textbooks. The Pashto Tolana was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the Saur Revolution in 1978. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". King Zahir Shah (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936
4042-413: The conflict. On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May. Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government , quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan government forces. In June 2021, a US intelligence report predicted that
4128-479: The country and the civil war continued. The Taliban regrouped as an insurgency with the alleged support of Pakistan , and escalated attacks on Afghan and coalition forces after 2006–07. This perpetuated Afghanistan's problematic human rights and women's rights records, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians, kidnapping, and torture. Due to the government's extensive reliance on American military and economic aid , some classed
4214-425: The country to train and advise Afghan government forces and continue their fight against the Taliban. It was estimated in 2015 that "about 147,000 people have been killed in the Afghanistan war since 2001. More than 38,000 of those killed have been civilians." A report titled Body Count concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to
4300-545: The country today, nor does it operate in exile; it effectively no longer exists. The Islamic Emirate is the de facto ruling government. The US–Taliban deal , signed on 29 February 2020 in Qatar , was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). Following the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of
4386-606: The country. On 14 August 2020, UN Human Rights Council experts issued a joint statement urging Afghanistan officials to prevent the killings of human rights defenders as there had been nine deaths of human rights defenders since January 2020. In spite of the turbulent political situation and military conflict which defined the years of the republic an expansion in access to certain utilities and services also took place during this era. Between 2001 and 2021, Afghanistan experienced improvements in health, education and women's rights. Life expectancy increased from 56 to 64 years and
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#17327720119414472-532: The country. Afghanistan's intelligence agency , the National Directorate of Security (NDS), assisted the ANP with security matters. Despite that, all parts of Afghanistan were considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism-related incidents. Kidnapping for ransom and robberies were common in major cities. Every year hundreds of Afghan police were killed in the line of duty. Afghanistan
4558-410: The different tribes would but support each other, Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them" Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity . In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with
4644-443: The eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as
4730-451: The field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..." Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still
4816-399: The government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity". Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or
4902-617: The literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while the Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue . King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism" leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In
4988-583: The majority of the electricity it consumed via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states. In 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $ 2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. The sector employed at least 120,000 people nationwide. Press restrictions were gradually relaxed and private media diversified after 2002, following more than two decades of tight controls. The Afghan media experienced rapid growth during
5074-543: The maternal mortality rate was reduced by half. 89% of residents living in cities have access to clean water, up from 16% in 2001. The rate of child marriage has been reduced by 17%. The population of Afghanistan increased by more than 50% between 2001 and 2014, while its GDP grew eightfold. As of 2013, 8.2 million Afghans attended school, up from 1.2 million in 2001. 3.2 million girls attended school in 2013, up from fewer than 50,000 in 2001. 39% of girls were attending school in 2017 compared to 6% in 2003. In 2021,
5160-406: The media environment of Afghanistan as 121st out of 179 on its Press Freedom Index , with 1st being most free. However many issues regarding human rights existed contrary to the law, often committed by local tribes, lawmakers and hardline clerics. Journalists in Afghanistan faced threat from both the security forces and insurgents. The Afghan Journalists Safety Committee (AJSC) claimed in 2017 that
5246-476: The mountains, while Saleh and Massoud fled to Tajikistan . As of 2022, scattered fighting between opposition groups and the Taliban continue to occur. On 13 March 2022, the Afghanistan Freedom Front , an ethnically diverse anti-Taliban military group formed, and has since conducted several attacks on the Taliban, including a missile attack on Bagram Airfield , in which six Taliban soldiers were killed and two were wounded. In June 2022, an uprising began in
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#17327720119415332-428: The nation as an American client state , and it gradually lost control of the rural countryside after the conclusion of Operation Enduring Freedom . Following the withdrawal of NATO troops in 2021 , the Taliban launched a massive military offensive in May 2021, allowing them to take control of the country over the following three and a half months. The Afghan National Army rapidly disintegrated. The institutions of
5418-420: The native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages . As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن mečә́n i.e. a hand-mill as being derived from the Ancient Greek word μηχανή ( mēkhanḗ , i.e.
5504-404: The next decade, ISAF and Afghan troops led many offensives against the Taliban, but failed to fully defeat them. Afghanistan remained one of the poorest countries in the world because of reliance on subsistence agriculture, a lack of foreign investment, government corruption , and the Taliban insurgency. Meanwhile, Karzai attempted to unite the peoples of the country, and the Afghan government
5590-412: The population age 15 and older was 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%). The Afghan National Security Forces received mandatory literacy courses as part of their training. According to the World Bank , 98% of the rural population had access to electricity by 2018, up from 28% in 2008. Overall the figure stood at 98.7%. As of 2016, Afghanistan produced 1,400 megawatts of power, but still imported
5676-465: The possessed in the genitive construction, and adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions —prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. *The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a lateral flap [ 𝼈 ] at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular flap [ ɽ ] or approximant [ ɻ ] elsewhere. In Pashto, most of
5762-419: The rebels seized Balkhab and controlled the entire district by 13 June 2022. On 23 June 2022, the Taliban began fighting to take back the district. The uprising ended when the Taliban recaptured Balkhab and Mujahid was killed. On the one year anniversary of the Fall of Kabul, the NRF conducted various hit-and-run attacks on Taliban militants. Several other groups, such as the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front and
5848-410: The remaining loyalist forces abandoned their posts and the Afghan Armed Forces de facto ceased to exist. On the evening of 15 August, the Taliban occupied the Arg , lowered the Afghan republican flag and raised their own flag over the palace. On 19 August 2021 the Taliban proclaimed the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . On 17 August 2021, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , the leader of
5934-415: The republic effectively collapsed on 15 August 2021, when the Taliban forces entered Kabul and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country. Soon after, former first vice president Amrullah Saleh declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the republican resistance against the Taliban ; however, on 6 September 2021, Saleh also fled to Tajikistan. In December 2001, after
6020-507: The respected key ministries. The agreement ended months-long political deadlock in the country. It was agreed that while Ghani will lead Afghanistan as the president, Abdullah would oversee the peace process with the Taliban . Reports emerged on 25 August that a 12-member council will be formed to govern Afghanistan. Reportedly 7 members were already agreed upon: Hekmatyar, Karzai, Abdullah, Abdul Ghani Baradar , Mohammad Yaqoob , Khalil-ur-Rehman Haqqani , and Hanif Atmar . Under
6106-422: The same period, Afghanistan became the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly. Parties became more influential after 2009, when a new law established more stringent requirements for party registration. Nearly a hundred new parties were registered after the law came into effect, and party activity increased in the 2014 elections, but party influence remained limited. Before
6192-444: The subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive. Verbs are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood . Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes
6278-528: The tribe is even spread out as far as Pakistan . They are specifically centered in Panjwai district , Maywand district , Nawzad , Garmsir and Washir district . [1] These places were infamous for being one of the main battlegrounds during the war in Afghanistan . Notable individuals [ edit ] Hibatullah Akhundzada , Supreme Commander of the Taliban and Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Bashir Noorzai , Former Afghan drug lord known for being
6364-550: The tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana . This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan ). Abdul Hai Habibi believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in
6450-486: The two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari , and it is the second-largest provincial language of Pakistan , spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan . Likewise, it is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Pashto
6536-411: The two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan . Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu. The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns. It is noted that Pashto
6622-534: The votes. Political parties played a marginal role in post-2001 Afghan politics, in part due to Karzai's opposition to them. In the 2005 parliamentary election , the ballots did not show candidates' party affiliation, so the results were dictated by the personal prestige of the candidates. Among the elected officials were a large mix of former mujahideen , Islamic fundamentalists , warlords, tribal nationalists, former communists, reformists , urban professionals, royalists and several former Taliban associates. In
6708-419: The world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry, and infrastructure was in ruins. Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country. Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan, while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the rebuilding process. The Taliban began an insurgency to regain control of Afghanistan. Over
6794-658: The world. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India , Tajikistan , and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen , near the Afghan border). In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan , and
6880-466: Was a presidential republic in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021. The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were formed after the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan that had toppled the partially recognized Taliban -ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . However, on 15 August 2021, the country was recaptured by
6966-686: Was able to build some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture in Reconstruction in Afghanistan . ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces . Following 2002, nearly five million Afghans were repatriated . The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011, dropping to about 16,000 in 2018. In September 2014 Ashraf Ghani became president after
7052-564: Was also the world's leading producer of opium . Afghanistan's opium poppy harvest produces more than 90% of illicit heroin globally, and more than 95% of the European supply. The Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics was responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business. Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946. Under the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, it enjoyed cordial relations with
7138-418: Was an increase from 900,000 exclusively male students in 2001. Over 174,000 students were enrolled in different universities around the country . About 21% of these were females. However, former Education Minister Ghulam Farooq Wardak had stated in 2013 that the construction of 8,000 schools was still required for the remaining children who were deprived of formal learning . As of 2018 the literacy rate of
7224-573: Was based in the Panjshir Valley , and used the city of Bazarak as a temporary capital , as it was one of the few areas of Afghanistan that was still under control of the Islamic Republic. On 6 September, after heavy fighting resulting in high losses on both sides, the Taliban claimed to have captured all of Panjshir, with the Taliban flag being hoisted at the governor's office in Bazarak. The remaining NRF troops had reportedly retreated into
7310-634: Was officially renamed to Dari . The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. In British India , prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then NWFP : Abdul Ghafar Khan in 1921 established the Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended
7396-775: Was the responsibility of the Afghan National Police (ANP), which was part of the Ministry of Interior Affairs . The ANP consisted of two primary branches, the Afghan Uniformed Police and the Afghan Border Police . The mission of the Uniformed Police was to ensure security within Afghanistan, prevent crime, and protect property. The Border Police was responsible for securing and maintaining the nation's borders with neighboring states as well as all international airports within
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