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North Haledon, New Jersey

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67-468: North Haledon (pronounced North HAIL-don) is a borough in Passaic County , in the U.S. state of New Jersey . As of the 2020 United States census , the borough's population was 8,927, an increase of 510 (+6.1%) from the 2010 census count of 8,417, which in turn reflected an increase of 497 (+6.3%) from the 7,920 counted in the 2000 census . North Haledon was formed as a borough by an act of

134-492: A special charter ). The borough is the most common form of local government in New Jersey . In 2023 there were 253 boroughs in New Jersey. However, boroughs were not always so common. In 1875 only 17 boroughs had been created, all by special acts of the legislature. These original boroughs were subdivisions of townships, established by state charter; Elizabeth was the first, established by royal charter in 1740, within

201-507: A combined question and a MENA category, while also collecting additional detail to enable data disaggregation. The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data is also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require this data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data

268-572: A countywide basis are: Clerk Danielle Ireland-Imhof (D, Hawthorne , 2028), Acting Sheriff Gary Giardina (D, Wayne, 2024) and Surrogate Zoila S. Cassanova (D, Wayne, 2026). As of March 2011, there were a total of 6,156 registered voters in North Haledon, of which 1,180 (19.2% vs. 31.0% countywide) were registered as Democrats , 2,051 (33.3% vs. 18.7%) were registered as Republicans and 2,923 (47.5% vs. 50.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were 2 voters registered to other parties. Among

335-803: A partisan basis, with two or three seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At a reorganization meeting held in January, the board selects a Director and Deputy Director from among its members to serve for a one-year term. As of 2024, Passaic County's Commissioners are: Bruce James ( D , Clifton , 2026), Deputy Director Cassandra "Sandi" Lazzara (D, Little Falls , 2024), Director John W. Bartlett (D, Wayne , 2024), Orlando Cruz (D, Paterson , 2026), Terry Duffy (D, West Milford , 2025), Nicolino Gallo ( R , Totowa , 2024) and Pasquale "Pat" Lepore (D, Woodland Park , 2025). Constitutional officers, elected on

402-460: A period, known as " boroughitis ", where large numbers of small boroughs were created. In 1894, the Legislature passed an act requiring each township to have a single school district. A wave of borough incorporations followed, as one part of several townships decided that it would prefer the cost of being a separate municipality to paying for the other schools. The Borough Act of 1897 amended

469-533: A person's origins considered in the census. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino." However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of US Commission on Civil Rights . In 1997,

536-407: A population not exceeding 5,000, to establish itself as an independent borough through a petition and referendum process on a self-executing basis. As enacted, a borough would be governed by an elected mayor (serving a one-year term) and a six-member council (elected to staggered three-year terms). The mayor would preside at council meetings, but had no vote except to break ties. This system resulted in

603-524: A race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American. The supplemental American Indian questionnaire

670-675: A separate question. The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country". The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the census to be not "scientific or anthropological", and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups. Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with

737-409: A staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The borough form of government used by North Haledon is a " weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of

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804-810: A weak mayor and the council performs most legislative and executive functions. This form of local government is used by 39% of the municipalities in New Jersey. There are a total of 253 boroughs in New Jersey, which include: Hispanic (U.S. Census) In the United States census , the US Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define a set of self-identified categories of race and ethnicity chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of Hispanic or Latino origin in

871-534: Is from the Indian subcontinent ) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person's origin or descent? Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central American Other Spanish No, none of these This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again,

938-607: Is needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions". Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act and monitoring/enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act ). Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of

1005-436: Is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the borough council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council includes six members elected to serve three-year terms on

1072-800: The 8th Congressional District , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. For the 118th United States Congress , New Jersey's 9th congressional district was represented by Bill Pascrell ( D , Paterson ) until his death in August 2024. New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker ( Newark , term ends 2027) and George Helmy ( Mountain Lakes , term ends 2024). For

1139-443: The 2004 presidential election , Republican George W. Bush received 2,951 votes (62.9% vs. 42.7% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 1,567 votes (33.4% vs. 53.9%) and other candidates with 32 votes (0.7% vs. 0.7%), among the 4,692 ballots cast by the borough's 5,831 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.5% (vs. 69.3% in the whole county). In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 73.0% of

1206-633: The 2024-2025 session , the 35th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Nellie Pou ( D , North Haledon ) and in the General Assembly by Shavonda E. Sumter (D, Paterson ) and Benjie Wimberly (D, Paterson). Passaic County is governed by Board of County Commissioners , composed of seven members who are elected at-large to staggered three-year terms office on

1273-541: The Interdistrict Public School Choice Program , which allows non-resident students to attend the district's schools without cost to their parents, with tuition paid by the state. Available slots are announced annually by grade. North Haledon residents had successfully voted in 2003 to leave the district, choosing to send their high school aged students to Midland Park High School in nearby Bergen County, New Jersey . In August 2004,

1340-797: The New Jersey Legislature on March 20, 1901, from portions of the now-defunct Manchester Township . According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough had a total area of 3.53 square miles (9.14 km), including 3.46 square miles (8.97 km) of land and 0.06 square miles (0.17 km) of water (1.81%). The borough borders the municipalities of Haledon , Hawthorne , Prospect Park and Wayne in Passaic County; and Franklin Lakes and Wyckoff in Bergen County . The 2010 United States census counted 8,417 people, 3,123 households, and 2,386 families in

1407-508: The New Jersey Supreme Court decided against North Haledon, citing that the town's exit from the district would shift the ethnic and racial balance of the high school. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 833 students and 62.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.4:1. Seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated based on

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1474-859: The Secretary of State , directed US Marshals to collect data from all 13 original states, and from the Southwest Territory . The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology. No microdata from

1541-476: The US Constitution and applicable laws. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the president . The US Marshals were also responsible for governing

1608-417: The "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white." The 1910 census

1675-543: The 10 counted in 2000. As of the 2000 United States census there were 7,920 people, 2,626 households, and 2,077 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,300.6 inhabitants per square mile (888.3/km). There were 2,675 housing units at an average density of 777.0 per square mile (300.0/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 95.03% White , 1.44% African American , 0.06% Native American , 1.00% Asian , 0.95% from other races , and 1.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.89% of

1742-532: The 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System . However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in

1809-414: The 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 census : The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while

1876-436: The 3,226 ballots cast by the borough's 6,117 registered voters, yielding a 52.7% turnout (vs. 42.7% in the county). The North Haledon School District serves students in public school for kindergarten through eighth grade . As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 624 students and 59.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.5:1. Schools in

1943-467: The OMB built on the 1997 guidelines and suggested the addition of a Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) racial category and considered combining racial and ethnic categories into one question. In March 2024, the Office of Management and Budget published revisions to Statistical Policy Directive No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included

2010-405: The OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. The OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the federal government ". The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws. Among

2077-422: The actions were justifiable in light of the circumstances and enabled them to serve the borough during the emergency, but recommended that rules be established to govern personal use of borough property by municipal employees and officials. North Haledon is located in the 9th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 35th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, North Haledon had been part of

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2144-409: The average family size was 3.18. In the borough the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males. The median income for a household in the borough

2211-557: The borough are minor county routes, such as County Route 677 (High Mountain Road). NJ Transit provides local service on the 703 route. People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with North Haledon include: Borough (New Jersey) A borough (also spelled boro ), in the context of local government in the U.S. state of New Jersey , refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government (in addition to those established under

2278-467: The borough's 2010 Census population, 73.1% (vs. 53.2% in Passaic County) were registered to vote, including 91.9% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 70.8% countywide). In the 2012 presidential election , Republican Mitt Romney received 64.1% of the vote (2,916 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 35.0% (1,593 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (40 votes), among the 4,584 ballots cast by

2345-449: The borough's 6,364 registered voters (35 ballots were spoiled ), for a turnout of 72.0%. In the 2008 presidential election , Republican John McCain received 3,016 votes (62.0% vs. 37.7% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 1,678 votes (34.5% vs. 58.8%) and other candidates with 46 votes (0.9% vs. 0.8%), among the 4,864 ballots cast by the borough's 6,241 registered voters, for a turnout of 77.9% (vs. 70.4% in Passaic County). In

2412-459: The borough. The population density was 2,436.8 per square mile (940.9/km). There were 3,213 housing units at an average density of 930.2 per square mile (359.2/km). The racial makeup was 91.53% (7,704) White , 1.76% (148) Black or African American , 0.02% (2) Native American , 3.78% (318) Asian , 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander , 1.27% (107) from other races , and 1.64% (138) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.46% (628) of

2479-418: The census form. In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves". The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized"

2546-418: The census. About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Vermont , and Virginia . However, the census was proven factual and

2613-462: The century of the Borough's existence as a form of government. The 1987 Act allowed for the delegation of executive responsibility to an appointed administrator. Traditionally, voters elect a mayor and six council members at-large in a partisan election. Only two boroughs, Roselle and Roselle Park , have ward structures with councils having five ward members and one at-large. The borough system has

2680-483: The changes, The OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of mixed-race children and wanting to record diversity in a measurable way after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge theirs and their children's full ancestry, rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report singular races. As of 2023,

2747-656: The council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. As of 2023, the mayor of North Haledon is Republican Randolph J. "Randy" George, whose term of office ends on December 31, 2026. Members of the North Haledon Borough Council are Council President Bruce O. Iacobelli (R, 2025), Rocco Luisi (R, 2023), Vince Parmese (R, 2025), George Pomianek (R, 2024), Donna Puglisi (R, 2024), and Jacqueline Roscio (R, 2023). In December 2019, Sandra Salviano

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2814-657: The decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness. The 1940 census

2881-536: The design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese , due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", " Quadroon ", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or " Indian ". During 1900,

2948-621: The district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Memorial School with 344 students in grades K–4 and High Mountain School with 275 students in grades 5–8. For ninth through twelfth grades , public school students attend Manchester Regional High School , which serves students from Haledon , North Haledon, and Prospect Park . The school is located in Haledon. The district participates in

3015-456: The existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census. Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves . Thomas Jefferson , then

3082-487: The free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were mulatto . Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto. For 1890, the Census Office changed

3149-444: The now defunct Elizabeth Township. About half of them had been dissolved, or changed into other forms of government—often cities. In 1875, a constitutional amendment prohibited such local or special legislation. Bergen County is home to the highest number of boroughs of any New Jersey county, at 56. The Borough Act of 1878 allowed any township (or portion thereof) with a land area of no more than four square miles (10 km ) and

3216-491: The original Act, eliminating the self-executing incorporation feature of the earlier legislation. Henceforth, newly incorporated boroughs (or those seeking to dissolve or increase or decrease in size) required approval of the legislature. The elected mayor and six-member council were retained, with the mayor now serving a two-year term. The Borough Act of 1987 was created to streamline borough law and clear away amendments, changes, and contradictory rules that had accumulated over

3283-552: The population of the constituent districts, with four seats assigned to North Haledon. Founded in 1892, Eastern Christian High School serves over 700 students in four separate school facilities covering preschool through 12th grade. As of May 2010, the borough had a total of 36.97 miles (59.50 km) of roadways, of which 30.16 miles (48.54 km) were maintained by the municipality and 6.81 miles (10.96 km) by Passaic County No Interstate, U.S. or state highways directly serve North Haledon. The most prominent roads within

3350-431: The population were under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 89.8 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 87.8 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income

3417-681: The population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Service Act ; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act ). The 1790 United States census was the first census in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of

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3484-416: The population. Of the 3,123 households, 27.7% had children under the age of 18; 64.9% were married couples living together; 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 23.6% were non-families. Of all households, 20.1% were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.10. 20.4% of

3551-407: The population. There were 2,626 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.2% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and

3618-451: The race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the " one-drop rule "). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry

3685-511: The racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices. The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed. This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry

3752-427: The term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent? No, not Spanish/Hispanic Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican Yes, Cuban Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic The racial categories in this year are as they appear in

3819-541: The vote (2,304 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 26.3% (831 votes), and other candidates with 0.7% (22 votes), among the 3,230 ballots cast by the borough's 6,439 registered voters (73 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 50.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 2,169 votes (67.2% vs. 43.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 932 votes (28.9% vs. 50.8%), Independent Chris Daggett with 79 votes (2.4% vs. 3.8%) and other candidates with 20 votes (0.6% vs. 0.9%), among

3886-485: Was $ 103,562 (with a margin of error of +/− $ 5,006) and the median family income was $ 107,623 (+/− $ 8,363). Males had a median income of $ 71,850 (+/− $ 10,067) versus $ 49,038 (+/− $ 4,709) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 41,694 (+/− $ 4,002). About 0.7% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 1.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Same-sex couples headed 24 households in 2010, more than double

3953-425: Was $ 74,700, and the median income for a family was $ 80,936. Males had a median income of $ 52,006 versus $ 34,854 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 30,322. About 2.4% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 0.3% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over. North Haledon is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which

4020-443: Was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry. President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a Good Neighbor policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent

4087-423: Was included. In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included. The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on

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4154-532: Was replaced by Vince Parmese, who was elected in November 2021 to serve the remainder of the term. In 2013, Mayor Randy George was criticized by residents for his use of two borough-owned generators in the persistent electric outages during the days following the devastation of Hurricane Sandy to provide power to the refrigerators in his ice cream store, while Police Chief Robert Bracco had used another municipal-owned generator to provide power at his home. A special committee formed of borough council members found that

4221-542: Was selected from a list of three candidates nominated by the municipal committee to fill the term expiring in December 2022 that had been become vacant following the death earlier that month of her husband, Keith Salviano. Sandra Salviano served on an interim basis until the November 2020 general election, when she was elected to serve the balance of the term of office, though she stepped down from office in February 2021 and

4288-421: Was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively. The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting

4355-538: Was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage. The 1920 census questionnaire

4422-415: Was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population. 1940 census data was used for Japanese American internment . The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007. The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from

4489-410: Was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race. People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father. For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as

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