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54-598: North Shore City was a territorial authority unit in the Auckland Region of New Zealand that was governed by the North Shore City Council. It existed from 1989 until November 2010, when the council was incorporated into Auckland Council . It had an estimated population of 229,000 at 30 June 2010, making it the fourth most populous city in New Zealand prior to the 2010 reorganisation. It was

108-509: A base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals $ 300 million × 1 ⁄ 2 = $ 150 million , in 1990 monetary terms. We would see that the country's GDP had realistically increased 50 percent over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the real GDP . The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way

162-426: A concept of a standard of living . Nominal GDP does not reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) may be more useful when comparing living standards between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market. Total GDP can also be broken down into

216-518: A country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets. Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from

270-521: A country's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP. For example, the GNI of the US is the value of output produced by American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if

324-650: A country's citizens at home and abroad rather than its "resident institutional units" (see OECD definition above). The switch from GNP to GDP in the United States occurred in 1991. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress. A crucial role was played here by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Milton Gilbert where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into institutions . The history of

378-406: A country's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year, typically expressed as percentage change . The economic growth can be expressed as real GDP growth rate or real GDP per capita growth rate . GDP can be adjusted for population growth, also called Per-capita GDP or GDP per person . This measures the average production of a person in

432-488: A single city, or a collection of autonomous cities, was a subject of debate. Between 1989 and 2010, North Shore City had five mayors. The mayor was directly elected using a first-past-the-post electoral system. The councillors were elected from three wards: Northern, Harbour and Central. The elections were held every three years. The following persons served as mayor of North Shore City: North Shore City formerly contributed over 6% of New Zealand's GDP . The city also topped

486-570: Is 3,702 kilometres (2,300 mi) long. It has about 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of rivers and streams, about 8 percent of these in urban areas. Its highest point is the summit of Little Barrier Island , at 722 metres. Prior to the merger into the Auckland Council on 1 November 2010, the Auckland Region consisted of seven territorial local authorities (TLAs); four cities and three districts: The Auckland Region

540-467: Is US$ 5,040,107.75 (in a million). Predictably, as a developed country, Japan has a higher GNI (by 182,779.46, in millions of USD), which is indicative that the production level in the country is higher than that of national production. On the other hand, the case with Armenia is the opposite, with GDP being lower than GNI by US$ 196.12 (in million). This demonstrates that countries receive investments and foreign aid from abroad. The Total income divided by

594-425: Is also sometimes expressed as: The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices. Market goods that are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring

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648-838: Is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported by national statistical agencies. This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire – wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship. The US "National Income and Product Accounts" divide incomes into five categories: These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost. Two adjustments must be made to get GDP: Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by

702-474: Is called the GDP deflator . Unlike consumer price index , which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods. Real GDP can be used to calculate the GDP growth rate, which indicates how much

756-473: Is contributed at each stage of production. This approach mirrors the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) definition given above. Gross value added = gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption. Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus the value of changes in the inventory. The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities

810-573: Is home to at least 23 known species or subspecies exclusively found in the region. This includes plant species such as the Waitākere rock koromiko , the undesccribed Mokohinau gecko , insect species such as the Little Barrier giant wētā , and bird species known to roost exclusively in the Auckland Region, such as the New Zealand storm petrel . Many endemic species are found exclusively within

864-404: Is known as "GDP at factor cost". GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price". For measuring the output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods: The value of output of all sectors

918-587: Is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, world GDP and world GNI are, therefore, equivalent terms. GDP is a product produced within a country's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within

972-453: Is then added to get the gross value of output at factor cost. Subtracting each sector's intermediate consumption from gross output value gives the GVA (=GDP) at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies to GVA (GDP) at factor cost gives the "GVA (GDP) at producer prices". The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units". If GDP

1026-814: The 2018 census , and an increase of 240,936 people (17.0%) since the 2013 census . There were 818,262 males, 832,188 females and 6,036 people of other genders in 544,083 dwellings. 3.5% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 35.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 318,843 people (19.2%) aged under 15 years, 346,938 (20.9%) aged 15 to 29, 770,949 (46.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 219,750 (13.3%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 49.8% European ( Pākehā ); 12.3% Māori ; 16.6% Pasifika ; 31.3% Asian ; 2.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.8% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English

1080-617: The Human Development Index or Better Life Index , as better approaches to measuring the effect of the economy on human development and well being . William Petty came up with a concept of GDP, to calculate the tax burden , and argue landlords were unfairly taxed during warfare between the Dutch and the English between 1652 and 1674. Charles Davenant developed the method further in 1695. The modern concept of GDP

1134-631: The Rangitoto Channel of the Hauraki Gulf to the east. The seat of the council was in Takapuna . Today, the entire area has been divided between four local boards of the amalgamated Auckland Council: Devonport-Takapuna , Kaipātiki , Upper Harbour (along with part of the former Waitakere City) and Hibiscus and Bays (along with part of the former Rodney District). Prior to being merged into Auckland Council in 2010, North Shore City

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1188-607: The Waitemata County was established across the North Shore and West Auckland after the abolition of the Auckland Province , and was one of the largest counties created in New Zealand. Between 1886 and 1954, areas of the North Shore voted to become independent areas separate from the county, establishing boroughs. The first of these was Devonport in 1886, soon followed by Birkenhead in 1888. Northcote

1242-535: The Waitākere Ranges , on Great Barrier Island , Little Barrier Island and the Mokohinau Islands . Auckland Region covers 4,941.16 km (1,907.79 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1,798,300 as of June 2024, with a population density of 364 people per km . Auckland Region had a population of 1,656,486 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 84,768 people (5.4%) since

1296-575: The 2006 census , the median income for North Shore residents over 15 years was $ 29,100, compared with a national average of $ 24,400. The racial makeup of the city was 67.5% European , 18.5% Asian , 6.3% Māori , 3.4% Pacific Islander , and 1.8% from the Middle East, Africa or Latin America. Just under 10% gave their ethnicity as "New Zealander", with most of this group having identified itself as European in former Census surveys. North Shore City

1350-427: The accounting year. ) So for example if a car manufacturer buys auto parts , assembles the car and sells it, only the final car sold is counted towards the GDP. Meanwhile, if a person buys replacement auto parts to install them on their car, those are counted towards the GDP. According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general,

1404-429: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 330,039 (24.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 571,350 (42.7%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 345,828 (25.9%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 44,700, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 194,880 people (14.6%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15

1458-540: The concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in many ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the public sector , by financial industries, and by intangible asset creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In

1512-618: The contribution of each industry or sector of the economy. GDP is often used as a metric for international comparisons as well as a broad measure of economic progress . It is often considered to be the world's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress. However, critics of the growth imperative often argue that GDP measures were never intended to measure progress, and leave out key other externalities , such as resource extraction , environmental impact and unpaid domestic work . Alternative economic indicators such as doughnut economics use other measures, such as

1566-409: The country's fourth largest city in land, with an area of 129.81 square kilometres (50.12 sq mi) and a coastline of 141 kilometres (88 mi). It was the most densely populated city in the country, because most of its area was urban or suburban in nature, unlike other New Zealand cities. The North Shore comprised a large suburban area to the north of downtown Auckland; linked to the rest of

1620-401: The country. GDP per capita is often used as an indicator of living standards. The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of the standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP every quarter, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that some measure of GDP

1674-554: The greater Auckland metropolitan area by two harbour bridges - the Auckland Harbour Bridge crosses the inner Waitemata Harbour to Auckland City , while the Upper Harbour Bridge provided a connection to Waitakere City across the northern stretches of the harbour. The administrative area of North Shore City Council was bounded by Rodney District to the north, Waitemata Harbour to the south and

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1728-553: The income approach. A common one is: The sum of COE , GOS and GMI is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP(I) at factor cost to GDP(I) at final prices. Total factor income

1782-443: The information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments). The raw GDP figure as given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current GDP. When one compares GDP figures from one year to another, it is desirable to compensate for changes in the value of money—for the effects of inflation or deflation. To make it more meaningful for year-to-year comparisons, it may be multiplied by

1836-722: The mainland, the region extends from the mouth of the Kaipara Harbour in the north across the southern stretches of the Northland Peninsula , through the Waitākere Ranges and the Auckland isthmus and across the low-lying land surrounding the Manukau Harbour , ending within a few kilometres of the mouth of the Waikato River . It also includes the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . It is bordered in

1890-757: The nation's growth rates for numbers of businesses, growing 29.3% between 1998 and 2002. Areas of the North Shore City boasted some of the most expensive real estate in New Zealand. The stretch of coast that runs North from Takapuna Beach to Milford, often referred to as the "Golden Mile", had many properties there have sold for several million dollars (NZ$ ) particularly because of the beaches, Lake Pupuke , popular schools and shopping centres. In 2005, one beachfront property sold for $ 12.8 million. Rents in North Shore City, as well as property prices, are high in relative terms, with average weekly rents (in 2002) of $ 243 versus $ 237 for Wellington and $ 236 for Auckland. In

1944-700: The north by the Northland Region , and in the south by the Waikato region. The Hunua Ranges and the adjacent coastline along the Firth of Thames were part of the region until the Auckland Council was formed in late 2010, when they were transferred to the Waikato region. In land area the region is smaller than all the other regions and unitary authorities except Nelson . The region's coastline

1998-543: The population is the Per capita income . The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book System of National Accounts (2008), which was prepared by representatives of the International Monetary Fund , European Union , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , United Nations and World Bank . The publication is normally referred to as SNA2008 to distinguish it from

2052-430: The previous edition published in 1993 (SNA93) or 1968 (called SNA68) SNA2008 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions. Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as private sector organizations normally do not have access to

2106-512: The products must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers", colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes. Also known as the Value Added Approach, it calculates how much value

2160-445: The ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year. For example, suppose a country's GDP in 1990 was $ 100 million and its GDP in 2000 was $ 300 million . Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one-half, to make it relative to 1990 as

2214-587: The rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world. In 1991, the United States switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production. The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the National Income and Product Accounts . Another example that amplifies the difference between GDP and GNI is the comparison of developed and developing country indicators. The GDP of Japan for 2020

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2268-408: The same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within an economy. The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums up the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of

2322-490: The second-smallest land area. On 1 November 2010, the Auckland region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils. In the process, an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato region. Since then, the Auckland Council has introduced a system of local boards to divide the region for local government. On

2376-401: The source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components [see income method, above]." Encyclopedia Britannica records an alternate way of measuring exports minus imports: notating it as the single variable NX. GDP can be contrasted with gross national product (GNP) or, as it is now known, gross national income (GNI). The difference

2430-536: The total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP. GDP (Y) is the sum of consumption (C) , investment (I) , government expenditures (G) and net exports (X − M) . Here is a description of each GDP component: C , I , and G are expenditures on final goods and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within

2484-473: The words of one academic economist, "The actual number for GDP is, therefore, the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework." China officially adopted GDP in 1993 as its indicator of economic performance. Previously, China had relied on a Marxist-inspired national accounting system. GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, theoretically, give

2538-447: Was a sister city of: Auckland Region Auckland ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand , which takes its name from the eponymous urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns, rural areas, and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 34 percent of the nation's residents, it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand, but

2592-519: Was a proponent of the $ 300 million joint busway venture. While the Auckland Regional Council had power to impose property tax rates on suburban areas such as North Shore City, local residents voiced strong opposition. There was a pattern of conflict between local authorities and Auckland city officials regarding many matters, such as transportation, land purchases and decay of wharf facilities. The issue of whether Auckland should be

2646-543: Was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010. The city was run by the 15-member North Shore City Council and mayor, democratically elected every three years using the first-past-the-post voting system. The last mayor was Andrew Williams . The mayor was a strong critic of the 'Super City' proposals, which would see North Shore City amalgamated into a larger Auckland authority. Williams voiced strong opposition to Transit New Zealand 's delays regarding bus lanes. He

2700-527: Was declared a borough in 1908, and Takapuna in 1913. The final borough that split from the Waitemata County was East Coast Bays in 1954. On 1 August 1974, the Waitemata County was dissolved, leading to Glenfield, Albany and Long Bay being incorporated into Takapuna City . In 1989, Devonport, Birkenhead, Northcote, Takapuna and East Coast Bays amalgamated to form North Shore City in the 1989 New Zealand local government reforms . North Shore City

2754-451: Was divided into three wards, with each of them dividing into two community boards for a total of six within the city; with each of them further consisting of the following populated places (i.e.: suburbs, towns, localities, settlements, communities, hamlets, etc.): The North Shore was first administered by highway districts, which operated from the 1860s onwards, pooling local residents' resources to improve infrastructure. In 1876,

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2808-493: Was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a 1934 U.S. Congress report, where he warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under limitations and criticisms ). After the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country's economy. At that time gross national product (GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by

2862-557: Was spoken by 92.3%, Māori language by 2.6%, Samoan by 4.5% and other languages by 29.4%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.4%. The percentage of people born overseas was 42.5, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 34.9% Christian , 5.4% Hindu , 2.9% Islam , 0.9% Māori religious beliefs , 1.9% Buddhist , 0.3% New Age , 0.2% Jewish , and 2.6% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 44.8%, and 6.2% of people did not answer

2916-428: Was that 712,110 (53.2%) people were employed full-time, 161,946 (12.1%) were part-time, and 43,947 (3.3%) were unemployed. The eponymous city (urban area) of Auckland has a population of 1,531,400 as of June 2024, making up 85.2% of the region's population. Other urban areas in the Auckland region include: GDP The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the GDP per capita and can approximate

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