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47-592: The hotline is 100% confidential. Hotline operators, whom the NDVH calls advocates, are given a series of training and practice sessions prior to answering calls and are instructed to ask the caller a series of questions to ensure that the caller is safe, ascertain the situation, and then help the caller determine a course of action. The hotline is intended to be used by not only people experiencing domestic violence, but also people who feel that they are beginning to show signs of abusing their partner. The hotline advocate will help

94-551: A call is automatically directed to the preselected destination without any additional action by the user when the end instrument goes off-hook . An example would be a phone that automatically connects to emergency services on picking up the receiver. Therefore, dedicated hotline phones do not need a rotary dial or keypad. A hotline can also be called an automatic signaling , ringdown , or off-hook service. True hotlines cannot be used to originate calls other than to preselected destinations. However, in common or colloquial usage,

141-485: A "hotline" often refers to a call center reachable by dialing a standard telephone number, or sometimes the phone numbers themselves. This is especially the case with 24-hour, noncommercial numbers, such as police tip hotlines or suicide crisis hotlines , which are staffed around the clock and thereby give the appearance of real hotlines. Increasingly, however, the term is found being applied to any customer service telephone number. The most famous hotline between states

188-702: A head of state. Moscow%E2%80%93Washington hotline The Moscow–Washington hotline (formally known in the United States as the Washington–Moscow Direct Communications Link ; Russian: Горячая линия Вашингтон – Москва , romanized : Goryachaya liniya Vashington–Moskva ) is a system that allows direct communication between the leaders of the United States and the Russian Federation (formerly

235-492: A high-speed fax machine in 1989. A London–Moscow hotline was not formally established until a treaty of friendship between the two countries in 1992. An upgrade was announced when Foreign Secretary William Hague visited Moscow in 2011. On 20 June 2004, both India and Pakistan agreed to extend a nuclear testing ban and to set up an Islamabad–New Delhi hotline between their foreign secretaries aimed at preventing misunderstandings that might lead to nuclear war. The hotline

282-471: A risky path such as began at Munich a quarter of a century ago." The Moscow–Washington hotline was intended for text only; speech might be misinterpreted. Leaders wrote in their native language and messages were translated at the receiving end. The first generation of the hotline used two full-time duplex telegraph circuits. The primary circuit was routed from Washington, D.C. via London , Copenhagen , Stockholm and Helsinki to Moscow . TAT-1 ,

329-476: Is aware that domestic violence can happen to anyone regardless of sex, gender, race, or sexual orientation. Research shows that people in LGBTQ relationships often use the same tools to gain power over their partner as in heterosexual relationships. These tactics can include using children, privilege, isolation and emotional abuse. Hotline A hotline is a point-to-point communications link in which

376-661: Is considered the national symbol of Russia . The Soviets also asked, during the Carter administration , that Washington not send routine communications through the hotline. Upon receipt of the message at the NMCC, the message was translated into English, and both the original Russian and the translated English texts are transmitted to the White House Situation Room . However, if the message were to indicate "an imminent disaster, such as an accidental nuclear strike",

423-674: Is the Moscow–Washington hotline , also known as the "red telephone", although telephones have never been used in this capacity. This direct communications link was established on June 20, 1963, in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis , which convinced both sides of the need for better communications. It was the first time used by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on August 30, 1963 and utilized teletypewriter technology, later replaced by telecopier and then by electronic mail. Already during World War II —two decades before

470-454: Is used as the hotline. A more realistic depiction of the Hotline was Tom Clancy 's novel The Sum of All Fears from 1991 and its 2002 film adaptation , in which a text-based computer communications system was depicted, resembling the actual Hotline equipment from the 1980s and 1990s. In the novel the isolated and unprepared President and National Security Advisor consistently misinterpret

517-420: The 1984 Democratic primary and 1984 presidential election and the 2008 Democratic primary elections . In 1984, an advertisement made by Bob Beckel and Roy Spence on behalf of candidate Walter Mondale suggested that "The most awesome, powerful responsibility in the world lies in the hand that picks up this phone." The advertisement was intended to raise questions about candidate Gary Hart 's readiness for

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564-529: The Cyrillic alphabet made by Siemens , arrived in Washington. The hotline started operations on August 30, 1963. A Japanese-built device called Electronic Teleprinter Cryptographic Regenerative Repeater Mixer II (ETCRRM II) encrypted the teletype messages using a shared one-time pad . Each country delivered keying tapes used to encode its messages via its embassy abroad. An advantage of the one-time pad

611-568: The Kremlin in the wake of a global Soviet invasion. In "World War Three" , a 2005 episode of the British sci-fi television series Doctor Who , the Slitheen await a phone call to plunge the planet into a nuclear holocaust on an actual red telephone, directly pastiching the cold war fears related to the hotline. The "red phone" was the centerpiece of television commercials used in

658-696: The Senkaku Islands dispute gave renewed impetus to a China–Japan hotline, which had been agreed to but due to rising tensions had not been established. Between North and South Korea there are over 40 direct phone lines , the first of which was opened in September 1971. Most of these hotlines run through the Panmunjeom Joint Security Area (JSA) and are maintained by the Red Cross . Since 1971, North Korea has deactivated

705-615: The Soviet Union ). This hotline was established in 1963 and links the Pentagon with the Kremlin (historically, with Soviet Communist Party leadership across the square from the Kremlin itself). Although in popular culture it is known as the " red telephone ", the hotline was never a telephone line, and no red phones were used. The first implementation used Teletype equipment, and shifted to fax machines in 1986. Since 2008,

752-510: The State Department , the U.S. military , and the Kremlin delayed introduction. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis made the hotline a priority. During the standoff, official diplomatic messages typically took six hours to deliver; unofficial channels, such as via television network correspondents, had to be used too as they were quicker. The experience of the crisis convinced both sides of the need for better communications. During

799-530: The White House Situation Room equipment that receives the (translated) hotline message, apparently relayed by the Pentagon-NMCC MOLINK team, is depicted as a teleprinter (and not as a fax machine, the technology already in use at the NMCC itself by that year ). A telephone is used in the intro cinematic of the video game Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 . The call is placed by the US president to

846-588: The Cycle in 2011. In addition to the telephone hotline there is a text feature, and a live chat option, which allows teens to connect to trained peer advocates via the web. Featured on loveisrespect's website is the Teen Dating Bill of Rights , a set of affirmations and pledges for teens reflecting the importance of awareness of dating abuse and the need for young people to take a stand and nurture healthy relationships. Teen Dating Bill of Rights I have

893-498: The Cycle is a partner of both the National Domestic Violence Hotline and Loveisrespect. Break the Cycle was founded in 1996, to help provide a resource for young people, specifically ages 12–24, experiencing dating violence. Break the Cycle provides leadership and education opportunities to teach young people about healthy relationships. Let's Be Real (LBR) is an online/offline movement for people under

940-654: The Hot Line Agreement on June 20, 1963 – the first time they formally took action to cut the risk of starting a nuclear war unintentionally. It was used for the first time by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on August 30, 1963. The "hotline", as it would come to be known, was established after the signing of a "Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Line" on June 20, 1963, in Geneva, Switzerland, by representatives of

987-591: The MOLINK team would telephone the gist of the message to the Situation Room duty officer who would brief the president before a formal translation was complete. In 2007, the Moscow–Washington hotline was upgraded; a dedicated computer network links Moscow and Washington. The new system started operations on January 1, 2008. It continues to use the two satellite links but a fiber optic cable replaced

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1034-512: The Moscow–Washington hotline has been a secure computer link over which messages are exchanged by a secure form of email . Several people came up with the idea for a hotline, including Harvard professor Thomas Schelling , who had worked on nuclear war policy for the Defense Department previously. Schelling credited the pop fiction novel Red Alert (the basis of the film Dr. Strangelove ) with making governments more aware of

1081-675: The Russian messages, prompting the Vice President aboard the National Emergency Airborne Command Post to remark "These damned messages over the Hot Line are making things worse instead of better." The protagonist Jack Ryan then communicates information over the Hotline from the Pentagon's NMCC to both country's leaders that defuses the crisis. In the 1990 HBO film By Dawn's Early Light ,

1128-514: The Soviet Union and the United States. The Republican Party criticized the hotline in its 1964 national platform; it said the Kennedy administration had "sought accommodations with Communism without adequate safeguards and compensating gains for freedom. It has alienated proven allies by opening a 'hot line' first with a sworn enemy rather than with a proven friend, and in general pursued

1175-719: The US Nuclear Risk Reduction Center and Russian National Nuclear Risk Reduction Center , which were initiated by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 following the Reykjavik Summit to reduce the risk of nuclear war. The negotiations began in May 1986, and the sides agreed in 1987. The sides established NRRCs in Washington and in Moscow, exchanging arms control and confidence building measures notifications, initially including those required by

1222-416: The United States agreed formally to do this on July 17, 1984. According to the agreement, upgrades were to take place through use of Intelsat satellites and modems, facsimile machines, and computers. The facsimile terminals were operational by 1986. The teletype circuits were cut in 1988 after several years of testing and use proved the fax links to be reliable. The Soviets transferred the hotline link to

1269-675: The Washington–Moscow hotline was established—there was a hotline between No. 10 Downing Street and the Cabinet War Room bunker under the Treasury, Whitehall; with the White House in Washington, D.C. From 1943 to 1946, this link was made secure by using the very first voice encryption machine, called SIGSALY . A hotline connection between Beijing and Moscow was used during the 1969 frontier confrontation between

1316-526: The age of 24 to come together and have conversations about relationships such as sexuality, break-ups, and first-time hookups. Loveisrespect , a 24-hour national Web-based and telephone resource, was created to help teens (ages 13–18) experiencing dating abuse, and is the only helpline in the U.S. serving all 50 states, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It was launched February 8, 2007, by the National Domestic Violence Hotline and partnered with Break

1363-569: The agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War and the 1972 Agreement on the Prevention of Incidents on and over the High Seas, with their duties expanding over the decades to include notifications covering more than 16 treaties and agreements. In 2012, it was announced that a proposal was being negotiated with Moscow to add cyber warfare to the topics to be discussed on

1410-621: The benefit of direct communication between the superpowers. In addition, Parade editor Jess Gorkin personally badgered 1960 presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon , and buttonholed the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev during a U.S. visit to adopt the idea. During this period Gerard C. Smith , as head of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, proposed direct communication links between Moscow and Washington. Objections from others in

1457-535: The caller by asking questions to identify red flags, and teach the caller techniques on how to calm down. The hotline operates 24/7, is available in over 170 different languages, and is open to calls from undocumented immigrants. The NDVH's website also provides information on a variety of topics about domestic abuse, which includes the definition of abuse and its warning signs. The website also offers tips for victims and survivors, statistics and resources, as well as information on how to have healthy relationships. Break

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1504-446: The crisis, the United States took nearly twelve hours to receive and decode Nikita Khrushchev 's 3,000-word-initial settlement message – a dangerously long time. By the time Washington had drafted a reply, a tougher message from Moscow had been received, demanding that U.S. missiles be removed from Turkey . White House advisers thought faster communications could have averted the crisis, and resolved it quickly. The two countries signed

1551-421: The equipment did not support lowercase. Later, during testing, the Russian translators sent a message asking their American counterparts, "What does it mean when your people say 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog'?" The primary link was accidentally cut several times, for example near Copenhagen by a Danish bulldozer operator, and by a Finnish farmer who ploughed it up once. Regular testing of both

1598-527: The film Fail-Safe as the "Red 1 / Ultimate 1 Touch phone", and also in Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove , both from 1964 and both loosely based on Peter George 's Cold War thriller novel Red Alert from 1958. The 1970 science fiction film Colossus: The Forbin Project depicts the hotline as a sophisticated video conference link. In the 1979 film Meteor a direct telephone link

1645-513: The first submarine transatlantic telephone cable carried messages from Washington to London. A secondary radio line for back-up and service messages linked Washington and Moscow via Tangier . This network was originally built by Harris Corporation . In July 1963 the United States sent four sets of teleprinters with the Latin alphabet to Moscow for the terminal there. A month later the Soviet equipment, four sets of East German teleprinters with

1692-459: The hotline. Since 2007 there has been a hotline between Beijing and Washington and also Beijing and Moscow. At the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the United States and Russia created a deconfliction line to prevent miscalculations or escalation. In November 2022, an anonymous U.S. official told Reuters that the line had only been used once in the war. The official said that

1739-515: The hotlines seven times, the last time in February 2016. After Kim Jong-un 's New Years address, the border hotline was reopened on January 3, 2018. In August 2015 the hotline between the White House and New Delhi became operational. The decision of establishing this hotline was taken during Obama's visit to India in January 2015. This is the first hotline connecting an Indian Prime Minister to

1786-411: The line was used to communicate concerns about Russian military operations near Ukrainian infrastructure, but did not elaborate. The official said it was not used when a missile hit Poland . In numerous books, movies, video games, etc., the hotline between Washington and Moscow is represented by a red phone, although the real hotline has never been a telephone line. A hotline telephone was depicted in

1833-544: The newer, geostationary Gorizont -class satellites of the Stationar system. In 1988, the US side of the hotline system was located at the National Military Command Center in the Pentagon. Each MOLINK (Moscow Link) team worked an eight-hour shift: a non-commissioned officer looked after the equipment, and a commissioned officer who was fluent in Russian and well-briefed on world affairs

1880-400: The old back-up cable. Commercial software is used for both chat and email: chat to coordinate operations, and email for actual messages. Transmission is nearly instantaneous. The first message transmitted over the hotline was on August 30, 1963. Washington sent Moscow the text: " THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK 1234567890". The message was sent in all capital letters, since

1927-494: The primary and backup links took place daily. During the even hours, the US sent test messages to the Soviet Union. In the odd hours, the Soviet Union sent test messages to the US. The line was used during: On October 31, 2016, the Moscow–Washington hotline was used to reinforce Barack Obama's September warning that the U.S. would consider any interference on Election Day a grave matter. Another hotline-type mechanism for formal communications between Washington and Moscow are

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1974-638: The right: - To always be treated with respect. - To be in a healthy relationship. - To not be hurt physically or emotionally. - To refuse sex or affection at anytime. - To have friends and activities apart from my boyfriend or girlfriend. - To end a relationship. I pledge to: - Always treat my boyfriend or girlfriend with respect. - Never hurt my boyfriend or girlfriend physically, verbally, or emotionally. - Respect my girlfriend's or boyfriend's decisions concerning sex and affection. - Not be controlling or manipulative in my relationship. - Accept responsibility for myself and my actions. The Hotline

2021-419: The risk of nuclear war. Two new satellite communication lines supplemented the terrestrial circuits using two U.S. Intelsat satellites, and two Soviet Molniya II satellites. This arrangement lasted from 1971 to 1978; it made the radio link via Tangier redundant. In May 1983, President Ronald Reagan proposed to upgrade the hotline by the addition of high-speed facsimile capability. The Soviet Union and

2068-409: The two countries. The Chinese however refused the Russian peace attempts and ended the communications link. After a reconciliation between the former enemies, the hotline between China and Russia was revived in 1996. On his visit to the Soviet Union in 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that a hotline would be established between Paris and Moscow. The line was upgraded from a telex to

2115-436: Was set up with the assistance of United States military officers. The United States and China set up a defense hotline in 2008, but it has rarely been used in crises. India and China announced a hotline for the foreign ministers of both countries while reiterating their commitment to strengthening ties and building "mutual political trust". As of August 2015 the hotline was yet to be made operational. In February 2013,

2162-411: Was that neither country had to reveal more sensitive encryption methods to the other. In September 1971, Moscow and Washington decided to upgrade the system. The countries also agreed for the first time when the line should be used. Specifically, they agreed to notify each other immediately in the event of an accidental, unauthorized or unexplained incident involving a nuclear weapon that could increase

2209-453: Was translator. The hotline was tested hourly. U.S. test messages included excerpts of William Shakespeare , Mark Twain , encyclopedias , and a first-aid manual ; Soviet tests included passages from the works of Anton Chekhov . MOLINK staffers took special care not to include innuendo or literary imagery that could be misinterpreted, such as passages from Winnie the Pooh , given that a bear

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