70-594: A NATO Stock Number , or National Stock Number (NSN) as it is known in the U.S., is a 13-digit numeric code used by the NATO military alliance, identifying all the 'standardized material items of supply' as they have been recognized by all member states of NATO . Pursuant to the NATO Standardization Agreements , the NSN has come to be used in all treaty countries. However, many countries that use
140-413: A code word from some dictionary, and concatenation of such code words give us an encoded string. Variable-length codes are especially useful when clear text characters have different probabilities; see also entropy encoding . A prefix code is a code with the "prefix property": there is no valid code word in the system that is a prefix (start) of any other valid code word in the set. Huffman coding
210-402: A letter , word , sound, image, or gesture —into another form, sometimes shortened or secret , for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium . An early example is an invention of language , which enabled a person, through speech , to communicate what they thought, saw, heard, or felt to others. But speech limits the range of communication to the distance
280-504: A sequence of symbols over T. The extension C ′ {\displaystyle C'} of C {\displaystyle C} , is a homomorphism of S ∗ {\displaystyle S^{*}} into T ∗ {\displaystyle T^{*}} , which naturally maps each sequence of source symbols to a sequence of target symbols. In this section, we consider codes that encode each source (clear text) character by
350-432: A corresponding sequence of amino acids that form a protein molecule; a type of codon called a stop codon signals the end of the sequence. In mathematics , a Gödel code was the basis for the proof of Gödel 's incompleteness theorem . Here, the idea was to map mathematical notation to a natural number (using a Gödel numbering ). There are codes using colors, like traffic lights , the color code employed to mark
420-423: A form that the recipient understands, such as English or/and Spanish. One reason for coding is to enable communication in places where ordinary plain language , spoken or written, is difficult or impossible. For example, semaphore , where the configuration of flags held by a signaler or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message, typically individual letters, and numbers. Another person standing
490-598: A front for the American Black Chamber run by Herbert Yardley between the First and Second World Wars. The purpose of most of these codes was to save on cable costs. The use of data coding for data compression predates the computer era; an early example is the telegraph Morse code where more-frequently used characters have shorter representations. Techniques such as Huffman coding are now used by computer-based algorithms to compress large data files into
560-419: A great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent. In information theory and computer science , a code is usually considered as an algorithm that uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet , by encoded strings, which may be in some other target alphabet. An extension of the code for representing sequences of symbols over the source alphabet is obtained by concatenating
630-412: A more compact form for storage or transmission. Character encodings are representations of textual data. A given character encoding may be associated with a specific character set (the collection of characters which it can represent), though some character sets have multiple character encodings and vice versa. Character encodings may be broadly grouped according to the number of bytes required to represent
700-438: A net loss of 672 civilian jobs from the base. Naval Support Activity Crane hosts a number of different commands and divisions. These are: The base is the third largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 280 square kilometers (110 sq mi) of territory. Lake Greenwood , a 320-hectare (790-acre) lake, is entirely encompassed by the base. White oak wood for reconstruction of USS Constitution
770-534: A number of applications. Examples include using a variety of commercially available tools to do the following: Additional modeling capabilities within the Special Missions Focus Area use common modeling tools (i.e., Finite Element Analysis, MATLAB, COMSOL, etc.) as well as tools developed within the government to better understand electrooptic phenomena, warfighter technology applications, benefits, and trade spaces of new technologies, etc. In
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#1732794047950840-482: A performance-based sustainment (PBS) solution for Electronic Warfare Systems. Using SysML and DoDAF, the interactions between Crane employees, automated tools, the Electronic Warfare systems, and data to accomplish PBS are simulated. The Maritime Electronic Warfare Systems Division provides modeling and simulation for shipboard Electronic Warfare (EW) Systems. Scenarios have been constructed to characterize
910-494: A significant number of items directly associated with military equipment in general, as well as items of a more generic use. These include Electronic Components, Medical Equipment, Office Furniture, Food items, Clothing, Industrial goods (pumps, valves, motors ...) and all kinds of Fasteners (bolts, nails, rivets ...), to name a few. For this reason, catalogs have a broader appeal, beyond their original audience (Defense agencies and their direct contractors.) The US Catalog covers on
980-659: A single character: there are single-byte encodings, multibyte (also called wide) encodings, and variable-width (also called variable-length) encodings. The earliest character encodings were single-byte, the best-known example of which is ASCII . ASCII remains in use today, for example in HTTP headers . However, single-byte encodings cannot model character sets with more than 256 characters. Scripts that require large character sets such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean must be represented with multibyte encodings. Early multibyte encodings were fixed-length, meaning that although each character
1050-411: A skunk!"), or AYYLU ("Not clearly coded, repeat more clearly."). Code words were chosen for various reasons: length , pronounceability , etc. Meanings were chosen to fit perceived needs: commercial negotiations, military terms for military codes, diplomatic terms for diplomatic codes, any and all of the preceding for espionage codes. Codebooks and codebook publishers proliferated, including one run as
1120-580: A systems engineering sustainment system that automates Electronic Warfare (EW) Systems sustainment activities. The model is created using the IBM Rational Rhapsody tool using the SysML modeling language and DoD Application Framework (DoDAF). The sustainment model implements life-cycle activities including logistics delays based on real or proposed replacement part reliabilities, quantities, and locations, along with workflows and processes to support
1190-409: A voice can carry and limits the audience to those present when the speech is uttered. The invention of writing , which converted spoken language into visual symbols , extended the range of communication across space and time . The process of encoding converts information from a source into symbols for communication or storage. Decoding is the reverse process, converting code symbols back into
1260-462: A weapon shock simulator to augment live-fire on weapon accessories and other weapon-mounted electronics to ensure proper survivability. Measured shock profiles from actual weapons are used with the simulator to test the survivability of batteries, electrical connections, and optical components. This division also uses a six-axis platform that simulates sea states for testing auto tracker software. The Electro-Optic Technology Division uses modeling tools in
1330-563: Is also involved in systems development for the upcoming DD(X) class of destroyer for the US Navy and the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS). Operations at Crane are divided into three distinct focus areas: Strategic Missions, Electronic Warfare, and Expeditionary Warfare. "Deter – Defend – Defeat" The Strategic Missions Focus Area encompasses the full range of DoD activities that alter an adversary's will and ability to attack
1400-411: Is an alphanumeric four-symbol code which is used to identify ammunition and explosives (FSG 13 and 14). A DODIC consists of either one letter followed by three numerals (for example, A123) or two letters followed by two numerals (for example, AB12). (The numeral "Zero" (0) and the letter "O" (O) are considered the numeral "0" in the alphanumeric system to reduce confusion.) This code is shown either after
1470-402: Is not unheard of for certain numbers to be referred to in works of fiction as if they were NSNs—especially in military science fiction . This can be seen as a variation on the false document technique, something used creatively in order to lend an air of authenticity. Code In communications and information processing , code is a system of rules to convert information —such as
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#17327940479501540-526: Is recognized worldwide as a modern and sophisticated leader in diverse and highly technical product lines. In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended to retain most existing operations at Crane, with weapons and armaments research, development and acquisition, and test and evaluation, but moving gun/ammunition, combat system security, and energetic materials to Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake . This BRAC change resulted in
1610-674: Is said to be "stock-listed". [REDACTED] The NATO Stock Number consists of the NATO Supply Class (NSC or FSC) and the National Item Identification Number (NIIN). However the NIIN alone uniquely identifies the item, the FSC merely adds context by indicating the general classification of the item. The format of an NSN might be described as follows: abcd-ef-ghi-jklm Each element, a through m ,
1680-544: Is the most known algorithm for deriving prefix codes. Prefix codes are widely referred to as "Huffman codes" even when the code was not produced by a Huffman algorithm. Other examples of prefix codes are country calling codes , the country and publisher parts of ISBNs , and the Secondary Synchronization Codes used in the UMTS WCDMA 3G Wireless Standard. Kraft's inequality characterizes
1750-478: Is the only DOD Engineering, Logistics, and Maintenance Capability for Air, Ground, Surface, and Submarine EW Systems within one Facility Crane is helping the Army to improve their capabilities of countering improvised explosive devices (IED). The Expeditionary Electronic Warfare Division models and simulates: Counter Radio Controlled IED Electronics Warfare (CREW) systems; radio control trigger devices for IEDs; and,
1820-586: Is the principal tenant command located at Naval Support Activity Crane (NSA Crane) in Indiana . NSA Crane is a United States Navy installation located approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Bloomington , Indiana , and predominantly located in Martin County , but small parts also extend into Greene and Lawrence counties. It was originally established in 1941 under the Bureau of Ordnance as
1890-401: Is then published on DVD. Several companies or governmental agencies publish NIIN Catalogs online or on other media. These catalogs vary greatly in term of the completeness of the information as some items and/or some segments of information may be excluded, for [USA] Security reasons or simply for lack of interest by the target audience. The distribution of these catalogs vary also in terms of
1960-401: Is used in calculating ammunition transactions to reduce errors. It is notated on DD Form 581, DA Form 3151-R, and most ammunition reports. A Local Stock Number is an experimental, substitute, or limited issue item. Its NCB code is replaced by "LL" and the first three characters of its item number are "L99". For instance, the experimental 5.56×45mm NSWC Crane Close Quarters Battle Receiver
2030-768: The Naval Sea Systems Command that was established from the merger of the Naval Ordnance Systems Command and Naval Ship Systems Command . Shortly after in 1975, Crane's name was changed to the Naval Weapons Support Center which more accurately reflected the true function of the installation. In 1977, a major change occurred with the designation of the United States Army as the single-service manager of conventional ammunition. This resulted in
2100-621: The Unicode character set; UTF-8 is the most common encoding of text media on the Internet. Biological organisms contain genetic material that is used to control their function and development. This is DNA , which contains units named genes from which messenger RNA is derived. This in turn produces proteins through a genetic code in which a series of triplets ( codons ) of four possible nucleotides can be translated into one of twenty possible amino acids . A sequence of codons results in
2170-717: The 82nd Congress. It authorized the FSN to replace the Ammunition Identification Code (AIC) and Ordnance Stock Number (OSN). The Federal Stock Number was used officially from 1953 to 1974, when it was replaced by the National Stock Number . The conversion from FSN to NSN was typically done by adding "00" between the first set of numbers (the Federal Supply Class, or FSC) and the second set of numbers. NIIN / NSN Catalogs include
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2240-524: The Bureau. In the 1960s, Crane came under the command of the newly established Naval Ordnance Systems Command and began providing technical support for weapons systems including logistics, in-service engineering, repair, overhaul, and design. In the 1970s, Crane's support began to include batteries, rotating components, electronic components, failure analysis, and standard hardware and new technologies related to night vision systems. In 1974, Crane came under
2310-497: The NCS database within a given country. The other seven characters are a non-significant identification code. Following are the NCB codes: As the list shows, users of the NCS system not only include the 30 NATO member countries, but the 33 NATO-sponsored countries as well. It is also grouped into tiers indicating participation and access. The first countries to receive NCB code numbers were
2380-443: The NIIN (the ef pair) are used to record which country was the first to codify the item—which one first recognized it as an important item of supply. This is generally the country of origin , meaning the country of final manufacture. The formal name of the field is CC for Country Code or NCB, because NCB also stands for National Codification Bureau . The NCB is the organisation, typically a government agency, in charge of maintaining
2450-467: The NSN or on the line underneath it on the container. The DODIC identifies the item, while the NSN identifies what type of item it is and how it is packaged and contained. Sometimes the DODIC also contains a two-numeral NCB code prefix for the manufacturer's or repacker's country if it is different from the packager's country. The DODAC includes the 4-digit NSC of the ammunition and the 4-symbol DODIC. This
2520-464: The NSN program are not members of NATO (e.g. Japan, Australia and New Zealand). A two-digit Material Management Aggregation Code (MMAC) suffix may also be appended, to denote asset end use but it is not considered part of the NSN. In France it is known as a Numéro de Nomenclature OTAN (NNO), or "NATO Identification Number". In Spanish-speaking countries it is known as a Número Nacional de Efecto (NNE), or "National Item Number". An item having an NSN
2590-439: The NSN, no matter how the section is referred to. As the number of items has steadily increased and the system has become more complicated, it has not always been possible to keep similarity in numbers when the items are similar. The nine digits, ef-ghi-jklm , comprise the NIIN (National Item Identification Number). This format improves readability but is optional as NIINs are often listed without hyphens. The first two digits of
2660-474: The Naval Ammunition Depot for the production, testing, and storage of ordnance under the first supplemental Defense Appropriation Act. The base is named after William M. Crane . The base is the third largest naval installation in the world by geographic area and employs approximately 3,300 people. The closest community is the small town of Crane , which lies adjacent to the northwest corner of
2730-1284: The Navy's Strategic Systems Programs Strategic Weapons System and Attack Weapon Control System. The Flight Systems Division (Code GXM) models and simulates electronic components and subsystems of the Navy's Strategic Weapons System including the Attack Weapon Control System and Counter Measurement System. Analyses include Signal Processing, Signal Integrity (SI), and Electromagnetic Compatibility/Electromagnetic Interference (EMC/EMI) using Signal Modeling and Simulation (M&S) techniques, Circuit M&S techniques, and Method of Moments (MoM). Particular signal M&S tools include Matlab/Simulink and particular circuit M&S and MoM tools include Agilent Technologies Advanced Design System (ADS) with Agilent Momentum. The Platform and Launch Systems Division (Code GXP) models and simulates: The Technology and Infrastructure Protection Division's Strategic Test and Validation Systems Branch Code GXQP models and simulates Strategic Weapon Systems Coordination. Analyses are performed for requirements verification using Matlab/Simulink. The Radar Systems Engineering Division (Code GXR) models and simulates: "Control
2800-478: The RF prorogation paths involved in the engagement and defeat of RCIEDS, allowing former field tests to be run in a controlled laboratory environment. The IR/RF Systems Technologies Division's Navy Infrared Countermeasures Effectiveness Laboratory, (NICEL), models and simulates threat IR missile vs. aircraft engagements to support aircraft countermeasure development. The Maritime Electronic Warfare Systems Division models
2870-572: The Spectrum – Control the Fight" Electronic Warfare supports any military action using electromagnetic energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or attack an adversary Crane develops and manufactures all of the infrared countermeasures used on US Navy aircraft Crane developed and operates the only COMOPTEVFOR certified test facilities to support EW T&E events such as Developmental Tests, Operational assessments, and Operational Tests Crane
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2940-600: The United Kingdom (99), Australia (66), and New Zealand (98)—as they had already been involved in the program. NATO was assigned the NCB code (11) for its items as it was the next number available after the 00 to 10 block set aside for the United States' own use. Canada received (21) and (20) because it was already supplying items for the United States and the Commonwealth before the system was in place; 21
3010-776: The United States and its interests . Crane is the acquisition engineering & technical support agent for the Navy's Strategic Programs Office for the fielding of the Integrated Nuclear Weapons Security System. Crane provides a broad range of systems engineering expertise for the sustainment and modernization of the Air Forces Ballistic Missile Early Warning Systems. Crane supports systems engineering design, analysis, test, and evaluation of flight systems for Strategic platforms. Crane provides product and subsystem engineering and logistics to
3080-404: The confidentiality of communications, although ciphers are now used instead. Secret codes intended to obscure the real messages, ranging from serious (mainly espionage in military, diplomacy, business, etc.) to trivial (romance, games) can be any kind of imaginative encoding: flowers , game cards, clothes, fans, hats, melodies, birds, etc., in which the sole requirement is the pre-agreement on
3150-482: The effects of various threats on EW systems and to develop technology for increasing system performance. Antenna patterns measured in the anechoic environment are used to both enhance models and validate simulations. "Rapid Response – Proven Solutions" Special Missions supports military forces engaged in Special Operations, Irregular Warfare and Riverine Operations Crane designed, built, and fielded
3220-491: The encoded strings. Before giving a mathematically precise definition, this is a brief example. The mapping is a code, whose source alphabet is the set { a , b , c } {\displaystyle \{a,b,c\}} and whose target alphabet is the set { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle \{0,1\}} . Using the extension of the code, the encoded string 0011001 can be grouped into codewords as 0 011 0 01, and these in turn can be decoded to
3290-563: The end. Example: Amalgamated Bio-Carbon (manufacturer code ABC) makes a batch of 40mm grenade shells in January, 2000. The batch's interfix number is 1 and its serial number is 234. The Lot Number would therefore be ABC-00-A-1-234. If part of the batch was manufactured on a different or overhauled assembly line, it would receive the Lot Number ABC-00-A-1-234A. If the lot is made up of salvaged ammunition, it must be from
3360-493: The establishment of the tenant command, Crane Army Ammunition Activity (CAAA) which took over the loading, assembly, and storage of ammunition at the installation. CAAA and Crane's strong partnership continues today. In 1992, Crane's name was changed to the Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center when the warfare centers were established under the related systems commands. Today, grown from its ordnance roots, Crane
3430-534: The facility. With an increasing demand in the 1990s and 2000s by the US military for bases to support multiple functions rather than being sole-purpose installations, Crane has taken on a broad variety of development and support operations. These include expeditionary warfare systems, fleet maintenance, and modernization, radar , power systems, strategic systems, small arms, surface and airborne electronic warfare , night vision systems , and undersea warfare systems. Crane
3500-816: The first Counter-Sniper Enclosure for USAF Force Protection HMMWVs in six weeks Crane is USSOCOM's PM for the development, acquisition, fielding, and sustainment of the SOF Combat Assault Rifle ( SCAR ) SOPMOD has surged more than $ 60 million in ground combat end items to Special Operations in the field during OIF/OEF Crane provided Small Arms operations & maintenance training to over 500 personnel in FY06 Special Missions Human Systems Integration activity uses Concept Modeling tools to analyze gunner tasks to provide improved training and testing methods. The Small Arms Weapons Systems Division utilizes
3570-425: The infantry on the battlefield, etc. Communication systems for sensory impairments, such as sign language for deaf people and braille for blind people, are based on movement or tactile codes. Musical scores are the most common way to encode music . Specific games have their own code systems to record the matches, e.g. chess notation . In the history of cryptography , codes were once common for ensuring
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#17327940479503640-437: The late 1940s, an ammunition quality evaluation unit was added by the Bureau to expand its quality control system. As the complexity and sophistication of weapons increased in the 1950s and 1960s, Crane's activities, capabilities, and expertise expanded in scope under the newly formed Bureau of Weapons to include small arms, sonobuoy surveillance, microwave tubes, POLARIS missiles , and other scientific and engineering support to
3710-404: The letter code - A (January) through M (December) - indicating the month, an interfix (or "batch") code that consists of 1 or more numerals, and the serial number (indicating the sequence the lot is in the batch). If the batch is disrupted for any reason (machinery overhaul or repair, product improvements initiated, or a new batch of components used in assembly) an alphabetic letter code is added at
3780-523: The market are built for regular updates to its database. Other catalogs present the same data, not kept updated with the current government requirements. For example, one commonly changed item requirement is freight and packaging (number of items per pallets, stacking height, etc.). Additionally, it is important to periodically verify that manufacturer part numbers stay associated with the National Stock Numbers they've been approved for. It
3850-472: The meaning by both the sender and the receiver. Other examples of encoding include: Other examples of decoding include: Acronyms and abbreviations can be considered codes, and in a sense, all languages and writing systems are codes for human thought. International Air Transport Association airport codes are three-letter codes used to designate airports and used for bag tags . Station codes are similarly used on railways but are usually national, so
3920-561: The most common and least ambiguous way to identify most standardized items of supply. A Federal Stock Number (FSN) was an 11-digit numeric code . It was first used by the Defense Munitions Board's Cataloging Agency in 1949 to identify items in the Joint Army-Navy Catalog System. On July 7, 1952 Public Law 82-436 ( Defense Cataloging and Standardization Act ) was passed by the second session of
3990-415: The nominal value of the electrical resistors or that of the trashcans devoted to specific types of garbage (paper, glass, organic, etc.). In marketing , coupon codes can be used for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product from a (usual internet) retailer. In military environments, specific sounds with the cornet are used for different uses: to mark some moments of the day, to command
4060-544: The older Federal Stock Number (FSN), which lacked the national-origin code labeled ef above, in the second subgroup. Items predating 1974 in warehouses are frequently stenciled with FSNs. As of 1998, the system is principally administered by the Defense Logistics Agency within the U.S. Department of Defense . Other stock numbering systems are in use within the US DoD, but as of 2005, the NSN remained
4130-516: The order of 6 Million NIINs (Items of Supply) for a total of 13 Million Items of Production (Part Number + Manufacturer reference). The NATO Support and Procurement Agency (Capellen, Luxembourg) compiles on a regular basis the catalogs of several member nations, for the production of the NATO Master Catalogue of References for Logistics (NMCRL). This combined catalog, totaling 16 Million NIINs for approximately 32 Million Parts,
4200-478: The place of Primary LINs. The Department of Defense uses LINs and SUBLINs when drawing up contracts with vendors or planning budgets. The Lot Number is used for quality control. If a batch is faulty or defective, the Lot Number can be used to track down who made it, where it was made, and when it was made. The Lot Number consists of the 1, 2, or 3-letter manufacturer's code, the two-numeral year of manufacture,
4270-413: The same Lot. If different ammunition types are mixed (as when ball and tracer ammunition are linked into a machinegun belt) and they originally had separate lot numbers, they must have all the ammunition lot numbers marked on the packaging. The repacker also has to put their manufacturer or military depot code and the two-digit year it was repacked on the packaging as well. The NSN is an expanded version of
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#17327940479504340-545: The same code can be used for different stations if they are in different countries. Occasionally, a code word achieves an independent existence (and meaning) while the original equivalent phrase is forgotten or at least no longer has the precise meaning attributed to the code word. For example, '30' was widely used in journalism to mean "end of story", and has been used in other contexts to signify "the end". Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division ( NSWC Crane Division )
4410-530: The same information to be sent with fewer characters , more quickly, and less expensively. Codes can be used for brevity. When telegraph messages were the state of the art in rapid long-distance communication, elaborate systems of commercial codes that encoded complete phrases into single mouths (commonly five-minute groups) were developed, so that telegraphers became conversant with such "words" as BYOXO ("Are you trying to weasel out of our deal?"), LIOUY ("Why do you not answer my question?"), BMULD ("You're
4480-409: The sequence of source symbols acab . Using terms from formal language theory , the precise mathematical definition of this concept is as follows: let S and T be two finite sets, called the source and target alphabets , respectively. A code C : S → T ∗ {\displaystyle C:\,S\to T^{*}} is a total function mapping each symbol from S to
4550-798: The sets of codeword lengths that are possible in a prefix code. Virtually any uniquely decodable one-to-many code, not necessarily a prefix one, must satisfy Kraft's inequality. Codes may also be used to represent data in a way more resistant to errors in transmission or storage. This so-called error-correcting code works by including carefully crafted redundancy with the stored (or transmitted) data. Examples include Hamming codes , Reed–Solomon , Reed–Muller , Walsh–Hadamard , Bose–Chaudhuri–Hochquenghem , Turbo , Golay , algebraic geometry codes , low-density parity-check codes , and space–time codes . Error detecting codes can be optimised to detect burst errors , or random errors . A cable code replaces words (e.g. ship or invoice ) with shorter words, allowing
4620-476: The subscription cost and access or export restrictions. Some merely provide a "Part Number" lookup, while others offer advanced features such as parametric search (Search of items driven by the technical characteristics such as physical dimensions, material, color etc.) or links to associated data set. The data behind NIIN Catalogs is constantly updated & maintained by DoD's Defense Logistics personnel and cataloging information changes often. Some NIIN Catalogs on
4690-492: Was for old and current items of supply and, once the available numbers were used up, began using 20 for new items in approx 2002. The NCB code (69) was issued but has been discontinued; it might have belonged to former partners Taiwan, Iran or Iraq. Iceland (24) and Luxembourg (28) are assigned NCB codes of their own but do not use them. All of Luxembourg's transactions are catalogued by Belgium (13) and Iceland uses other nations' NSNs when they make or order any stock items. DODIC
4760-637: Was originally codified as 1005-LL-L99-5996. When the weapon was no longer experimental and was codified as the Mk 18 MOD 0 Close Quarters Battle Rifle , the upper receiver received the NSN of 1005-01-498-1913. A six-position alphanumeric code assigned by the Army Materiel Command that identifies the generic nomenclature of specific types of equipment. Standard LINs consist of one alphabetic character followed by five numeric characters. SUBLINs (SUBstitute LINs) are equivalent LIN items that can be used in
4830-529: Was originally intended to be a single decimal digit. As inventories grew in complexity, element g became alphanumeric , beginning with uppercase A for certain newly added items. By 2000, uppercase C was in use. The initial subgroup, abcd , is the Federal Supply Classification Group (FSCG) or National Supply Classification Group (NSCG). In theory, similar items would always have closely related numbers in this section of
4900-500: Was represented by more than one byte, all characters used the same number of bytes ("word length"), making them suitable for decoding with a lookup table. The final group, variable-width encodings, is a subset of multibyte encodings. These use more complex encoding and decoding logic to efficiently represent large character sets while keeping the representations of more commonly used characters shorter or maintaining backward compatibility properties. This group includes UTF-8 , an encoding of
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