47-679: The Nallamalas (also called the Nallamalla Range ) are a section of the Eastern Ghats which forms the eastern boundary of Rayalaseema region of the state of Andhra Pradesh and Nagarkurnool district of the state of Telangana , in India . They run in a nearly north–south alignment, parallel to the Coromandel Coast for close to 430 km between the rivers, Krishna and Pennar . Its northern boundaries are marked by
94-517: A chief security officer and secretary went missing in the Nallamala forest. After nearly twenty four hours of search by police, para military, Indian Army, Indian Air Force, India Space Research Organization personnel among others, the chopper was located in a mangled and charred state on the top of the 800 ft. Pavuralla Konda (Doves' hill). All five died in the crash owing to inclement weather conditions. Eastern Ghats The Eastern Ghats
141-469: A population of 23,257. Males constituted 54% of the population and females 46%. Srisailam Project (RFC) Township has an average literacy rate of 75.62% higher than the state average of 67.02%. Male literacy is around 85.68% while female literacy rate is 63.24%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Srisailam is one of the popular tourist destinations in Andhra Pradesh and considered one of
188-519: Is a mountain range that stretches 1,750 km (1,090 mi) along the eastern coast of the Indian peninsula . Covering an area of 75,000 km (29,000 sq mi), it traverses the states of Odisha , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , and Tamil Nadu . The range forms a discontinuous chain of mountains along the eastern edge of the Deccan Plateau , stretching from north of
235-425: Is a source of income for people living in the fringes of the ranges. Over harvesting of forest produce for fodder , traditional medicine , and domestic uses along with unscientific extraction methods and burning of forests have been threats. The introduction of alien species either by deliberate or non deliberate means have resulted in competition to native species. The construction of large dams across rivers in
282-470: Is allowed only twice in a year viz., Road There are two roads to reach Srisailam as it can be accessed by road from Dornala and Atchampet. The state government -owned Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) operates frequent buses from Atmakur and Dornala and also from nearby places. The travel by road is not allowed to Shrishaila between 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. as roads are through Nallamala forests. Rail The nearest railway station
329-575: Is one of Asia's oldest man made lakes and dates back to the 15th century. It was built by the Gajapati kings of Orissa for irrigating about 420 km farmland by damming a narrow opening between two adjoining hills and later renovated by queen Vardarajamma of Vijayanagara kingdom in the 16th century. On 2 September 2009, a Bell-430 chopper carrying the Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy , with two pilots,
376-536: Is separated by a 160 km (99 mi) wide gorge through which the rivers Godavari and Krishna flow. The hills continue as Javadi and Shevaroy Hills , south of Chennai and meet with the Western Ghats at Nilgiris . The Biligiriranga and Malai Mahadeshwara Hills in Karnataka form a corridor linking the two mountain ranges. At the southern end, the range is made up of several smaller hills such as
423-515: The Bay of Bengal . As the mountains are discontinuous and have a lower elevation, they have a considerably lesser influence than the Western Ghats on the weather patterns in India. However, orography studies indicate that the range does play a role in bringing rainfall to the eastern coastal areas. The weather is normally dry and humid with seasonal rainfall. There are nine different forest types found in
470-518: The Chenchus , a forest dwelling tribe who have remained cut off from the modern world even today. Farming is the primary occupation of the people in the plateaus while the Chenchus are still hunter gatherers. The hills were a hotbed of Naxal activities until recently. They once kidnapped young children (evidence?). Police action since 2005 has all but cleared the forest of them. A state highway and
517-473: The Gundlakamma River , the largest river to arise in these hills. Winters are mostly cool and dry with the average temperature around 25 degrees Celsius. Summers are very hot, with temperatures as high as 45 degrees Celsius. These hills are almost completely covered with open jungle. Lack of water prevents the growth of large trees and the prevalent vegetation consists of dry deciduous forest with
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#1732773291755564-592: The Indian subcontinent post the break-up of the supercontinent of Rodinia and the formation of Gondwana . The mountains were formed through further metamorphism during the mi Proterozoic era. The northern section of the range has an elevation ranging from 900–1,400 m (3,000–4,600 ft) and lies mostly in Odisha. The middle section stretches up to the Penna River and consists of two parallel ranges with an average elevation of 520 m (1,710 ft). At
611-590: The Mahanadi River and runs approximately 1,750 km (1,090 mi) to the Vaigai basin in the south of Indian peninsula. It covers an area of 160,000 km (62,000 sq mi), traversing across the Indian states of Odisha (25%), Telangana (5%), Andhra Pradesh (40%), Karnataka (5%), and Tamil Nadu (25%). The Eastern Ghats form a discontinuous chain of mountains with an average elevation of 600 m (2,000 ft) and runs parallel to
658-599: The Mahanadi River in Odisha to Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu at the southern end of the Indian peninsula. The Eastern Ghats meet with the Western Ghats at Nilgiris . The average elevation is around 600 m (2,000 ft) and Arma Konda is the highest peak in the mountains at 1,680 m (5,510 ft). Geologic evidence indicates that the mountains were formed during the archeozoic era and became part of
705-505: The Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve that has a viable tiger population. Leopard sightings too are not uncommon. Many of the adventures of the popular wildlife writer, Kenneth Anderson are set in these forests. The uneven terrain and the scarcity of water has prevented the growth of any large cities in this region. Nandyal is the largest city in this region. The indigenous population consists of
752-788: The Nallapadu-Nandyal line of the Guntur railway division pass through the hills. The railway was first built by the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway and is a feat of engineering, having 2 tunnels at Bogada and Chelama and a few viaducts, the most famous being the now abandoned Dorabavi Viaduct. The railway enters the hills at the Nandikama Pass near Cumbum Lake. The highway follows a zig zag alignment and thus avoids any tunnels. The primary exports of this region are forest produce like timber waste, honey and molasses. Srisailam on
799-574: The Project Elephant protection plans. About 13 eco-sensitive zones have been declared, which are jointly managed with the local communities. Srisailam Srisailam is a census town in Nandyal district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is the mandal headquarters of Srisailam mandal in Atmakur revenue division . It is located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) from
846-518: The Sirumalai . The Eastern Ghats form one of the major watersheds of India with major river systems such as Godavari , Kaveri , Krishna and Mahanadi cutting across the range. Most rivers flow eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal owing to the steeper gradient moving from east to west. The Eastern Ghats are the source for many small and medium rivers of the east coastal plains. The streams and rivers give rise to numerous waterfalls in
893-588: The Tirumala Hills is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents an extensive period of erosion and non-deposition , which is evident from the steep natural slopes, and ravines. Along the western edge, sedimentary rocks were deposited due to volcanic activity, which and later formed schist belts. The region consists of bauxite , iron ore and limestone reserves. The major soil types found are red , black , laterite , and alluvial . The Eastern Ghats extend from north of
940-1131: The critically endangered Indian bustard is found in the region. Common and widespread species include the red-vented bulbul , white-browed bulbul , red-whiskered bulbul , common iora , and purple-rumped sunbird . Five species of birds that are endemic to the Western Ghats region have been sighted in the fringes of the Eastern Ghats. These include grey-headed bulbul , Nilgiri wood pigeon , Malabar parakeet , crimson-backed sunbird , and rufous babbler . Other species of avifauna include laughing dove , Indian nightjar , jungle owlet , red avadavat , Malayan night heron , striated heron , white-naped woodpecker , savanna nightjar , brown hawk-owl , Nilgiri flowerpecker , spot-bellied eagle-owl , blue-eared kingfisher , green imperial pigeon , oriental dwarf kingfisher , Indian swiftlet , and white-browed fantail . Raptors included white-eyed buzzard , grey-headed fish eagle , lesser fish eagle . Two species of critically endangered vultures – Indian vulture and red-headed vulture have been reported in
987-559: The eastern coast of India along the Bay of Bengal . The Eastern coastal plains are the 100–130 km (62–81 mi) wide region between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. The average width of the mountains range from 100–200 m (330–660 ft) with the mountains wider in the north and narrower in the south. Arma Konda is the highest peak in the mountains at 1,680 m (5,510 ft). The range can be roughly divided into three separate sections. The northern section of
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#17327732917551034-1109: The Eastern Ghats and more than ten new species have been discovered in the region since the early 2010s. About 184 species of ferns , and 190 species of orchids have been recorded in the region. Commercially viable tree species include Indian rosewood , teak , mahogany , and red sandalwood . Mammals found in the region include the Bengal tiger , leopard , sloth bear , striped hyena , Indian wild dog , golden jackal , Indian fox , and other cat species such as jungle cat , fishing cat , and leopard cat . Large herbivores include Indian elephant , blackbuck , sambar deer , spotted deer , barking deer , Indian gazelle , four-horned antelope , Indian bison , wild boar , Indian crested porcupine , mouse deer , and nilgai . Other smaller mammals include grey slender loris , Indian hare , Indian hedgehog , Indian mongoose , mole rat , smooth coated otter , Indian pangolin , palm civet , Indian giant flying squirrel , and Madras treeshrew . Bonnet macaque , rhesus macaque , and Hanuman langur are
1081-789: The Eastern Ghats region has lost about 32,200 km (12,400 sq mi) forest cover between 1920 to 2015. Forests which occupied 43.5% of the land area reduced by nearly 16 percent. An estimated 7.92 percent of the forest area converted for agriculture and 3.80 percent to grasslands from 1920 to 2015. As of 2018, only 3.53 percent of the total area was declared as protected areas . The major threats included illegal logging , mining , grazing , agriculture , forest fires and tourism , poaching , and illegal tapping of forest resources which have resulted in deforestation and fragmentation of forests. Various natural disasters such as heavy rainfalls, extreme temperature, environmental changes, competition due to invasive species have been threats to
1128-531: The Nallamala ranges belong to the Kadapa system which is a series some 20,000 ft. thick. The primary rocks are quartzite overlaid with an irregular slaty formation. Some sandstone is also to be found. The rocks here are very irregular and soft in texture thus rendering commercial exploitation impossible. These rocks are among the oldest in the world and have been formed as a result of large scale volcanic activity hundreds of millions of years ago. The evidence of
1175-562: The River Krishna is the site of a large hydroelectric power project as also an ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva . Mahanandi temple and Ahobilam Nava Narsimha Temples are situated here. A stream descends down the Gundla Brahmeswara peak and ends in a waterfall and sacred pool called Nemaligundam (Peacock Pool). The Mallela Theertham waterfall on the river Krishna is also located in this forest. The Cumbum Lake
1222-438: The biodiversity in the region. The absence of pollinators have also had an effect on the natural regeneration of vegetation. Till 1980, logging was a major contributor for the loss of forest cover with decrease in tree species such as teak , sal , red sanders , and sandalwood . Though laws in 1988 curtailed illegal logging, wood is still quarried by people for making charcoal , firewood , and construction. Forest produce
1269-415: The collision of crustal rocks during the archeozoic era. Geologic evidence indicates that these became part of the Indian subcontinent following the break-up of the super-continent of Rodinia and the creation of Gondwana . The mountains were formed over million of years through metamorphism , and erosion and are significantly older than the Western Ghats . The rock layers were largely formed during
1316-733: The context, could either refer to a range of stepped hills such as the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats, or a series of steps leading down to a body of water or wharf . As per linguist Thomas Burrow , the word Ghat was derived from similar words used in various Dravidian languages such as kattu (mountain side, ridge, or dam) in Tamil , katte (dam), gatta (mountain), and gattu (bank or shore) in Kannada , and katta (dam), and gatte (shore or embankment) in Telugu . The Eastern Ghats are an ancient orogenic belt which started forming during
1363-568: The district headquarters Nandyal , 180 kilometres (112 mi) from Kurnool , and it is located about 264 kilometres (164 mi) from Vijayawada . The town is famous for the Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga Temple and is one of the holy pilgrimage sites for the Shaivism and Shaktism sects of Hinduism . The town is classified as both a Jyotirlinga and a Shakta pitha . As of 2001 census of India , Srisailam had
1410-477: The flat Palnadu basin while in the south it merges with the Tirupati hills. An extremely old system, the hills have extensively weathered and eroded over the years. The average elevation today is about 520 m which reaches 1100 m at Bhairani Konda and 1048 m at Gundla Brahmeswara. Both of these peaks are in a north westerly direction from the town of Cumbum . There are also many other peaks above 800m. The rocks of
1457-983: The lower regions receive 60–110 cm (24–43 in) of rain. The temperature is lowest in the winter month of January with an average of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F). The higher hill ranges are generally wetter and cooler with the lower parts remaining semi-arid and dry. The coastal regions experience tropical cyclones during the monsoon season. There are nine forest types in the Eastern Ghats region, namely tropical evergreen , semi-evergreen , moist deciduous , riverine , southern dry deciduous , northern dry deciduous , dry savannah , thorn scrub , and dry evergreen forests . The vegetation varies considerably with altitude with scrubs and dry forests at lower altitudes and deciduous, semi-evergreen forests, and evergreen forests at higher altitudes. Tropical evergreen forests occur in small patches in Shevroy in Tamil Nadu and in north Andhra Pradesh. Semi-evergreen forests are found in
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1504-413: The major primates . The region is also home to more than 15 species of bats . Bird surveys have found about 425 species belonging to 57 families in the region. Four species of hornbills are found in the region and are considered keystone species . The Jerdon's courser was thought to be extinct in the wild before it was re-discovered in the range in 1986. More than 50% of the wild population of
1551-448: The mid proterozoic era by the accumulation of silt , carbonates and basalt which later became khondalite and calcium silicate rocks. The major rock types found are charnockite , granite , khondalite, metamorphic , and quartzite . In the mesoproterozoic era, the range was compacted and re-aligned north-east. The structure includes multiple thrusts and strike-slip faults along its range. The Eparchaean Unconformity of
1598-446: The most forest fires in 2014. With more than 90% of these fires caused by humans, this has resulted in loss of forest cover. Practices such as shifting cultivation , plantations , and illegal encroachments are the major agricultural contributors to deforestation. Increased urbanisation , and expansion of cities, construction of roads and railways, and tourism have led to encroachments into forest lands, and threats to bio-diversity in
1645-801: The most important pilgrimage centres of Lord Shiva . The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state. The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates bus services from Srisailam and Atmakur bus station with Atmakur bus depot. By Foot There is a path to travel on foot from Atmakur to Srisailam. The Devotees to fulfil their Vow to Lord Shiva will take this path to reach Srisailam on foot from Atmakur. The path completely passes through dense forest of Nallamala Hills. One has to carry their own food and Potable items with them as there are no adequate facilities. This path for devotees
1692-542: The northern section and southern fringes. Moist deciduous forests occur in Odisha and Nallamala in Andhra Pradesh–;Telangana. Dry deciduous, dry savannah and scrub forets occur across the range. Dry evergreen forests are limited to south Andhra Pradesh, and north Tamil Nadu. The region is home to more than 4500 species of angiosperms , which account for 13% of the flowering plant species in India. About 166 species of flowering plants are endemic to
1739-452: The range does play a role in rainfall patterns along the coast. The range blocks winds at the low level which brings rainfall to the eastern coastal plains. The Eastern Ghats region has a tropical climate and receives rainfall from the monsoon . It is hot in the summers with temperatures reaching 44 °C (111 °F) during summer with humidity levels of 65-75%. The northern region receives 120–150 cm (47–59 in) of rainfall and
1786-544: The range lies majorly in Odisha and stretches from Similipal hills in the north to the Andhra Pradesh border. It has an elevation ranging from 900–1,400 m (3,000–4,600 ft) with the highest peak at Deomali (1672 m). The central section lies in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and stretches up to the Penna River . It consists of two parallel ranges with an average elevation of 520 m (1,710 ft) and
1833-423: The region have submerged more than 2,300 km (890 sq mi) of forest cover. The Eastern Ghats region is rich in minerals and semi-precious stones . Illegal mining, poor mining processes, over exploitation, and unsafe disposal of debris have resulted in issues bio-degeneration of the areas. Eight of the 29 forest fire prone districts are located in the region and, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh recorded
1880-402: The region including evergreen , deciduos and thorn forests. The Eastern Ghats region contains a large number of different species of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic to this region. The name Eastern Ghats derives from the word ghat and the cardinal direction in which it is located with respect to the Indian mainland. Ghat , a term used in the Indian subcontinent , depending on
1927-420: The region including toads , pond frogs , cricket frogs , bull frogs , burrowing frogs , balloon frogs , small-mouthed frogs , tree frogs , and golden-backed frogs . There are also about 155 species of freshwater fish from 28 families found across the waters in the region. Insects include nearly 150 species of butterflies and nine species of tarantulas amongst others. A 2017 study indicated that
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1974-472: The region. The Government of India had enacted various policies over the years to address the environmental concerns, access to forest resources, and protection of wildlife. Three national parks , two biosphere reserves , and 22 wildlife sanctuaries are present in the Eastern Ghats region. The protected areas include five tiger reserves under the Project Tiger , and an elephant reserve under
2021-637: The region. There are about 99 reptile species found in the region. These include Indian monitor lizard , and endemic species such as Yercaud slender gecko , burrowing limbless skink , spotted Eastern Ghats skink , and Madras spotted skink . The Indian golden gecko , and Jeypore ground gecko were rediscovered in 1986 and 2010 respectively. Other reptiles include geckos , skinks , lacertas , iguanas , chameleons , and monitors . Snakes include blind snakes , shield-tailed snakes , sand boas , cobras , vipers , kraits , coral snakes , and python . There are about 100 species of amphibians found in
2068-527: The region. The region also consists of many wetlands and large coastal lagoons such as the Chilika , Kolleru and Pulicat lakes. The rivers have been dammed for hydroelectric and irrigation purposes, with major reservoirs spread across the region. As the mountains are discontinuous and have a lower elevation, they have a considerably lesser influence than the Western Ghats on the weather patterns in India . However, orography studies indicate that
2115-507: The southern end, the range is made up of several smaller hills. The Eastern Ghats forms a part of one of the major watersheds of India, consisting of many perennial river systems such as the Godavari , Krishna , Mahanadi and Kaveri . Because of the higher elevation of the Deccan plateau on the west, most rivers originate from the Western Ghats and flow eastwards to cut across the range to
2162-466: The trees Terminalia , Hardwickia and Pterocarpus predominant. Agriculture is almost non existent apart from isolated patches near villages where subsistence farming is practiced. The Nallamala Forests are probably the largest stretch of undisturbed forest in South India apart from the Western Ghats and were particularly rich in game till the 1970s. A large part of the forest is a part of
2209-463: The volcanic forces are evident in the foldings into which the rocks have been forced. The Nallamalas have a rather warm to hot climate throughout the year. Rainfall averages about 90 cm and is concentrated in the months of the Southwest monsoon (June–September). The fissured rocks prevent any water from percolating underground and hence most of the discharge runs off as mountain streams to join
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