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67-450: New Community Corporation was formed by a group of community leaders in 1968, as a response to the riots of July, 1967, which left 26 dead and caused approximately $ 15 million in property damage. A local Roman Catholic church parish facilitated a process of community organization that identified the needs of low-income neighborhoods in Newark's Central Ward . As a result of this process,

134-446: A police officer , and a firefighter dead; 567 civilians, 67 police officers, 55 firefighters, and 38 military personnel injured; and 689 civilians and 811 suspects arrested and property damage is expected to have exceeded $ 10   million. Photographer Bud Lee was in Newark along with Life reporter Dale Wittner during the riots. There, Lee took several grim photos of a police officer gunning down 24-year-old William Furr, who

201-564: A 120-unit family housing complex. NCC's "Homes" family housing complex was built as a series of five-story mid-rise buildings surrounding a center courtyard. It was occupied in 1975. In later years, NCC utilized high-rise design for senior citizen housing (as did many other low-income senior housing managers; senior citizens are generally seen to accommodate better to high-density elevator buildings than families with children). However, NCC switched to 2 and 3 story townhouse design for most newly constructed family housing projects thereafter. After

268-523: A 1993 ethnographic study by the New School University (published in 1997) indicates that although New Community's broad range of services benefited its tenants in numerous ways, it could not shield them from the negative forces plaguing the surrounding neighborhoods, i.e. crime, gang activity, substance abuse, unemployment, social isolation, insufficient education and other human capital, etc. Although community development corporations such as

335-540: A Community Relations Bureau in their police department as early as March 1966. Newark's Police Department director, Dominick Spina, rejected the budget request as he thought it would not be approved. This was much to the disliking to the residents of the Central Ward and it led to more tensions growing in the area as residents saw that in cases of police brutality on black residents, the police would not be held accountable. Unemployment and poverty were very high, with

402-609: A New Community subsidiary (through common boards of directors). In 1987, NCC teamed up with the Pathmark supermarket chain to develop a $ 12 million, 55,000 (interior) square foot supermarket and satellite store complex having a 227 car parking lot. The new supermarket opened in 1989, located in a Newark neighborhood that saw its last supermarket close near the time of the 1967 Civic Disorders. New Community invested nearly 10 years of planning effort and legal fees in acquiring site control, and gaining zoning clearances and financing (despite

469-822: A basketball court and classrooms. This facility has been a key asset in expanding NCC's outreach to youth and families. In 1988, New Community partnered with the Hartz Mountain Corporation and the State of New Jersey to newly construct a 102-unit apartment complex dedicated to homeless families in the Newark area (named Harmony House). New Community provides an intensive support program for Harmony House residents; this includes on-site daycare (through cooperation with Babyland Nursery), counseling, education, substance abuse program referrals, job placement and housing relocation assistance, and after-school activities for youth. Although generally considered successful,

536-452: A few stores and threw merchandise onto sidewalks. According to police, liquor stores were the main target of looters. Mayor Addonizio seemed unconcerned about the possibility of further violence occurring. On July 13 he met with Robert Curvin of CORE, an Essex County official named Earl Harris, a teacher named Harry Wheeler, and Duke Moore, a member of the UCC's board. They made three demands of

603-513: A four-story office building so as to consolidate the management of its medical care services. It recently opened a for-profit temporary staffing agency for office workers, and continues to participate in welfare-to-work assistance contracts. The Pathmark supermarket itself, now owned by the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P), continues to operate as a successful and profitable business venture, both for Pathmark as operator of

670-421: A housing project that was located directly across the street from the 4th precinct. No police officer would be stationed outside of the precinct building when this protest initially occurred. Threatt would announce to the crowd in an attempt he thought would calm them down that an African American man on the police force, Lieutenant Eddie Williams would be promoted to captain. However he didn't mention that Addonizio

737-423: A market-rate housing development in suburban Eatontown , NJ. The latter complex, called Stony Hill Apartments, was obtained from the portfolio of a failed savings & loan institution. NCC originally intended to dedicate some of Stony Hill's apartments to low-income apartment seekers, but decided to sell the complex to private interests at a profit. A senior low-income housing complex in urban Orange, New Jersey

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804-592: A newly constructed facility in Newark. In 2000, NCC gained permission from the N.J. State Board of Education to open a second charter school, the "Lady Liberty Academy", for 300 students in K-8th grades in September, 2001 at a rehabilitated Roman Catholic parish school that had recently closed. Also in 2000, NCC opened an Early Learning Center at its Community Hills homeownership complex which offers formal pre-school classes for 3- and 4-year-olds. In 2001, after taking over

871-536: A one-room apartment in the Ironbound District along with a yellow taxi cab for $ 16.50 per day. Residents of the Hayes Homes, a large public housing project, saw an incapacitated Smith being dragged into the precinct. Rumors that he had been beaten to death while in police custody began to spread, and a large crowd soon formed outside the precinct. Accounts of the next moments vary. Some say that

938-553: A ring. Robert Lee Martin's family reported that cops stripped money from his body." According to a petition signed by 76 residents of Beacon Street, members of the New Jersey State Police approached the street corner around 5:30 and sprayed bullets from left to right, hitting two people. At 8:30, the National Guard killed ten year old Eddie Moss while shooting at his father's car at a checkpoint. The family

1005-593: A series of medical day care programs based at the Extended Care Facility and at some of its senior apartment buildings. By 1992 it added a home health care agency and a homemaking assistance program serving medically indigent households. In 1999, New Community took over the Family Service Bureau of Newark, giving NCC greater resources in dealing with mental health issues . In 2000, the 500-employee Essex Valley Visiting Nurse Association

1072-468: A textbook example of reintroducing supermarkets into inner-city areas, and the site has been visited by a variety of other community development groups from cities throughout the United States. In contrast to a small Fashion Institute producing custom clothing and home furnishings (NCC's smallest business venture), NCC developed a $ 3 million, 38,000 sq ft (3,500 m) factory facility on

1139-611: A time when racial tensions were high. Historians believe that the shrinking of the economy, increased unemployment, and a city with a majority African American population which was being run by white politicians increased tensions during that era. On the evening of July 12, at 9:40 pm two white Newark police officers, John DeSimone and Vito Pontrelli, pulled over a black cab driver, John William Smith. The officers had stopped Smith after he pulled around their double-parked police car. Police said that Smith's driving license had been revoked, and that he had been involved in eight car crashes in

1206-491: A variety of grant-funded programs targeting youth and families having particular needs, including services for persons with HIV or AIDS . Also, New Community instituted a bi-lingual Hispanic outreach program (the Hispanic Development Corporation) in 1992. Finally, in 1997, New Community opened a newly constructed 17,000 sq ft (1,600 m). Neighborhood Center which contains a stage,

1273-527: A variety of objections from landowners and political interests). Using the same business model from the St. Joseph's complex, NCC set up a variety of satellite businesses adjacent to the Pathmark supermarket, including a donut franchise, a fast-food restaurant, a print shop, and a mailbox / shipping services center. The development of the Pathmark center has been cited by various academic and urban assistance groups as

1340-1051: Is living, generally focusing on paramedical aid by professional caregivers , assistance in daily living for ill, disabled or elderly people, or a combination thereof. Depending on legislation, a wide range of other services can also be included in homecare. Homecare can be organised by national or local government, by volunteer organizations or on a market basis. Homecare is an alternative to institutional care such as can be provided at group accommodations and nursing home . Research shows that clients receiving home health care may incur lower costs, receive equal to better care, and have increased satisfaction in contrast to other settings. The services included varys vastly between jurisdictions, volunteer organizations and markets. Some examples of homecare services are: Caregivers can range from qualified nurses and advanced medical staff to nurses and nursing aids. Some caregivers travel to multiple homes per day and provide short visits to multiple patients, while others may stay with one patient for

1407-481: Is planning further homeownership projects in neighborhoods where most housing is currently rented. During the early 1970s, New Community was also active in developing and constructing or rehabilitating facilities to be used by the Babyland Nursery organization (later Babyland Family Services) for the daycare of infants and children. Babyland is a not-for-profit community organization that originated within

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1474-412: Is watching the riots live on television. In September 2021, a theatrical prequel to The Sopranos premiered, entitled The Many Saints of Newark , which is partially set during the riots. Home care Homecare (home care, in-home care), also known as domiciliary care, personal care or social care, is health care or supportive care provided in the individual home where the patient or client

1541-583: The 1967 Newark Rebellion . Deindustrialization and suburbanization were major contributors to changes in Newark's demographics. White middle-class residents left for other towns across North Jersey , in one of the largest examples of white flight in the country. Due to the legislation of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 , increasing numbers of white veterans, who had recently returned from fighting in World War II, emigrated from Newark to

1608-542: The Ford Motor Company and a local Ford dealership that trains low-income urban residents to assume careers as professional auto mechanics. That program was started in 1996 at a garage equipped with classrooms, tools, and modern auto diagnostic equipment. By 1998, New Community further expanded its presence in the financial services field (it opened a credit union for residents, employees and families otherwise served by NCC in 1985). It began two new programs,

1675-507: The "Homes" family complex opened, NCC continued on an ambitious low-income housing development effort, including new construction, rehabilitation of older buildings that were abandoned or converted from other use, and acquisition of occupied housing complexes from other owners. Most of New Community's housing efforts were centered in Newark, but by 1995, the organization was also managing low-income complexes in Jersey City , Englewood , and

1742-478: The 1960s and 1970s, as industry fled the city, so did the white middle class, leaving behind a poor population. During this same time, the population of many suburban communities in northern New Jersey expanded rapidly. The riots caused about $ 10 million in damages ($ 91 million today) and destroyed multiple plots, several of which are still covered in decay as of 2017. The ratio of Newark officers respective to their ethnicity has increased as of 2000, when Newark

1809-608: The Essex Valley Visiting Nurse Association, NCC and its direct affiliates employed approximately 2,000 employees and managed or had developed 2,818 units of housing. However, financial pressures and accumulated debt stemming from the organization's rapid expansion in the 1990s, and from reductions in federal housing subsidies, required an assessment of priorities and a rationalization of programs lacking sufficient financial support (i.e., from grants , donations, fees or sales). By late 2004, several of

1876-590: The New Community Corporation was formally incorporated with a board of directors composed entirely of community residents. Based upon input from local residents regarding community needs, the board decided to focus New Community's initial efforts on construction and operation of low-income housing. Several years of planning, fundraising and negotiation with local, state and federal officials followed. By 1973, New Community had secured property and financing commitments that would allow it to construct

1943-431: The New Community Corporation will continue to play a significant role in addressing the needs of low-income inner city residents, their promise as the "magic bullet" against the cycle of poverty is now in doubt. 1967 Newark riots The 1967 Newark riots were an episode of violent, armed conflict in the streets of Newark, New Jersey . Taking place over a four-day period (between July 12 and July 17, 1967),

2010-526: The Newark Human Rights Commission's (NHRC) executive director, to surveil the rioting. Spina made sure that 500 officers were ready in case violence were to break out. The march/rally that was scheduled to have happened would occur. By 6:30   p.m. a group of 10 picketers would form a line outside of the 4th precinct. By 7:30   p.m. black residents who were angry and carrying homemade signs would march in front of Hayes Homes,

2077-507: The Newark riots resulted in at least 26 deaths and hundreds more serious injuries. Serious property damage, including shattered storefronts and fires caused by arson, left many of the city's buildings damaged or destroyed. At the height of the conflict, the National Guard was called upon to occupy the city with tanks and other military equipment, leading to iconic media depictions that were considered particularly shocking when shared in

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2144-578: The State of New Jersey did not replicate the Harmony House model in other cities. In 1983, New Community began the rehabilitation of a former Roman Catholic church built in 1882 into the Saint Joseph's office-entertainment complex. The building opened for business in 1985 with a fine-dining restaurant, a sandwich shop, a conference area and an exercise spa. These business ventures were controlled by individual for-profit corporations controlled by

2211-453: The city's demographic makeup. Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio –– to date the last white mayor of the city–– took few steps to adjust to the changes and provide African Americans with civil leadership positions and better employment opportunities. Despite being one of the first cities in the country to hire black police officers, the department's demographics remained at odds with the city's population, leading to poor relations between black people and

2278-484: The city's failure, during the leadup to 1967, to include a more representative cross-section of the city's black population in its political power structure. Additionally, the Newark Riots were part of a larger national phenomenon, being among more than 150 race riots that occurred in the United States in the " Long Hot Summer of 1967 ". Some historians, focusing on the protest element of the conflict, have termed it

2345-431: The city's then-growing African-American population, which had recently become a numerical majority, and its old political establishment, which remained dominated by members of non-African ethnic groups (especially Italian, Jewish, and Irish Americans) who had gained a political foothold in Newark during earlier generations. Endemic corruption in local government, combined with widespread racial prejudice, likely contributed to

2412-743: The crowd threw rocks through the precinct windows and police then rushed outside wearing riot helmets and carrying clubs. Others say that police rushed out of their station first to confront the crowd, and were met with bricks, bottles, and rocks. One witness to the initial arrest contacted members of the Congress of Racial Equality , the United Freedom Party , and the Newark Community Union Project for further investigation; they were subsequently granted access to Smith's 4th Precinct holding cell. After seeing

2479-479: The days prior but continued to operate his vehicle as he was in dire need of money. The officers beat and arrested Smith and later took him to the 4th Police Precinct and charged him with assaulting the officers and making insulting remarks. Smith was originally from the South where he was a trumpet player but had moved to Newark to help pay for his expenses. Smith got a job at a local taxi company, renting himself

2546-490: The development of affordable rental housing. New Community had become involved in elementary grade level education in the mid-1980s, through a cooperative relationship with a local Roman Catholic parish school. In the late 1990s, NCC took advantage of New Jersey State legislation allowing the formation of private charter schools that operate with funding from the local school board. In 1999, NCC opened its New Horizons Charter School for 500 Kindergarten to 5th grade students at

2613-409: The first offering loans for the start-up or expansion of small businesses that create jobs for Newark area residents. The second venture, called Garden State Affordable Housing, matched investors interested in federal low-income housing tax credits with developers of low-income housing throughout the State of New Jersey, operating as an investment pool. This mechanism provides much-needed financing for

2680-534: The for-profit business ventures were closed, including the building components factory, the print shop, the fast-food restaurant at the Pathmark store, the mailbox store, and the exercise spa. The 754-unit, five-story Douglass-Harrison housing complex built in the 1930s and sold to NCC in 1983 for $ 50 by Prudential Insurance was closed in 2005. Douglass-Harrison was difficult to maintain and its very small apartments and lack of elevators failed to meet modern housing standards (NCC plans to build 130 modern housing units on

2747-426: The injuries Smith sustained from the police, they demanded he be moved to Beth Israel Hospital in Newark, New Jersey, and were granted their request. At least five police officers were struck by stones, according to one officer. Some residents went to City Hall and continued to protest. After midnight, false alarms caused fire engines to race around a six-block area along Belmont Avenue. Looters smashed windows of

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2814-432: The management, maintenance and security functions at its housing (and Babyland day care centers). NCC also began providing social service support for its residents through social workers assigned to its buildings. In 1986, New Community expanded into health care with the completion of a newly constructed Extended Care Facility (an $ 11 million, 180- bed nursing home serving primarily Medicaid patients). It also established

2881-548: The mayor: Addonizio said that he needed 48 hours to consider these demands. When he left the meeting, he went to the Central Ward where he realized he would need to take action on them much sooner. At close to the time when the meeting was ending, members of the Students for a Democratic Society's Newark branch distributed handwritten leaflets in the area indicating there would be a rally at the 4th Precinct at 7:30   p.m. Governor Hughes and Addonizio assigned James Threatt,

2948-437: The national press. In the aftermath of the riots, Newark was quite rapidly abandoned by many of its remaining middle-class and affluent residents, as well as much of its white working-class population. This accelerated flight led to a decades-long period of disinvestment and urban blight , including soaring crime rates and gang activity. The Newark riots represented a flashpoint in a long-simmering conflict between elements of

3015-478: The next morning. Further complicating matters was the fact that National Guard, State Police, and local police forces had difficulty coordinating their actions due to the three organizations communicating on three different assigned radio frequency ranges. While the riots are often cited as a major factor in the decline of Newark and its neighboring communities, longer-term racial, economic, and political forces contributed towards generating inner city poverty. By

3082-575: The police department. Only 145 of the 1,322 police officers in the city were black (11%), mirroring national demographics, while the city grew to be over 50% black. Black leaders were increasingly upset that the Newark Police Department remained dominated by white officers, who would routinely stop and question black youths with or without provocation. The riots in Newark occurred 2 years after riots in Los Angeles and came at

3149-410: The riots. After he was shot at from the high-rise, over 200 National Guard soldiers combined with state and city police opened fire on the building where they believed the sniper to be positioned, arresting 25 people in response. Rufus Council was shot and killed a short time after Toto when he was leaving a steakhouse where he had eaten dinner. Isaac Harrison and Robert Lee Martin were both also killed in

3216-564: The same community organization process that followed the July 1967 Civic Disorders in Newark. As a result of common origins, Babyland and New Community coordinated and integrated their facilities and program activities for approximately three decades. Although Babyland served many residents of New Community housing, the proportion of children and families living outside the New Community network increased over this time. In 1978, NCC took over

3283-455: The setting of one section of the 2017 novel 4 3 2 1 by Paul Auster . Revolution '67 is a feature-length documentary about the riots by Emmy-nominated, Newark-based filmmakers Marylou and Jerome Bongiorno . It premiered on PBS in 2007 as part of its series POV and examines the causes and outcome of the Newark 1967 riots. The Sopranos episode " Down Neck " features a flashback in which Tony Soprano 's mother, Livia Soprano ,

3350-522: The site of a former Borden's milk processing plant. The "New Community Technologies" factory was dedicated to the construction of pre-fabricated housing and school building components for sale to local housing developers and school boards, and opened in 2001 (after limited production commenced in an adjacent storage facility in 1999). In 1993, New Community expanded into vocational training , starting various career classes for low-income residents. The initial classes centered on career fields that New Community

3417-495: The site). Also, several branches of NCC's medical day care program were closed. By 2002, there was a reduction in managerial staffing at the corporate level. Also, in 2001 New Community and Babyland Family Services terminated their cooperative agreement to jointly develop new facilities and programs and integrate them within NCC's broad array of activities. NCC is developing additional homeownership housing, and recently built and opened

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3484-609: The store, and for New Community as owner and manager of the store complex. And NCC continues to be cited for its long list of accomplishments; had there not been a New Community Corporation, the City of Newark would not have experienced the same level of neighborhood and downtown re-investment as has occurred since 1980. However, a growing number of experienced community development organizations in Newark now compete with NCC for vital grant funding. Most of these organizations did not exist when NCC opened its first housing complex in 1975. Also,

3551-399: The suburbs where there was improved access to interstate highways, low-interest mortgages, and colleges. The outflow suburban sprawl of white veterans from Newark was rapidly replaced with an influx of black people moving into the Central Ward; blacks, however, faced discrimination in jobs and housing, ultimately making their lives more likely to fall into a cycle of poverty . By 1967, Newark

3618-588: The traditional manufacturing base of the city having been fully eroded and withdrawn by 1967. Further fueling tensions was the decision by the state of New Jersey to clear tenement buildings from a vast tract of land in the Central Ward to build the new University of Medicine and Dentistry . Thousands of low-income African American residents were displaced at a time when housing in Newark was aging and subjected to high tax rates. Many African Americans, especially younger community leaders, felt they had remained largely disenfranchised in Newark, despite massive changes in

3685-432: The vicinity of Toto's shooting. Toto's death attracted national attention to the riots in the city. Early on the evening of July   15, a woman named Rebecca Brown was killed in a fusillade of bullets directed at the window of her second-floor apartment, leading to further backlash and discord from the community. By the sixth day, riots, looting, violence, and destruction had left a total of 16 civilians , 8 suspects ,

3752-581: The wounds and his image became the cover of Life magazine on July 28, 1967. The riots elicited a strong response from law enforcement organizations. 7,917 members of police and National Guard were deployed, leading to 1,465 arrests and 26 deaths. In an effort to contain the riots, every evening at 6:00   p.m. the Bridge Street and Jackson Street Bridges, both of which span the Passaic River between Newark and Harrison , were closed until

3819-560: Was 52% black, 34% Latino, and 14% white, the Newark Police Department was 37% black, 27% Hispanic and 36% white. As of 2016, the force was 35% black, while the Latino portion had increased to 41%. The riots were depicted in the 1997 Philip Roth novel American Pastoral as well as its 2016 film adaptation , directed by and starring Ewan McGregor , alongside Jennifer Connelly and Dakota Fanning . The events are

3886-602: Was accepted at 2:29   a.m. with 300 state troopers being sent and activated exactly 9   minutes later. At 2:30   a.m. he called the Governor again saying that his city needed the New Jersey Army National Guard , who were activated 9 minutes later with a total of 3,464 being brought into the city. By morning, three people had been killed. Rose Abraham, a 45 year old mother was shot while out looking for one of her children. Tedlock Bell Jr.

3953-403: Was already familiar with, e.g. health care and food service; however, the curriculum was later expanded. In 1999, NCC centralized most of these classes within a new $ 2.4 million, 24,500-square-foot (2,280 m) Workforce Development Center, and increased its cooperation with State and local welfare-to-work initiatives. One training program remained at a special facility, a cooperative venture with

4020-422: Was also planning on promoting four white lieutenants as well. Violence would begin within a few minutes after his announcement. During the rally, an unknown woman smashed the windows of the 4th Precinct with a metal bar. Looting began soon after and spread quickly along Springfield Avenue, the neighborhood's business district. Molotov cocktails were thrown into shops and entire buildings soon caught fire. A car

4087-510: Was burned and shortly after a policeman was injured by an unknown assailant with a brick. In response, shotguns were issued to some police officers. By midnight, looting spread to other areas in proximity to the march and all police were placed on emergency duty. At 1:00   a.m. police were told to "fire if necessary." Addonizio called Governor Hughes asking for the New Jersey State Police at 2:20   a.m. His request

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4154-438: Was caught in an act of stealing a six pack of beer from the ransacked Mack's Liquors store; both Lee and Wittner had earlier met Furr who barged into the latter's conversation with a Black Muslim man regarding the rioting situation. He also shot a photo of a 12-year-old civilian, Joe Bass Jr. who was bleeding on the ground after stray pellets from the policeman's shotgun blast that killed Furr accidentally struck him. Bass survived

4221-417: Was driving to White Castle . Detective Frederick Toto was shot while patrolling in the streets of Newark at 7:30   p.m. on July   14. He was patrolling the streets with Patrolman Butross when a sniper fired at them from a high-rise, striking Detective Toto. He was sent to St. Michael's Medical Center where surgeons unsuccessfully attempted life-saving surgery. Toto was the first police casualty of

4288-410: Was merged into the New Community network (through common boards of directors), expanding NCC's client base and the range of professional nursing services that it could provide. By 1985, New Community had expanded its outreach to its own family residents and to other families in the community with a youth activity program, a credit union, and a job referral agency. After 1990, these were supplemented with

4355-442: Was one of the United States' first majority-black cities, but was still controlled by white politicians. Racial profiling, redlining , and lack of opportunity in education, training, and jobs led the city's African–American residents to feel powerless and disenfranchised. In particular, many felt they had been largely excluded from meaningful political representation and often subjected to police brutality . Newark established

4422-630: Was opened by NCC in 2003. Most of NCC's housing consists of subsidized rental units for low and very-low income families. However, in 1998, NCC opened its first homeownership project for working families, the 206-unit Community Hills complex built on the site of the former Hayes Homes high-rise public housing towers. Under the terms of a HUD HOPE 1 grant, the Newark Housing Authority donated land for this development, and HUD subsidized development and construction costs. Since then NCC has developed 24 additional homeownership units, and

4489-405: Was shot while surrendering to the police. James Saunders was shot while running from a liquor store. Police killed up to five men while shooting at the ground floor of a building, later saying they were "hunting for a sniper" on the upper floors. Three of the men killed had their belongings taken off their bodies. "Oscar Hill was wearing his American Legion jacket. Murray's body was missing $ 126 and

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