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111-529: The company is noted less for its direct impact than for the psychological impact it had on proslavery and abolitionist groups. Thayer's prediction that the company would eventually be able to send 20,000 immigrants a year never came to fruition, but it spurred border ruffians from nearby Missouri , where slavery was legal , to move to Kansas to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state. That, in turn, further galvanized Free-Staters and other enemies of

222-640: A Methodist college in Manhattan, named Blue Mont Central College . The young city received another boost when gold was discovered in the Rocky Mountains in 1859 and Fifty-Niners began to stream through Manhattan on their way to prospect in the mountains. Manhattan was one of the last significant settlements on the route west, and the village's merchants did a brisk business selling supplies to miners. Manhattan's first newspaper, The Kansas Express , began publishing on May 21, 1859. In 1861, when

333-671: A Christian duty, and ultimately never endorsed slavery on any but pragmatic grounds, while contending that Jesus Christ had also died for the Negro slaves, and opposing their mistreatment by owners who resisted his evangelism to slaves. Slavery had been outlawed in Georgia, but it was legalised in 1751. Whitfield bought enslaved Africans and put them to work on his plantation as well as at the Bethesda Orphanage which he established. Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon , who played

444-486: A bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 30.7% of the population. In the city the population was spread out with 16.5% of residents under the age of 18, 32.6% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 98.4 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that

555-473: A boom in the cotton trade, drew attention and criticism to the Southern states' continuation of slavery. Faced with this growing 'antislavery' movement, slaveholders and their sympathizers began to articulate an explicit defense of slavery. The famous Mudsill Speech (1858) of James Henry Hammond and John C. Calhoun 's Speech to the U.S. Senate (1837) articulated the proslavery political argument during

666-515: A cruel spirit." John Chrysostom wrote that "to discipline and punish ignorant slaves is a great accolade, and not a perchance commendation". Tertullian condemned the Marcionites for their advocacy of the liberation of slaves: "what is more unrighteous, more unjust, more dishonest, than to benefit a foreign slave in such a way as to take him away from his master, claim him who is someone else's property". Thomas Aquinas argued that slavery

777-669: A distinct college town atmosphere. Before settlement by European-Americans in the 1850s, the land around Manhattan was home to Native tribes. From 1780 to 1830, it was home to the Kaw people , also known as the Kansa. The Kaw settlement was called Blue Earth Village (Manyinkatuhuudje), named after the river which the tribe had named the Great Blue Earth River, today known as the Big Blue River , which intersected with

888-440: A family was $ 48,289. Males had a median income of $ 31,396 versus $ 24,611 for females. The per capita income was $ 16,566. About 8.7% of families and 24.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.1% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over. However, traditional measures of income and poverty can be misleading when applied to cities with high student populations, such as Manhattan. Manhattan's economy

999-765: A general election is established to serve as mayor on the third year of a four-year term. The Mayor presides over Commission meetings, but has the same voting rights as other Commissioners and no veto power. As of 2022, Linda Morse serves as the city's mayor. Manhattan is located inside several state district boundaries. Most of Manhattan falls within two districts for the Kansas House of Representatives . Representative Mike Dodson (R) serves in District 67, which includes portions of south, west, and northern Riley County . Representative Sydney Carlin (D) represents District 66, which includes most of downtown Manhattan, and

1110-566: A major role in financing and guiding early Methodism, inherited these slaves and kept them in bondage. In both Europe and the United States many Christians went further, arguing that slavery was actually justified by the words and doctrines of the Bible. [Slavery] was established by decree of Almighty God ... it is sanctioned in the Bible, in both Testaments, from Genesis to Revelation ... it has existed in all ages, has been found among

1221-511: A majority of the county's voters supported the Progressive candidate Theodore Roosevelt . Kansas State University is the largest employer and educational institution in the city of Manhattan with nearly 24,000 students. KSU is home to Wildcat sports and to nationally recognized academics. It has ranked first nationally among state universities in its total of Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Goldwater, and Udall scholars since 1986. Manhattan

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1332-447: A new proslavery doctrine had emerged in the United States. Building on the concepts of paternalism forged on 18th century tobacco plantations, this notion held that slaves by their natures were unable to take care of themselves, and whites had been appointed by God to watch over their bodies and souls. Southern slave owners said that they were providing what the blacks required, oversight and protection. Proslavery apologists fought against

1443-657: A number of university buildings sustained significant damage and the tornado's winds destroyed the Wind Erosion Laboratory's garage. No one was killed. Previously, the most destructive tornado to hit Manhattan was on June 8, 1966. The 1966 tornado caused $ 5 million in damage and injured at least 65 people in Manhattan. Manhattan was built on a floodplain at the junction of the Kansas and Big Blue rivers, and it has faced recurring problems with flooding from heavy precipitation. The worst floods were

1554-498: A treatise called "The Bible View of Slavery". Raphall and other pro-slavery rabbis such as Isaac Leeser and J. M. Michelbacher (both of Virginia), used the Tanakh (Jewish Bible) to support their arguments. Abolitionist rabbis, including Einhorn and Michael Heilprin , concerned that Raphall's position would be seen as the official policy of American Judaism, vigorously rebutted his arguments, and argued that slavery—as practiced in

1665-480: A whole. These and other arguments fought for the rights of the propertied elite against what were perceived as threats from the abolitionists , lower classes, and non-whites to gain higher standards of living . The economic self-interest of slaveholders certainly played a role, as slaves represented a massive amount of wealth – at the time of the Civil War some historians estimate the over 20% of private wealth in

1776-422: A whole. Thus, the greatest threat to democracy was seen as coming from class warfare that destabilized a nation's economy, society, government, and threatened the peaceful and harmonious implementation of laws. This theory supposes that there must be, and supposedly always has been, a lower class for the upper classes to rest upon: the metaphor of a mudsill theory being that the lowest threshold (mudsill) supports

1887-658: A year and 100 °F (38 °C) an average of 9.6 days. The minimum temperature falls to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 4.1 days a year. Extreme temperatures range from 116 °F (47 °C) on August 13, 1936, down to −35 °F (−37 °C) on February 12, 1899 . On average, Manhattan receives 35.77 inches (908.6 mm) of precipitation annually, a majority of which occurs from May to August, and records 102 days of measurable precipitation. Measurable snowfall occurs an average of 8.8 days per year with 5.6 days receiving at least 1.0 inch (2.5 cm). Snow depth of at least one inch occurs an average of 20.3 days

1998-485: A year. Typically, the average window for freezing temperatures is October 16 through April 20. The state of Kansas falls within an area sometimes called Tornado Alley . The most destructive tornado in Manhattan touched down at approximately 10:30 pm on June 11, 2008. Thirty-one homes and several businesses were destroyed by the EF4 tornado. Kansas State University 's campus incurred about $ 20 million in damage –

2109-529: Is 5 miles (8 km) north of Manhattan. The lake was formed when the Big Blue River was dammed for flood control in the 1960s, and it is now a state park that offers many recreational opportunities. South of the city is the Konza Prairie , a tallgrass prairie preserve owned by The Nature Conservancy and Kansas State University . Kansas is not known for earthquake activity, but Manhattan

2220-569: Is a singular fact that the most masterly expositions which have lately been made of the constitutional and the religious argument for slavery are from gentlemen of the Hebrew faith". After referring to the speech of Judah Benjamin , the "most unanswerable speech on the rights of the South ever made in the Senate", it refers to the lecture of Rabbi Raphall, "a discourse which stands like the tallest peak of

2331-552: Is all the more difficult to fathom inasmuch as in the Two Treatises he developed a general theory and justification of slavery for captives taken in a just war ... I hope to show that this theory is woefully inadequate as an account of Afro-American slavery and, further, that Locke knew this ... Locke's silence about the Afro-American slave practices that he helped forward remains profoundly unsettling and poses one of

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2442-476: Is heavily based on the public sector . Kansas State University is the largest employer in town, and its approximately 24,000 students help support the retail and entertainment venues in the city. The second-largest employer in Manhattan is the city school district. Additionally, many civilians and military personnel employed at nearby Fort Riley also live in Manhattan and support its economy, including more than 3,500 civilian Fort Riley employees. Finally, most of

2553-911: Is home to Manhattan Christian College , Manhattan Area Technical College , the American Institute of Baking , The Flint Hills Job Corps Training Center, and the Kansas Building Science Institute . The majority of Manhattan is within the Manhattan-Ogden USD 383 public school district. This district has one public high school ( Manhattan High School ), two middle schools (Susan B. Anthony and Dwight D. Eisenhower), and nine elementary schools (Amanda Arnold, Frank V. Bergman, Bluemont, Lee, Marlatt, Northview, Oliver Brown, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson). The city also has two private school systems: Flint Hills Christian School (Preschool – 12th grade) and

2664-707: Is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km ) is water. Manhattan is in the Flint Hills region of Kansas, which consists of continuous rolling hills covered in tall grasses. However, the downtown area – Manhattan's original site – was built on a broad, flat floodplain at the junction of the Kansas and Big Blue rivers. Manhattan is the largest town in the Flint Hills, and is home to the Flint Hills Discovery Center . Tuttle Creek Reservoir

2775-663: Is near the Nemaha Ridge , a long structure bounded by several faults, and which is still active. In particular, the Humboldt Fault Zone lies just 12 miles (19 km) eastward of Tuttle Creek Reservoir. On April 24, 1867, the 1867 Manhattan earthquake struck Riley County. Measuring 5.1 on the Richter magnitude scale , the earthquake's epicenter was by Manhattan. It remains the strongest earthquake to originate in Kansas, at an intensity of VII ( Very strong ) on

2886-479: Is primarily associated with the American South, a minority of Northerners, known as doughfaces , also supported it. Until the middle of the 18th century, slavery was practiced with little challenge anywhere in the world. For centuries philosophers as varied as Aristotle , Thomas Aquinas , and John Locke accepted slavery as part of a proper social system. However, across Europe through the last part of

2997-543: Is sometimes found in the thought of ancient philosophers, religious texts, and in American and British writings especially before the American Civil War but also later through the 20th century. Arguments in favor of slavery include deference to the Bible and thus to God, some people being natural slaves in need of supervision, slaves often being better off than the poorest non-slaves, practical social benefit for

3108-589: Is the principal city of the Manhattan metropolitan area which, as of 2014, had an estimated population of 98,091. It is also the principal city of the Manhattan-Junction City, Kansas Combined Statistical Area which, as of 2014, had an estimated population of 134,804, making it the fourth largest urban area in Kansas. The 2020 United States census counted 54,100 people, 21,414 households, and 9,995 families in Manhattan. The population density

3219-473: Is whether a free system will allow him to sell himself into slavery. I believe that it would." Commenting on Nozick's views, David Ellerman (writing under the pseudonym "J. Philmore") notes parallels with provisions in the Institutes of Justinian that permit individuals to sell themselves into slavery. Rousas Rushdoony , an adherent of theonomy , believed that Old Testament laws should be applied in

3330-638: The All-America City Award in 1952, the first in Kansas. Manhattan is located at coordinates 39.1836082, -96.5716694 in the scenic Flint Hills and Great Plains of the state of Kansas , or about 50 miles (80 km) west of Topeka on the Kansas River . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 18.79 square miles (48.67 km ), of which 18.76 square miles (48.59 km )

3441-486: The Ancient Greeks and Romans in its defense, furthermore stating civilizations such as Ancient Egypt and Rome were made great through this institution. In the 1980s, Rabbi Meir Kahane introduced legislation into Israel's Knesset , which in part stated that "Non-Jews will be obliged to assume duties, taxes and slavery. If he does not agree to slavery and taxes, he will be forcibly deported". The legislation

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3552-758: The Army Corps of Engineers completed a project in July 2010 that replaced the sand with more than 350 concrete walls and equipped the dam with sensors. Alarms are connected to these sensors, which would alert nearby citizens to the earthquake. Manhattan has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ), typically experiencing hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 29.1 °F (−1.6 °C) in January to 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) in July. The high temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 58.9 days

3663-586: The British parliament after the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. However, other authors do not so clearly draw such a distinction and include what Dumas calls anti-abolitionism in the topic of proslavery. Dumas traces the beginning of organised British proslavery movement to 1787, when the London Society of West India Planters and Merchants formed a subcommittee to organise opposition to abolitionism. British proslavery thinkers defended slavery on

3774-601: The Kansas Historical Society puts the number at around 900 for those who left for Kansas in 1855 alone. The company's mission was ultimately successful, and Kansas entered the United States as a free state in 1861, as soon as the Southern legislators blocking it had walked out of Congress, to participate in the Confederate government. Proslavery Proslavery is support for slavery . It

3885-602: The Kansas River near their village. Blue Earth Village was the site of a large battle between the Kaw and the Pawnee in 1812. The Kaw tribe ceded ownership of this land in a treaty signed at the Shawnee Methodist Mission on January 14, 1846. The Kansas–Nebraska Act opened the territory to settlement by U.S. citizens in 1854. That fall, George S. Park founded the first Euro-American settlement within

3996-646: The Mercalli intensity scale , and felt across roughly 193,051 square miles (500,000 km ). It caused largely minor damage, reports of which were confined to Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri, according to the United States Geological Survey . Although Kansas is not seismically active, a strong earthquake could pose significant threats to the state. If an earthquake had occurred along the Nemaha Ridge prior to 2010, it could have destroyed

4107-843: The Methodist Episcopal Church split into Northern and Southern wings over the issue of slavery. In 1845, the Baptists in the South formed the Southern Baptist Convention due to disputes with Northern Baptists over slavery and missions. In the Civil War era, rabbis from the Southern states generally supported slavery, and those from the North generally opposed slavery. In 1861, the Charlotte Evening Bulletin noted: "It

4218-553: The Slave Power . Thayer's intention was to capitalize on anti-slavery sentiment in the Northern United States and to send settlers to Kansas to purchase land and build houses, shops, and mills. They could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the proceeds back to Thayer and his investors. At the behest of several investors, who found the notion of profiting from the anti-slavery cause distasteful,

4329-620: The paddle steamer Hartford , carrying 75 settlers from Ohio , ran aground in the Kansas River near the settlement. The Ohio settlers, who were members of the Cincinnati-Manhattan Company, had been headed 20 miles (32 km) farther upstream to the headwaters of the Kansas River, the location today of Junction City . After realizing they were stranded, the Hartford passengers accepted an invitation to join

4440-420: The "Bogus Legislature". However, nearby Fort Riley protected the settlement from the major violence visited upon other Free-State towns during the " Bleeding Kansas " era. This allowed the town to develop relatively quickly. On January 30, 1858, Territorial Governor James W. Denver signed an act naming Manhattan as county seat for Riley County . Ten days later, on February 9, 1858, Governor Denver chartered

4551-682: The 150 employees in the Kansas Department of Agriculture work in a new office building in Manhattan, next to the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF). Large private sector employers in Manhattan include the Ascension Via Christi Hospitals, CivicPlus , and Farm Bureau . Manhattan also features a small industrial base. Manufacturing and commercial businesses include: GTM Sportswear, Florence Corporation, Manko Windows, Parker Hannifin ,

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4662-632: The 16th-century Shulchan Aruch by rabbi Yosef Karo . The original Israelite slavery laws found in the Hebrew Bible bear some resemblance to the 18th-century BCE slavery laws of Hammurabi . The regulations changed over time. The Hebrew Bible contained two sets of laws, one for Canaanite slaves, and a more lenient set of laws for Hebrew slaves. From the time of the Pentateuch, the laws designated for Canaanites were applied to all non-Hebrew slaves. The Talmud's slavery laws, which were established in

4773-745: The 18th century there were intellectual antislavery arguments based on Enlightenment thought, as well as moral arguments (notably among Quakers , in Great Britain and the United States) which questioned the legitimacy of slavery. Only in the American Revolutionary War era did slavery first become a significant social issue in North America. In the North, beginning during the Revolution and continuing through

4884-545: The 1903 and 1908 floods, the Great Flood of 1951 , and the Great Flood of 1993 . In 2019, record amounts of rainfall in Kansas brought water levels up massive amounts and flood records were broken that had not been seen since 1993. Tuttle Creek Reservoir recorded its second highest flood level ever on May 31 at 1,135.80 feet above sea-level. The only level higher came from The Great Flood of 1993, which recorded an astounding 1,138 feet above sea-level on July 23. The top of

4995-435: The 1st District when the state was subdivided in 1874. John Alexander Anderson of Manhattan served as the district's second Congressional representative, from 1879 to 1885. No Democratic candidate for president had ever received majority support among Riley County voters, until Joe Biden won the county in the 2020 election . Republicans have carried Riley County in every previous presidential election, except for 1912, when

5106-739: The African slave trade and an instrument of English colonial policy who proposed legislation [the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina ] to ensure that 'every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves'". Farr argues that Locke's theoretical justifications of slavery were inadequate to justify his practical involvement in the slave trade. He sees this contradiction as ultimately unsolvable: Locke never addressed, much less resolved, this contradiction. On Afro-American slavery, silence seems to have been his principal bequest to posterity. Locke's silence

5217-598: The Emigrant Aid Company was "to supply information, cheapen transportation, and set up saw mills and flour mills" in the new territory. The idea of the company was to win Kansas for the free-state movement while at the same time turning a tidy profit for investors. Many of the sponsors of the company did not believe in social or political equality for Blacks. In addition to banning slavery in the territory, they also expected, if victorious, to ban black citizenship and property ownership. Kansas's first constitution,

5328-481: The Himmalohs [sic]—immovable and incomparable". The most notable debate was between Rabbi Morris Jacob Raphall , who defended slavery as it was practiced in the South because slavery was endorsed by the Bible, and rabbi David Einhorn , who opposed its current form. However, there were not many Jews in the South, and Jews accounted for only 1.25% of all Southern slave owners. In 1861, Raphall published his views in

5439-488: The House of Commons of 16 March 1824 opposing abolition, in which he compared emancipated slaves to Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein . John Locke discusses slavery in his Second Treatise of Government . He rejects the idea that a person could voluntarily consent to enslavement, saying "a man, not having the power of his own life, cannot , by compact or by his own consent, enslave himself to any one, nor put himself under

5550-557: The McCall Pattern Company, Ultra Electronics -ICE, and Farrar Corporation. The Steel & Pipe Supply Co. began in Manhattan in 1933, with corporate headquarters in the city although it has moved its fabrication and distribution to other locations. Manhattan's Tallgrass Brewing Company was the largest brewery in Kansas until it ceased operations in 2018. The former Dickinson Theatres chain began in Manhattan in 1920, and grew to operate in seven states before it

5661-401: The Negro as suited for hot environments. He also believed Georgia's failure to flourish economically was due to a lack of Negroes as were held in other colonies such as The Carolinas. Thus, Whitfield had altered his position, and partially joined the ranks of the slave owners who he had denounced in his earlier years. However, Whitfield still maintained humane treatment was a moral obligation, and

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5772-651: The New England Emigrant Aid Company. The success of the endeavor prompted other aid assistance companies to form back East, in New York and Ohio , with new companies such as the Worcester County Emigrant Aid Society. The company was directly responsible for creating the Kansas towns of Lawrence and Manhattan , and it played a key role in founding Topeka and Osawatomie . Lawrence was named after

5883-565: The Northern United States, the concept of popular sovereignty , which stated that the population of each new U.S. state should be allowed to decide if it allowed slavery, was an attempt by Southerners to gain power. When the Kansas–Nebraska Act threatened to extend popular sovereignty into the new Kansas Territory , Eli Thayer, a second-term Congressman from Massachusetts, hatched the idea of an Emigrant Aid Company in

5994-689: The South—was immoral and not endorsed by Judaism. Ken Yellis, writing in The Forward , has suggested that "the majority of American Jews were mute on the subject, perhaps because they dreaded its tremendous corrosive power. Prior to 1861, there are virtually no instances of rabbinical sermons on slavery, probably due to fear that the controversy would trigger a sectional conflict in which Jewish families would be arrayed on opposite sides. ... America's largest Jewish community, New York's Jews, were overwhelmingly pro-southern, pro-slavery, and anti-Lincoln in

6105-564: The State of Kansas entered the Union, Isaac Goodnow, who had been a teacher in Rhode Island , began lobbying the legislature to convert Manhattan's Blue Mont Central College into the state university. The culmination of these efforts came on February 16, 1863, when the Kansas legislature established Kansas State Agricultural College (now Kansas State University ) in Manhattan. When the college began its first session on September 2, 1863, it

6216-470: The US was slaves. They saw the abolition of slavery as a threat to their powerful Southern economy: an economy that revolved almost entirely around the plantation system and was supported by the use of black slaves. Passages in the Bible which mention the institution of slavery have been used as a justification for the keeping of slaves throughout history, and they have also been used as a source of guidance on how it should be done. Therefore, when abolition

6327-446: The abolition of the slave trade – from when the campaign for its abolition first began in 1783 until 1807, when it was abolished – and then opposed the abolition of slavery itself in British colonies until that was legislated in 1833. Most of the British defenders of slavery were absentee owners of plantations in the British West Indies who economically benefited from the continuation of the institution. Paula E. Dumas, in her study of

6438-399: The abolitionists with their own promotion, which invariably stressed their view that slaves were both well treated and happy, and included illustrations which were designed to prove their points. A writer in 1835 asserted that American slavery is the best slavery there ever was: [W]e... deny that slavery is sinful or inexpedient. We deny that it is wrong in the abstract. We assert that it is

6549-465: The absolute, arbitrary power of another" (emphasis in original). However, he goes on to argue that enslavement of those who are guilty of capital offences is permissible. He also defends the enslavement of those captured in war: "This is the perfect condition of slavery , which is nothing else, but the state of war continued, between a lawful conqueror and a captive " (emphasis in original). James Farr describes John Locke as "a merchant adventurer in

6660-573: The age of 18 and 2.4% of those ages 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 52,281 people, 20,008 households, and 9,466 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,786.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,076.0/km ). There were 21,619 housing units at an average density of 1,152.4 per square mile (444.9/km ). The racial makeup was 83.5% Caucasian , 5.5% African American , 0.5% Native American , 5.1% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 1.7% from other races , and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% of

6771-528: The assassin of Martin Luther King Jr. , is famous for saying "Somebody needs to say a good word for slavery ." Robert Creel, who served as Grand Dragon of Alabama for the United Klans of America from March 1964 to January 1966 and notoriously supported Goldwater , once stated that "I got news for you niggers. We're on the move too. I don't believe in segregation . I believe in slavery." Representative Howard W. Smith (D-VA) had been described by contemporaries as an apologist for slavery who invoked

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6882-539: The auspices of the New England Emigrant Aid Company to found a Free-State town. Led by Isaac Goodnow , the first members of the group (with the help of Samuel C. Pomeroy ) selected the location of the Polistra and Canton claims for the Aid Company's new settlement. Soon after the New Englanders arrived at the site, in April 1855, they agreed to join Canton and Polistra to make one settlement named Boston. They were soon joined by dozens more New Englanders, including Goodnow's brother-in-law Joseph Denison . In June 1855,

6993-419: The average family size was 2.89. The population was spread out, with 15.8% under the age of 18, 39.2% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 13.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.4 males. The median income for a household was $ 30,463, and the median income for

7104-411: The basis of the Bible largely disappeared following the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, but its defenders still drew on religious arguments, such that the institution of slavery (allegedly) benefited slaves by encouraging them to convert to Christianity. After the abolition of the slave trade, British defenders of slavery drew a distinction between slavery itself and the slave trade, acknowledging

7215-403: The basis of the Bible. Politician Isaac Gascoyne gave a speech to the House of Commons on 10 June 1806 in which he argued that slavery was authorised by Leviticus 25:44-46. Similarly, on 23 February 1807, George Hibbert gave a speech to the House of Commons defending slavery on the basis of the Old Testament and the Epistle to Philemon. Dumas notes that attempts to directly defend slavery on

7326-417: The borders of the current Manhattan. Park named it Polistra (some histories refer to it as Poliska or Poleska). Later that year, Samuel D. Houston and three other pioneers founded Canton, a neighboring community near the mouth of the Big Blue River. Neither Canton nor Polistra ever grew beyond their original founders. In March 1855, a group of New England Free-Staters traveled to Kansas Territory under

7437-404: The city. The population density was 2,983.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,152.1/km ). There were 17,690 housing units at an average density of 1,177.4 per square mile (454.6/km ). The racial makeup was 87.28% White, 4.86% African American, 0.48% Native American, 3.93% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.30% from other races, and 2.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.49% of

7548-424: The company secretary, Amos Adams Lawrence . Multiple politicians were found in the emigrants who left for Kansas, such as Daniel Read Anthony , Charles L. Robinson , Samuel C. Pomeroy , and Martin F. Conway , who would later be Kansas's first US Representative . The exact number of people who left for Kansas is unknown. James Rawley puts the numbers somewhere around 2000, about a third of whom returned home, but

7659-422: The company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society, and it was renamed the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855. While the company achieved neither a profit nor a significant impact on the population of Kansas, it played an important role in the events that would later be termed Bleeding Kansas . The company was formed in the midst of the sectional crisis that preceded the American Civil War . To

7770-411: The continued existence of slavery in the United States , which consisted of the racialized chattel slavery of African Americans . Newspapers founded by these émigrés , such as the New York City -based Nation and the Boston -based American Celt "were united in their opposition to the abolition of slavery". In the United States, proslavery sentiment arose in the Antebellum South as a reaction to

7881-413: The country as a whole was more prevalent than philosophical and moral arguments against slavery. In Virginia, as the economy shifted away from tobacco towards less labor-intensive wheat crops, more slaves were freed between 1783 and 1812 than any time until 1865. There was the potential, in many Southern minds, for a relatively short transition away from slavery. However this perspective rapidly changed as

7992-399: The dam on Tuttle Creek Reservoir, releasing 300,000 feet (91,440 m) of water per second and flooding the nearby area, threatening roughly 13,000 people and 5,900 homes. A study in the 1980s found a moderate earthquake "between 5.7 to 6.6 would cause sand underneath the dam to liquefy into quicksand, causing the dam to spread out and the top to drop up to three feet." To address this threat,

8103-450: The early years of the war." However, as the war progressed, "and the North's military victories mounted, feelings began to shift toward[s] ... the Union and eventually, emancipation." In the 20th century, the American philosopher Robert Nozick defended the notion of voluntary slavery , whereby persons voluntarily sell themselves into slavery. In Anarchy, State and Utopia , Nozick writes, "The comparable question about an individual

8214-578: The emergency Spillway gates measures at 1,136 feet, only 0.2 feet above the 2019 record lake level. The only time that the emergency Spillway gates have ever been opened was on July 19, 1993, at 3:15 PM. The gates were opened 0.8 feet which allowed 10,000 cubic feet per second of water to move through the downstream channel. The gates were slowly opened more each day until July 23 at a peak 60,000 cubic feet per second (450,000 gallons per second). The gates remained open until August 9, 1993. The normal level for Tuttle Creek Reservoir averages 1,075 feet. Manhattan

8325-473: The extent of perceiving it, but does not have it. Plato supported slavery in his Laws . Among the Church Fathers , the majority opinion was in favour of the moral permissibility of slavery. According to Augustine , God approved of the flogging of disobedient slaves: "You must use the whip, use it! God allows it. Rather, he is angered if you do not lash the slave. But do it in a loving and not

8436-440: The first decade of the next century, state by state emancipation was achieved by legislation or lawsuit although in the larger slaveholding states such as New York and Pennsylvania emancipation was gradual. By 1810, 75% of Northern slaves had been freed and virtually all were freed within the next generation. In the United States, the antislavery contention that slavery was both economically inefficient and socially detrimental to

8547-549: The foundation for a building. This theory was used by its composer, Senator and Governor James Henry Hammond, a wealthy Southern plantation owner, to justify what he saw as the willingness of the non-whites to perform menial work which enabled the higher classes to move civilization forward. With this in mind, any efforts for class or racial equality that ran counter to the theory would inevitably run counter to civilization itself. Southern proslavery theorists asserted that slavery eliminated this problem by elevating all free people to

8658-534: The greatest problems for understanding Locke as a theorist and political actor. While Locke criticised slavery as "so vile and miserable an estate of man", Farr argues that this statement was meant primarily as a condemnation of the "enslavement" of the English (which Locke accused advocates of absolute monarchy as effectively proposing), not necessarily as a judgement of the Atlantic slave trade. Young Ireland

8769-442: The growing anti-slavery movement in the United States in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Zephaniah Kingsley is the author of the most popular proslavery tract , self-published in 1828 and reprinted three times. In 1846, Matthew Estes published A defence of Negro slavery, as it exists in the United States . A collection of the most important American proslavery articles is The Pro-slavery argument: as maintained by

8880-534: The history of the British proslavery movement, draws a distinction between anti-abolitionist and proslavery positions: "Anti-abolition arguments in this period focused on defects in the abolitionist platform, emphasising the illegal, illogical, inhumane, or pro-French nature of their aims. Proslavery arguments, on the other hand, positively promoted slavery and the slave trade". Dumas notes that proslavery (as opposed to anti-abolitionist) positions largely disappeared from

8991-575: The junction of the Kansas River and Big Blue River . As of the 2020 Census , the population of the city was 54,100. The city was founded by settlers from the New England Emigrant Aid Company as a Free-State town in the 1850s, during the Bleeding Kansas era. Nicknamed " The Little Apple " as a play on New York City 's moniker of the " Big Apple ", Manhattan is the home of Kansas State University and has

9102-476: The latter to be prohibited by the Bible (in particular, Exodus 21:6, Deut 24:7, 1 Tim 1:9-10), but arguing that the Bible permitted the former. The American proslavery movement drew at times on the British proslavery movement as support. For example, Thomas Roderick Dew , in an essay published in September 1832, quoted approvingly British Foreign Secretary (and later Prime Minister) George Canning 's speech to

9213-630: The matter. Islam traditionally permits slavery, but moderates it. However, most contemporary Islamic authorities argue that slavery is inapplicable in the modern world. Nonetheless, a minority of contemporary Islamic jurists defend slavery by arguing that it is still relevant and permissible today, and it is actively practiced by Islamist extremist groups, such as Boko Haram in northern Nigeria and Islamic State in parts of Syria and Iraq. Al-Farabi , early Islamic philosopher and jurist, wrote in support of slavery, arguing that some people are slaves by nature. The British proslavery movement opposed

9324-422: The median household income was $ 50,957 (with a margin of error of +/- $ 2,480) and the median family income was $ 79,601 (+/- $ 9,139). Males had a median income of $ 21,285 (+/- $ 2,275) versus $ 14,590 (+/- $ 1,280) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $ 17,843 (+/- $ 1,668). Approximately, 11.2% of families and 26.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 21.0% of those under

9435-500: The most distinguished writers of the southern states: Containing the several essays on the subject, of Chancellor Harper, Governor Hammond, Dr. Simms, and Professor Dew (1853). The authors are William Harper , a South Carolina jurist and politician, James Henry Hammond , South Carolina governor and then senator, J. Marion Sims , an Alabama physician, and Thomas Roderick Dew , president of the College of William & Mary . By 1820,

9546-506: The natural condition of man; that there ever has been, and there ever will be slavery; and we not only claim for ourselves the right to determine for ourselves the relations between master and slave, but we insist that the slavery of the Southern States is the best regulation of slavery, whether we take into consideration the interests of the master or of the slave, that has ever been devised. While antebellum proslavery thought

9657-481: The never-adopted Constitutions of Kansas#Topeka Constitution , banned free as well as enslaved Blacks from the Territory. Officially, the company was a profit-making venture, and how the settlers voted was of no consequence to the company. For example, the company secretary, Thomas Webb released a pamphlet in 1855 stating that although the settlers sent to the territories would not be required to vote for one side or

9768-409: The new town, but insisted that it be renamed Manhattan, which was done on June 29, 1855. Manhattan was incorporated on May 30, 1857. Early Manhattan settlers sometimes conflicted with Native tribes, and the town was threatened by pro- enslavement Southerners. Manhattan was staunchly Free-State, and it elected the only two Free-State legislators to the first Territorial Legislature, commonly called

9879-538: The northeastern portions of the city. Small portions of Manhattan extend into other districts to the south and north. Manhattan is the Kansas Senate District 22, and the state senator is Democrat Usha Reddi . Manhattan is located in Kansas's 1st congressional district , which is represented by Republican Tracey Mann . Manhattan was moved from the 2nd District to the 1st District during redistricting in 2012. Manhattan had been placed originally in

9990-443: The other, they were expected to support the free-state movement. A number of abolitionists questioned the profit motive behind the company, and even many of Thayer's potential investors balked at the notion "that people might say we were influenced by pecuniary considerations in our patriotic work." Although Thayer personally disagreed with such hesitations, in 1855 the company reorganized as a benevolent society and changed its name to

10101-524: The people of the highest civilization, and in nations of the highest proficiency in the arts. ... the right of holding slaves is clearly established in the Holy Scriptures, both by precept and example. In 1837, Southerners in the Presbyterian denomination joined forces with conservative Northerners in order to drive the antislavery New School Presbyterians out of the denomination. In 1844,

10212-436: The period at which the ideology was at its most mature (late 1830s – early 1860s). These proslavery theorists championed a class-sensitive view of American antebellum society. They felt that the bane of many past societies was the existence of the class of the landless poor. Southern proslavery theorists felt that this class of landless poor was inherently transient and easily manipulated, and as such often destabilized society as

10323-406: The population. There were 16,949 households, out of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.3% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and

10434-439: The population. There were 20,008 households, of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52.7% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

10545-509: The practice of slavery. Greek philosopher Aristotle claimed that some people were slaves by nature , and as a result of this belief, he argued that their enslavement was the only way to serve their best interests. However, what Aristotle meant by the word "slavery" is regarded by some political philosophers today to be a subject of controversy. He wrote in book I of the Politics : Accordingly, those who are as different [from other men] as

10656-423: The present day, including those laws that permitted slavery. Unlike Nozick, who believed that slavery should be limited to those who voluntarily agreed to it, Rushdoony supported the forcible enslavement of all who rejected Christianity. Rushdoony also asserted that even though antebellum American slavery was un-Biblical, it was still a positive good. Jack Kershaw , who served as an attorney for James Earl Ray ,

10767-423: The second through the fifth centuries CE, contain a single set of rules for all slaves, although there are a few exceptions where Hebrew slaves are treated differently from non-Hebrew slaves. The laws include punishment for slave owners that mistreat their slaves. In the modern era, when the abolitionist movement sought to outlaw slavery, some supporters of slavery used the laws to provide religious justification for

10878-543: The society as a whole, and slavery being a time-proven practice by multiple great civilizations. Jewish views on slavery are varied both religiously and historically. Judaism 's ancient and medieval religious texts contain numerous laws governing the ownership and treatment of slaves . Texts that contain such regulations include the Hebrew Bible , the Talmud , the 12th-century Mishneh Torah by rabbi Maimonides , and

10989-445: The soul from the body or man from beast—and they are in this state if their work is the use of the body, and if this is the best that can come from them—are slaves by nature. For them it is better to be ruled in accordance with this sort of rule, if such is the case for the other things mentioned. For he is a slave by nature who is capable of belonging to another–which is also why he belongs to another–and who participates in reason only to

11100-429: The status of "citizen", and removing the landless poor (the "mudsill") from the political process entirely by means of enslavement. Thus, those who would most threaten economic stability and political harmony were not allowed to undermine a democratic society, because they were not allowed to participate in it. So, in the mindset of proslavery men, slavery was for protecting the common good of slaves, masters, and society as

11211-646: The winter of 1853–1854. His primary partners in the venture were Alexander H. Bullock and Edward Everett Hale , and together, they set Thayer's plans in motion on March 5, 1854. Thayer announced the company at a rally against the impending passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Worcester on March 11. Shortly thereafter, the company's charter was approved by the Massachusetts Legislature for up to $ 5,000,000 in capital. Under its charter,

11322-481: The worldwide demand for sugar and cotton from America increased and the Louisiana Purchase opened up vast new territories ideally suited for a plantation economy. Only in the early 19th century did abolitionist movements gather momentum, and many countries abolished slavery in the first half of the 19th century. The increasing rarity of slavery, combined with an increase in the number of slaves caused by

11433-523: Was 2,715.6 per square mile (1,048.5/km ). There were 24,342 housing units at an average density of 1,221.9 per square mile (471.8/km ). The racial makeup was 76.05% (41,142) white or European American (73.35% non-Hispanic white ), 5.91% (3,199) black or African-American , 0.52% (283) Native American or Alaska Native , 5.32% (2,878) Asian , 0.28% (151) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian , 3.53% (1,908) from other races , and 8.39% (4,539) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race

11544-443: Was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.82. The population was spread out, with 15.3% of residents under the age of 18; 39.1% between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% from 25 to 44; 14.2% from 45 to 64; and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23.8 years. The gender makeup of the city was 50.9% male and 49.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 44,831 people, 16,949 households, and 8,254 families residing in

11655-428: Was 9.21% (4,980) of the population. Of the 21,414 households, 21.9% had children under the age of 18; 34.9% were married couples living together; 29.9% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 35.5% of households consisted of individuals and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 2.9. The percent of those with

11766-605: Was a mid-19th century movement in Ireland which espoused Irish nationalism in opposition to British rule . Following the suppression of the movement by the Dublin Castle administration , many of the movement's leading figures went into exile in North America . There, many Young Ireland émigrés such as John Mitchel and Thomas D'Arcy McGee continued to support Irish self-determination while expressing support for

11877-473: Was not part of natural law , but nonetheless he defended it as a consequence of human sinfulness and necessary for the good of society. He viewed the natural state of humanity as that which had existed prior to the fall of man , in which slavery was non-existent; on those grounds, many commentators see him as rejecting Aristotle's claim that some people were naturally slaves, although it is a matter of controversy as to whether he fully rejected Aristotle's views on

11988-606: Was proposed, many Christians spoke vociferously against it, citing the Bible's acceptance of slavery as 'proof' that it was part of the normal condition. George Whitefield , who is famed for his sparking of the Great Awakening of American evangelicalism, supported as necessary due to the climate in the Province of Georgia , for the legalisation of slavery. He believed, as was common at the time, that each race had been conditioned by nature to suit its environment, and viewed

12099-410: Was purchased in 2014. Manhattan is governed under a council-manager system, with a five-member City Commission . Elections are nonpartisan and are held every other year, in odd-numbered years. Three City Commission positions are chosen in each election. The two highest vote recipients receive four-year terms, while the third highest vote recipient receives a two-year term. The highest vote winner in

12210-565: Was rejected, with one MK comparing it to Nazi Germany's infamous Nuremberg Laws . Rabbi Avigdor Miller claimed that the Emancipation Proclamation had come too soon to "civilize" the African Americans. Manhattan, Kansas Manhattan is a city in and the county seat of Riley County, Kansas , U.S., although the city extends into Pottawatomie County . It is located in northeastern Kansas at

12321-625: Was the first public college in Kansas, the nation's first land-grant institution created under the Morrill Act , and only the second public institution of higher learning to admit women and men equally in the United States. By the time the Kansas Pacific Railroad laid its tracks west through Manhattan in 1866, the 11-year-old settlement was permanently ensconced in the tallgrass prairie . Manhattan's population has grown every decade since its founding. The town received

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