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67-397: The Telephone Company of New York was formed under franchise in 1876. The principals were Charles A. Cheever and Hilborne Roosevelt . Its purpose was to rent telephone instruments to users, who were expected to provide wires to connect them, for example from factory to office. Such connections already existed for private telegraphs, and the new invention promised to save the cost of hiring

134-609: A PSC ruling in his favor after two years of this dispute. New York Telephone was an AT&T subsidiary until the AT&;T breakup effective January 1, 1984. At that time, New York Telephone, along with the New England Telephone & Telegraph Company , became part of a Regional Bell operating company named NYNEX . The company was referred to as "New York Telephone, a NYNEX Company" before being called simply "NYNEX" starting on January 1, 1994. On August 15, 1997, NYNEX

201-813: A capital of about $ 20,000 (equivalent to $ 572,000 in 2023) to start the enterprise on August 31, 1877. It was the forerunner of American Telephone & Telegraph company, that later Cheever gained control of. They started with one customer at first, J. Lloyd Haigh, the wire manufacturer for the cables for the Brooklyn Bridge . Cheever's telephone company strung only separate lines and had no central switchboard office. They had trouble at first getting customers to subscribe to their telephone service and lost over $ 70,000 (equivalent to $ 2,210,000 in 2023) in their first year of operation mainly due to maintenance they couldn't cover with their few paying customers they had. The Cheever firm went out of business within

268-521: A fruitful inventor of many items run by electricity and was able to turn them into successful business enterprises. He patented electric rock drills, electrical improvements to elevators, telephone appliances and electric fire engines . Of his 100 patents most were telephone improvements. Cheever was also intrigued with Edison's phonograph. He helped form the North American Phonograph Company and organized firms throughout

335-508: A new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab. This building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests. The Bell Patent Association was formed by Alexander Graham Bell , Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard when filing

402-588: A new outdoor plant development laboratory. Prior to Chester being established, a test plot was installed in Limon, Colorado in 1929, similar to the one in Gulfport. The three test plots at Gulfport, Limon, and Chester were outdoor facilities for preservatives and prolonging the use of telephone poles. Additionally, in 1929, a land expansion was done at the Deal Labs to 208 acres (84 ha). This added land increased

469-462: A private telegraph operator. Manufacturers of steel wire for the Brooklyn Bridge then under construction were especially prominent among the customers under this scheme, using their own product. Western Union subsidiaries, including Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph, Gold and Stock Telegraph, and American Speaking Telephone, based their New York and San Francisco operations on the telephone exchange principle and thus were larger and more advanced than

536-628: A transmission studies site was established in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania that built, in 1929, the coaxial conductor line for first tests of long-distance transmission in various frequencies. On January 1, 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. was organized to consolidate the development and research activities in the communication field and allied sciences for the Bell System. Ownership was evenly shared between Western Electric and AT&T. The new company had 3600 engineers, scientists, and support staff. Its 400,000-square-foot (37,000 m ) space

603-557: A year and it was followed in 1878 with the Bell Company of New York that had 900 paying customers by August 1879. Cheever formulated a practical way of communicating telegraph messages from moving trains through induction telegraphy. He conducted successful experiments on trains of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad . The concept did not prove to be commercially profitable and was not pursued further. Cheever co-founded

670-882: The Bell Carriage House , the Bell Laboratory and the Volta Laboratory . It focused on the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education advancing the diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf. This resulted in the founding of the Volta Bureau ( c.  1887 ) at the Washington, D.C. home of his father, linguist Alexander Melville Bell . The carriage house there, at 1527 35th Street N.W., became their headquarters in 1889. In 1893, Bell constructed

737-571: The Number Five Crossbar Switching System . In 1952, William Gardner Pfann revealed the method of zone melting , which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping. In 1953, Maurice Karnaugh developed the Karnaugh map , used for managing of Boolean algebraic expressions. In January 1954, Bell Labs built one of the first completely transistorized computer machines, TRADIC or Flyable TRADIC, for

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804-578: The Okonite company, a wire and cable manufacturer that used rubber insulation, since he already owned part of his father's rubber company and combined the technologies to come up with insulated wire. He was also associated with various real estate developments like Wave Crest and Cedarhurst at Far Rockaway, New York . Cheever retired from business in 1897 and died on May 2, 1900, in Far Rockaway after suffering heart failure brought on by an attack of

871-611: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 . The September 11, 2001, attacks destroyed the small telephone exchange inside the World Trade Center , that served the center, and damaged the company's largest exchange building, the Verizon Building at 140 West Street, across Vesey Street. The destruction included cables under Vesey Street as well as inside plant damaged when I-beams and steel from

938-651: The Volta Prize of 50,000   francs for the invention of the telephone (equivalent to about US$ 10,000 at the time, or about $ 330,000 now), he used the award to fund the Volta Laboratory (also known as the "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory") in Washington, D.C. in collaboration with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell . The laboratory was variously known as the Volta Bureau ,

1005-650: The Westchester Telephone Company (which served northern suburban areas, including parts of then- Westchester County which subsequently were incorporated into New York City as the borough of the Bronx ) were consolidated under the name of the New York Telephone Company . The New York and New Jersey Telephone Company, a Bell licensee serving Long Island and Staten Island, was broken up and its New York properties merged with

1072-444: The charge-coupled device (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems. In 1924, Bell Labs physicist Walter A. Shewhart proposed the control chart as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control. Shewhart's methods were the basis for statistical process control (SPC): the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes. This

1139-402: The thermal noise in a resistor was first measured by John B. Johnson , for which Harry Nyquist provided the theoretical analysis; this is now termed Johnson-Nyquist noise . During the 1920s, the one-time pad cipher was invented by Gilbert Vernam and Joseph Mauborgne at the laboratories. Bell Labs' Claude Shannon later proved that it is unbreakable. In 1928, Harold Black invented

1206-460: The 1960s, laboratory and company headquarters were moved to Murray Hill, New Jersey . Its alumni during this time include people like William Shockley , Dennis Ritchie , Claude Shannon and Willard Boyle . Bell Labs became a subsidiary of AT&T Technologies in 1984 after the Bell System was broken up . After the breakup, its funding greatly declined. In 1996, AT&T Technologies

1273-719: The Allies in World War II . The British wartime codebreaker Alan Turing visited the labs at this time, working on speech encryption and meeting Claude Shannon . Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as Walter A. Shewhart , W. Edwards Deming , Harold F. Dodge , George D. Edwards , Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and Mary N. Torrey . During World War II, Emergency Technical Committee – Quality Control, drawn mainly from Bell Labs' statisticians,

1340-505: The Americas to 140 West St. In later years the company sold parts of several exchange buildings, and returned its headquarters to 1095 Avenue of the Americas . Charles A. Cheever Charles Augustus Cheever (September 7, 1852 – May 2, 1900) was an American industrialist and inventor. He was affiliated with Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison improving their inventions. He patented 100 of these improvements, most related to

1407-520: The Bell System by 1889. American Bell held a controlling interest in Western Electric (which was the manufacturing arm of the business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers. In 1896, Western Electric bought property at 463 West Street to centralize the manufacturers and engineers which had been supplying AT&T with such technology as telephones, telephone exchange switches and transmission equipment. During

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1474-481: The East and West Sides of Manhattan. The locations were one to two miles apart, close to concentrations of office workers while avoiding high prices for land. At each wire center a new central office arose to house telephone switchboards , panel switches and other inside plant , along with technicians, clerks, operators, and other workers. The largest of these was also the corporate headquarters , at 140 West Street on

1541-628: The Lower West Side, about a half mile from AT&T headquarters at 195 Broadway . The Manhattan and Bronx parts of the underground system are owned by the Empire City Subway Company subsidiary. Similar construction, on a smaller scale, went on in Brooklyn, Buffalo and other urban areas. Suburban and rural service also expanded, mostly with aerial cable or open wire plant and Strowger switches . Forecasters in

1608-690: The New York company as the City and Suburban Telephone Company in 1897. American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) eventually acquired a controlling interest and restored the New York Telephone name. The company went underground in the 1920s, creating expensive new outside plant that fixed its geometry for the century to come. New cable ducts brought more reliable service to customers. They converged at approximately twenty wire centers, which were connected by larger trunk cable ducts running along

1675-507: The United States Air Force with 10,358 germanium point-contact diodes and 684 Bell Labs Type 1734 Type A cartridge transistors. The design team was led by electrical engineer Jean Howard Felker with James R. Harris and Louis C. Brown ("Charlie Brown") as the lead engineers on the project, which started in 1951. The device took only 3 cubic-feet and consumed 100 watt power for its small and low powered design in comparison to

1742-623: The United States to promote Edison's advanced commercial version of the phonograph. Cheever became acquainted with Bell when his invention of the telephone was in its infancy and considered nothing but a novelty item. He was intrigued by it. Cheever went about figuring out how Bell's invention could be beneficial. He constructed and owned the first telephone line in New York City. It was wired from where he lived at 89 Fifth avenue to where E. N. Dickerson lived on Thirty-fourth street. That wired connection showed potential of greater uses for

1809-612: The Voder being demonstrated at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Bell researcher Clinton Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson for the discovery of electron diffraction , which helped lay the foundation for solid-state electronics . In the early 1940s, the photovoltaic cell was developed by Russell Ohl . In 1943, Bell developed SIGSALY , the first digital scrambled speech transmission system, used by

1876-781: The Whippany site was purchased by Bayer ). The largest grouping of people in the company was in Illinois , at Naperville - Lisle , in the Chicago area, which had the largest concentration of employees (about 11,000) prior to 2001. There also were groups of employees in Indianapolis , Indiana; Columbus, Ohio ; North Andover, Massachusetts ; Allentown, Pennsylvania ; Reading, Pennsylvania ; and Breinigsville, Pennsylvania ; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to Greensboro 1980s) and Westminster, Colorado . Since 2001, many of

1943-763: The areas served by the Rochester Telephone Company and other smaller independent local exchange companies. The company also serves the Greenwich and Byram exchanges in Connecticut . (The rest of Connecticut is served by SNET .) New York Telephone, then operating under the Bell Atlantic brand, was the first Bell telephone company to win approval to provide long-distance service within its operating territory in December 1999, following

2010-607: The center of the galaxy . In 1931 and 1932, the labs made experimental high fidelity, long playing, and even stereophonic recordings of the Philadelphia Orchestra , conducted by Leopold Stokowski . In 1933, stereo signals were transmitted live from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. In 1937, the vocoder , an electronic speech compression device, or codec, and the Voder , the first electronic speech synthesizer , were developed and demonstrated by Homer Dudley ,

2077-535: The decade. Shannon was also the founder of modern cryptography with his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems . The 1950s also saw developments based upon information theory . The central development was binary code systems. Efforts concentrated on the prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances, including the N-carrier system, TD microwave radio relay , direct distance dialing , E- repeater , wire spring relay , and

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2144-473: The destroyed MDF. An obsolete and recently retired exchange at the West 18th Street office, not yet melted down for scrap metal, was temporarily resurrected to serve thousands of E13 customers though existing crosstown cables. The damaged Number One Crossbar Switching System (1XB switch) was cleaned, and a Number One Electronic Switching System (1ESS switch) that had been destined for the 104 Broad Street exchange

2211-477: The development of radio astronomy , the transistor , the laser , the photovoltaic cell , the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory , the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B , C , C++ , S , SNOBOL , AWK , AMPL , and others, throughout the 20th century. Ten Nobel Prizes and five Turing Awards have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories. The laboratory began in

2278-529: The early 1920s, a few outdoor facilities and radio communications development facilities were developed. In 1925, the test plot studies were established at Gulfport, Mississippi , where there were numerous telephone pole samples established for wood preservation. At the Deal, New Jersey location, work was done on ship-to-shore radio telephony. In 1926, in the Whippany section of Hanover Township, New Jersey , land

2345-615: The early 20th century, several historically significant laboratories were established. In 1915, the first radio transmissions were made from a shack in Montauk, Long Island . That same year, tests were performed on the first transoceanic radio telephone at a house in Arlington County, Virginia . A radio reception laboratory was established in 1919 in the Cliffwood section of Aberdeen Township, New Jersey . Additionally for 1919,

2412-456: The facility for radio transmission studies. The beginning of 1930s, established three facilities with radio communications experiments and chemical aspects testing. By 1939, the Summit, New Jersey , chemical laboratory was nearly 10 years established in a three-story building conducted experiments in corrosion, using various fungicides tests on cables, metallic components, or wood. For 1929, land

2479-572: The first transatlantic communications cable to carry telephone conversations, was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland in a joint effort by AT&T, Bell Laboratories, and British and Canadian telephone companies. In 1957, Max Mathews created MUSIC , one of the first computer programs to play electronic music . Robert C. Prim and Joseph Kruskal developed new greedy algorithms that revolutionized computer network design . In 1957 Frosch and Derick, using masking and predeposition, were able to manufacture silicon dioxide field effect transistors;

2546-763: The first patents for the telephone in 1876. Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later. It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company. In 1884, the American Bell Telephone Company created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier. American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and its own subsidiary company took control of American Bell and

2613-434: The former locations have been scaled down or closed. Bell's Holmdel research and development lab , a 1,900,000-square-foot (180,000 m ) structure set on 473 acres (191 ha), was closed in 2007. The mirrored-glass building was designed by Eero Saarinen . In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project. A 2012 article expressed doubt on

2680-472: The grip. He never married and was commodore of the New York Yacht Club . At the time of his death his parents were still living, as was two brothers and two sisters. Bell Labs Bell Labs is an American industrial research and development (R&D) company, currently operating as a subsidiary of Finnish technology company Nokia . With a long history, Bell Labs is credited with

2747-581: The late 1960s underestimated demand, resulting in a shortage of capacity in Manhattan, NYTel's principal profit area. Customers had to wait weeks for a new line or a repair, and sometimes minutes for dial tone on an existing line. The new 1ESS Stored Program Control exchanges had software bugs that kept them from carrying full load. Deferred maintenance choked main distribution frames (MDFs) with dead jumpers. There were not enough cables to office buildings, nor enough underground conduits to install them. Morale

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2814-658: The late 19th century as the Western Electric Engineering Department, located at 463 West Street in New York City. After years of conducting research and development under Western Electric , a Bell subsidiary, the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925 and placed under the shared ownership of Western Electric and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). In

2881-616: The later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were Holmdel Township , Crawford Hill , the Deal Test Site , Freehold , Lincroft , Long Branch , Middletown , Neptune Township , Princeton , Piscataway , Red Bank , Chester Township , and Whippany . Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by Telcordia Technologies and

2948-593: The local Bell operations. Under the November 1879 settlement of the Elisha Gray patent infringement lawsuit, Western Union handed over its telephone operations to National Bell Telephone, which then renamed itself American Bell Telephone. The merged local company was called the Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company . In 1896 the operations of Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company and

3015-401: The location performed precision frequency-measuring apparatus, field strength measurements, and conducted radio interference. By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to Murray Hill, New Jersey . Among

3082-487: The negative feedback system commonly used in amplifiers. Later, Harry Nyquist analyzed Black's design rule for negative feedback. This work was published in 1932 and became known as the Nyquist criterion . In 1931, a foundation for radio astronomy was laid by Karl Jansky during his work investigating the origins of static on long-distance shortwave communications . He discovered that radio waves were being emitted from

3149-412: The network. Madison Street was closed and cables run out the lower windows of the two buildings and along the pavement to bring immediate service to a few hundred police telephone lines. Workers from throughout the country, including 3,000 Verizon employees plus non-Verizon employees, helped restore service, allowing the network to carry 230,000,000 calls during the first week following the attacks. During

3216-473: The restoration efforts, trunk cables were run out windows and down the side of the building, flowing through streets closed to traffic, until they found an undamaged manhole for them to enter. DMS-100 and other exchange equipment was damaged and replaced the following year. The building was completely renovated restoring it to its former glory as corporate headquarters. In a ceremony on December 8, 2005, Verizon moved its corporate headquarters from 1095 Avenue of

3283-509: The result was not published until 1950. In 1948, " A Mathematical Theory of Communication ", one of the founding works in information theory , was published by Claude Shannon in the Bell System Technical Journal . It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley , but went much further. Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through

3350-467: The software bugs. A new wire center at 1095 Avenue of the Americas and 42nd Street relieved four others in Midtown Manhattan of part of their load, as well as providing the company with a new headquarters for the next several decades. The crisis subsided during the 1970s, decreasing the number of workers needed to facilitate the development of the industry. On February 27, 1975, a fire in

3417-464: The success of the newly named Bell Works site, but several large tenants had announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017. Bell Lab's 1974 corporate directory listed 22 labs in the United States, located in: Nokia Bell Lab's 2024 website pictured 10 labs, located in: Also listed as research locations without additional information was Sunnyvale, California , US and Tampere, Finland . The Naperville, Illinois Bell Labs location near Chicago

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3484-532: The telephone building at 204 Second Avenue and East 13th Street destroyed the MDF, disconnecting tens of thousands of customers, and obsolescent switching equipment was destroyed or damaged by smoke. Located at the south end of the East Side trunk cable duct under Second Avenue , this building connects many circuits to Brooklyn which were disrupted. A Bell System mobilization dealt with the crisis, including replacing

3551-598: The telephone. Cheever formed the Telephone Company of New York and constructed the first telephone line in New York City . He was disabled early in his life and was an invalid. Cheever was born in Boston, Massachusetts , on September 7, 1852. His parents moved to New York when he was around five years old. His father was John Haven Cheever, president of New York Belting and Packing company , and his mother

3618-722: The telephone. Cheever then experimented with a telephone line from his office in the Tribune Building with one to the American Institute Fair to demonstrate commercial usage. He showed the quality of the sound traveling on telephone lines to be good by demonstrating the playing of the band at the Fair reproduced at his office. Cheever organized and formed the Telephone Company of New York with Hilborne Lewis Roosevelt as his business partner using

3685-476: The towers ran through the building. Service was disrupted to approximately 300,000 business and consumer voice circuits, 3,600,000 data circuits (including the New York Stock Exchange ), and 10 cell towers . Police Department headquarters lost telephone service, but the nearby NYTel building at 375 Pearl Street had its own small exchange which only lost part of its connections to the rest of

3752-470: The vacuum tube designs of the times. The device could be installed in a B-52 Stratofortress Bomber and had a performance up to one million logical operations a second. The flyable program used a Mylar sheet with punched holes, instead of the removable plugboard. In 1954, the first modern solar cell was invented at Bell Laboratories. In 1955, Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick discovered semiconductor surface passivation by silicon dioxide. In 1956 TAT-1 ,

3819-400: Was Anna Elizabeth (Nee Dow ) Cheever. He was paralyzed from his waist down at an early age because of a physical development problem. Cheever was about 4 feet (1.2 m) in height and weighed only 70 pounds (32 kg) as an adult. He had to be carried around by a male assistant all the time as he was not able to walk. Cheever became a successful businessman and entrepreneur. He was

3886-568: Was acquired and established for the development of a 50-kilowatt broadcast transmitter. In 1931, Whippany increased with 75 acres (30 ha) added from a nearby property. In 1928, a 15-acre (6.1 ha) site in Chester Township, New Jersey , was leased for outdoor tests, though the facility became inadequate for such purposes. In 1930, the Chester location required the purchase of an additional 85 acres (34 ha) of land to be used for

3953-408: Was acquired by Bell Atlantic , who kept the Bell Atlantic name. On June 30, 2000, Bell Atlantic acquired GTE to form the current Verizon Communications , with the corporate headquarters remaining the same 1095 Avenue of the Americas location until 2006 when HQ returned to 140 West Street . New York Telephone provides local telephone service throughout the state of New York , with the exception of

4020-506: Was considered the Chicago Innovation Center and hosted Nokia's second annual Algorithm World event in 2022. Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including radio astronomy , the transistor , the laser , information theory , the operating system Unix , the programming languages C and C++ , solar cells ,

4087-611: Was diverted. This was the largest loss of telephone service from fire in United States history until the September 11 attacks . In 1977–1979, New York Telephone got (sometimes mocking) news coverage for trying to remove a long phone book listing for "Montmartre Govt Of" from the government blue pages. Theater promoter Barry Alan Richmond, who had paid for that listing, appealed to the New York Public Service Commission and two courts, finally announcing

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4154-399: Was expanded with a new building occupying about one quarter of a city block. The first chairman of the board of directors was John J. Carty , AT&T's vice president, and the first president was Frank B. Jewett , also a board member, who stayed there until 1940. The operations were directed by E. B. Craft, executive vice-president, and formerly chief engineer at Western Electric. In

4221-460: Was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures. In 1947, the transistor , arguably the most important invention developed by Bell Laboratories, was invented by John Bardeen , Walter Houser Brattain , and William Bradford Shockley (who subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956). In 1947, Richard Hamming invented Hamming codes for error detection and correction . For patent reasons,

4288-448: Was poor in all levels and departments, and strikes were frequent. The company's response was to hire and train thousands of new employees and to purchase new equipment on which they could work. Underground construction took years, but emergency installation of Anaconda Carrier pair gain systems normally used in rural areas expanded service while construction was in progress. Bell Labs added processing power to their new systems and fixed

4355-629: Was purchased in Holmdel Township, New Jersey , for a radio reception laboratory to replace the Cliffwood location that had been in operation since 1919. In 1930, the Cliffwood location was ending its operations as Holmdel was established. Whereas, in 1930, a location in Mendham Township, New Jersey , was established to continue radio receiver developments farther from the Whippany location and eliminate transmitter interference at that facility with developments. The Mendham location worked on communication equipment and broadcast receivers. These devices were used for marine, aircraft, and police services as well as

4422-418: Was spun off and renamed to Lucent Technologies, who used the Murray Hill site as their headquarters. Bell Laboratories was split as well, with part of it going to AT&T as AT&T Laboratories . In 2006, Lucent merged with French telecommunications company Alcatel to form Alcatel-Lucent , which was in turn acquired by Nokia in 2016. In 1880, when the French government awarded Alexander Graham Bell

4489-427: Was the origin of the modern quality control movement, including Six Sigma . In 1926, the laboratories invented an early synchronous-sound motion picture system, in competition with Fox Movietone and DeForest Phonofilm . In 1927, a Bell team headed by Herbert E. Ives successfully transmitted long-distance 128-line television images of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover from Washington to New York. In 1928

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