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44-450: (Redirected from Nickel-plated ) Nickel plating may refer to: Nickel electroplating , a technique of electroplating a thin layer of nickel onto a metal object Electroless nickel-phosphorus plating , an auto-catalytic chemical technique used to deposit a layer of nickel-phosphorus on a solid workpiece Electroless nickel-boron plating , an auto-catalytic chemical technique used to deposit

88-432: A = 701.87 pm , and b = 703.5 pm (compared to a = 704.53(4) pm for the trigonal form), the stacking of the layers is somewhat offset in the triclinic phase, with α = 92.49° and β = 101.46° . The triclinic phase has c = 634.72 pm and the trigonal one has a = 956.08(7) pm . Boric acid may be prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with a mineral acid , such as hydrochloric acid : It

132-448: A mandrel and then lifted off the latter, creating a nickel-only part. Nickel is also used as an undercoat for chrome or gold plating, as it improves adhesion and the longevity of the final layer. In manufacturing and repair, nickel electroplating can also restore worn parts to their original dimensions, allowing them to function effectively without replacement. Boric acid Boric acid , more specifically orthoboric acid ,

176-490: A Watts bath and provide a higher rate of deposition. Although internal stresses are higher than the Watts bath, they are lower than that of an all-chloride bath. An all-sulfate solution is used for electro-depositing nickel where the anodes are insoluble. For example, plating the insides of steel pipes and fittings may require an insoluble anode. A hard nickel solution is used when a high tensile strength and hardness deposit

220-519: A consequence in the 30th ATP to EU directive 67/548/EEC of August 2008, the European Commission decided to amend its classification as reprotoxic category 2 and to apply the risk phrases R60 (may impair fertility) and R61 (may cause harm to the unborn child). At a 2010 European Diagnostics Manufacturing Association (EDMA) Meeting, several new additions to the substance of very high concern (SVHC) candidate list in relation to

264-529: A cumulative dose of 202 g over 90 days for a 70 kg adult, not far lower than the above LD 50 . According to the CLH report for boric acid published by the Bureau for Chemical Substances Lodz, Poland, boric acid in high doses shows significant developmental toxicity and teratogenicity in rabbit, rat, and mouse fetuses, as well as cardiovascular defects, skeletal variations, and mild kidney lesions. As

308-547: A dehydrating agent, such as concentrated sulfuric acid : The acidity of boric acid solutions is greatly increased in the presence of cis - vicinal diols ( organic compounds containing similarly oriented hydroxyl groups in adjacent carbon atoms, (R 1 ,R 2 )=C(OH)−C(OH)=(R 3 ,R 4 ) ) such as glycerol and mannitol . The tetrahydroxyborate anion formed in the dissolution spontaneously reacts with these diols to form relatively stable anion esters containing one or two five-member −B−O−C−C−O− rings. For example,

352-403: A fine silica -containing powder used for producing induction furnace linings and ceramics . Boric acid is added to borax for use as welding flux by blacksmiths . Boric acid, in combination with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or silicone oil , is used to manufacture Silly Putty . Boric acid is also present in the list of chemical additives used for hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in

396-532: A high luster finish, corrosion protection, and wear resistance. In the automotive industry bright nickel can be found on bumpers , rims, exhaust pipes and trim. It is also used for bright work on bicycles and motorcycles . Other applications include hand tools and household items such as lighting and plumbing fixtures , wire racks, firearms , and appliances . Modern coating technology makes deposited nickel to appear mirror-bright with no need of polishing, multi-layer applications are frequently used to improve

440-500: A layer of nickel-boron alloy on a solid workpiece Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nickel plating . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickel_plating&oldid=1150536615 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

484-487: A strong base as NaOH, including with an automated a potentiometric titrator . This property is used in analytical chemistry to determine the borate content of aqueous solutions, for example to monitor the depletion of boric acid by neutrons in the water of the primary circuit of light-water reactor when the compound is added as a neutron poison during refueling operations. Based on mammalian median lethal dose (LD 50 ) rating of 2,660 mg/kg body mass, boric acid

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528-450: Is a compound of boron , oxygen , and hydrogen with formula B(OH) 3 . It may also be called hydrogen orthoborate , trihydroxidoboron or boracic acid . It is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder, that dissolves in water , and occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite . It is a weak acid that yields various borate anions and salts , and can react with alcohols to form borate esters . Boric acid

572-610: Is also formed as a by product of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and diborane : When heated, orthoboric acid undergoes a three step dehydration. The reported transition temperatures vary substantially from source to source. When heated above 140 °C, orthoboric acid yields metaboric acid ( HBO 2 ) with loss of one water molecule: Heating metaboric acid above about 180 °C eliminates another water molecule forming tetraboric acid , also called pyroboric acid ( H 2 B 4 O 7 ): Further heating (to about 530 °C) leads to boron trioxide : When orthoboric acid

616-462: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Nickel electroplating Nickel electroplating is a process of depositing nickel onto a metal part. Parts to be plated must be clean and free of dirt, corrosion, and defects before plating can begin. To clean and protect the part during the plating process, a combination of heat treating , cleaning, masking, pickling , and etching may be used. Once

660-440: Is dissolved in water, it partially dissociates to give metaboric acid : The solution is mildly acidic due to ionization of the acids: However, Raman spectroscopy of strongly alkaline solutions has shown the presence of [B(OH) 4 ] ions , leading some to conclude that the acidity is exclusively due to the abstraction of OH from water: Equivalently, Or, more properly, This reaction occurs in two steps, with

704-402: Is generally considered to be safe to use in household kitchens to control cockroaches and ants. It acts as a stomach poison affecting the insects' metabolism , and the dry powder is abrasive to the insects' exoskeletons . Boric acid also has the reputation as "the gift that keeps on killing" in that cockroaches that cross over lightly dusted areas do not die immediately, but that the effect

748-412: Is like shards of glass cutting them apart. This often allows a roach to go back to the nest where it soon dies. Cockroaches, being cannibalistic , eat others killed by contact or consumption of boric acid, consuming the powder trapped in the dead roach and killing them, too. Boric acid has also been widely used in the treatment of wood for protection against termites. The full complexity of its mechanism

792-407: Is often used as an antiseptic , insecticide , flame retardant , neutron absorber , or precursor to other boron compounds. The term "boric acid" is also used generically for any oxoacid of boron, such as metaboric acid HBO 2 and tetraboric acid H 2 B 4 O 7 . Orthoboric acid was first prepared by Wilhelm Homberg (1652–1715) from borax , by the action of mineral acids, and

836-519: Is only poisonous if taken internally or inhaled in large quantities. The Fourteenth Edition of the Merck Index indicates that the LD 50 of boric acid is 5.14 g/kg for oral dosages given to rats, and that 5 to 20 g/kg has produced death in adult humans. For a 70 kg adult, at the lower 5 g/kg limit, 350 g could produce death in humans. For comparison's sake, the LD 50 of salt

880-906: Is reported to be 3.75 g/kg in rats according to the Merck Index . According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , "The minimal lethal dose of ingested boron (as boric acid) was reported to be 2–3 g in infants, 5–6 g in children, and 15–20 g in adults. [...] However, a review of 784 human poisonings with boric acid (10–88 g) reported no fatalities, with 88% of cases being asymptomatic." Long-term exposure to boric acid may be of more concern, causing kidney damage and eventually kidney failure (see links below). Although it does not appear to be carcinogenic , studies in dogs have reported testicular atrophy after exposure to 32 mg/(kg⋅day) for 90 days. This level, were it applicable to humans at like dose, would equate to

924-404: Is required. "Black nickel" is a dark coating that consists primarily of nickel sulfide and metallic zinc and nickel. It is typically plated on brass, bronze, or steel in order to produce a non-reflective surface. This type of plating is used for decorative and military purposes and does not offer much protection. Decorative bright nickel is used in a wide range of applications. It offers

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968-411: Is sometimes used in salves and dressings , such as boracic lint . Boric acid is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash. Boric acid vaginal suppositories can be used for recurrent candidiasis due to non-albicans candida as a second line treatment when conventional treatment has failed. It is less effective than conventional treatment overall. Boric acid largely spares lactobacilli within

1012-412: Is the most common; the second, which is a bit more stable thermodynamically, can be obtained with a special preparation method. The triclinic form of boric acid consists of layers of B(OH) 3 molecules held together by hydrogen bonds with an O...O separation of 272 pm. The distance between two adjacent layers is 318 pm. While the layers of the triclinic phase are nearly trigonal with γ = 119.76° ,

1056-405: Is typically used for decorative purposes and corrosion protection. Semi-bright deposits are used for engineering applications where high corrosion resistance, ductility or electrical conductivity is important, and a high luster is not required. Type of the added brighteners and their concentrations determine the deposit appearance: brilliant, bright, semi-bright, satin. Sulfamate nickel plating

1100-414: Is used as part of some proprietary formulas. One known formula uses about a 1 to 10 ratio of H 3 BO 3 to NiSO 4 , a very small portion of sodium lauryl sulfate and a small portion of H 2 SO 4 . The solution of orthoboric acid and borax in 4:5 ratio is used as a fire retarding agent of wood by impregnation. It is also used in the manufacturing of ramming mass ,

1144-450: Is used for many engineering applications. It is deposited for dimensional corrections, abrasion and wear resistance, high efficiency coating and corrosion protection. It is also used as an undercoat for chromium. All-chloride solutions allow for the deposition of thick nickel coatings. They do this because they run at low voltages. However, the deposition has high internal stresses. A sulfate-chloride bath operates at lower voltages than

1188-496: Is used to reinforce plastics in applications that range from boats, to industrial piping to computer circuit boards. In the jewelry industry, boric acid is often used in combination with denatured alcohol to reduce surface oxidation and formation of firescale on metals during annealing and soldering operations. Boric acid is used in the production of the glass in LCD flat panel displays . In electroplating , boric acid

1232-531: The Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania. It is often used in conjunction with guar gum as cross-linking and gelling agent for controlling the viscosity and the rheology of the fracking fluid injected at high pressure in the well. It is important to control the fluid viscosity for keeping in suspension on long transport distances the grains of the propping agents aimed at maintaining the cracks in

1276-561: The Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Regulations 2007 (REACH) were discussed. Following the registration and review completed as part of REACH, the classification of boric acid CAS 10043-35-3 / 11113-50-1 is listed from 1 December 2010 is H360FD (May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child) . The primary industrial use of boric acid is in the manufacture of monofilament fiberglass usually referred to as textile fiberglass. Textile fiberglass

1320-403: The shales sufficiently open to facilitate the gas extraction after the hydraulic pressure is relieved. The rheological properties of borate cross-linked guar gum hydrogel mainly depend on the pH value. Boric acid is used in some expulsion-type electrical fuses as a de-ionization/extinguishing agent. During an electrical fault in an expulsion-type fuse, a plasma arc is generated by

1364-440: The 19th century, with notable experiments made by Golding Bird (1837) and nickel nitrate patent by Joseph Shore (1840). The first practical recipe, an aqueous solution of nickel and ammonium sulfates, was invented by Böttger in 1843 and was in use for 70 years. The commercial success was achieved by Isaac Adams Jr. , whose patent for a solution of nickel ammonium sulfate , while similar to Böttger's, had neutral pH that made

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1408-455: The UK is boric acid. Boric acid solutions used as an eye wash or on abraded skin are known to be toxic, particularly to infants, especially after repeated use; this is because of its slow elimination rate. Boric acid is one of the most commonly used substances that can counteract the harmful effects of reactive hydrofluoric acid (HF) after an accidental contact with the skin. It works by forcing

1452-665: The corrosion resistance of coated steel, zinc, copper, aluminum, and other metals. In order to prevent tarnishing, decorative electroplated nickel is typically coated with a thin layer of chromium . Engineering nickel is used where brightness is not desired. Non decorative applications provide wear and corrosion protection as well as low-stress buildups for dimensional recovery, nickel or its nickel alloys usually having matte or dull finish. The method can be used for making nanocomposite wear resistance coatings. Nickel electroforming has nickel plating applied for fabrication of nickel products. For example, nickel can be deposited onto

1496-490: The disintegration and rapid spring -loaded separation of the fusible element, which is typically a specialized metal rod that passes through a compressed mass of boric acid within the fuse assembly. The high-temperature plasma causes the boric acid to rapidly decompose into water vapor and boric anhydride , and in-turn, the vaporization products de-ionize the plasma, helping to interrupt the electrical fault. Boric acid can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts and

1540-560: The free F anions into the inert tetrafluoroborate anion. This process defeats the extreme toxicity of hydrofluoric acid, particularly its ability to sequester ionic calcium from blood serum which can lead to cardiac arrest and bone decomposition; such an event can occur from just minor skin contact with HF. Boric acid was first registered in the US as an insecticide in 1948 for control of cockroaches , termites , fire ants , fleas , silverfish , and many other insects . The product

1584-538: The neutral complex aquatrihydroxyboron B(OH) 3 (OH 2 ) as an intermediate: This reaction may be characterized as Lewis acidity of boron toward HO , rather than as Brønsted acidity . However, some of its behaviour towards some chemical reactions suggest it to be a tribasic acid in the Brønsted-Lowry sense as well. Boric acid, mixed with borax Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O (more properly Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ·8H 2 O ) in

1628-420: The piece has been prepared it is immersed into an electrolyte solution and is used as the cathode . The nickel anode is dissolved into the electrolyte to form nickel ions (Ni ). Just like in other electrodeposition processes, the ions travel through the solution and deposit on the cathode. The anode efficiency for nickel dissolution is close to 100%, unless the anode becomes passive due to problems with

1672-452: The process easier to control. Adams enjoyed a near-monopoly in nickel plating from 1869 to 1886, when the consumption of nickel for plating reached 135 tons. In the US, Remington tried to use the nickel ammonium chloride solution (1868), in the process establishing the anode construction in the form of a platinum basket filled with nickel pieces, Edward Weston initiated the use of boric acid (patent issued in 1878), Bancroft figured out

1716-416: The process, in which case the efficiency drops to 0. The cathode efficiency depends on the process and varies between 90 and 97%. Due to this mismatch, during the plating the nickel concentration in the solution and the pH will slowly rise. The process takes minutes to hours depending on the current density and the intended thickness of the plating. Nickel electroplating was developed in the first half of

1760-641: The reaction with mannitol H(HCOH) 6 H , whose two middle hydroxyls are in cis orientation, can be written as Giving the overall reaction The stability of these mannitoborate ester anions shifts the equilibrium of the right and thus increases the acidity of the solution by 5 orders of magnitude compared to that of pure boric oxide, lowering the p K a from 9 to below 4 for sufficient concentration of mannitol. The resulting solution has been called mannitoboric acid . The addition of mannitol to an initially neutral solution containing boric acid or simple borates lowers its pH enough for it to be titrated by

1804-522: The role of chlorides in dissolving the anode (1906). Finally, Oliver P. Watts in 1916 established the Watts bath , variations of which are still widely used for decorative plating, with sulfamate solutions challenging it in the engineering applications. A Watts bath , named for its inventor Oliver Patterson Watts , is an aqueous electrolyte solution for plating nickel from a nickel anode. It can deposit both bright and semi-bright nickel. Bright nickel

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1848-489: The vagina. As TOL-463 , it is under development as an intravaginal medication for the treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis . As an antibacterial compound, boric acid can also be used as an acne treatment. It is also used as prevention of athlete's foot , by inserting powder in the socks or stockings. Various preparations can be used to treat some kinds of otitis externa (ear infection) in both humans and animals. The preservative in urine sample bottles in

1892-410: The weight ratio of 4:5, is highly soluble in water, though they are not so soluble separately. Boric acid also dissolves in anhydrous sulfuric acid according to the equation: The product is an extremely strong acid, even stronger than the original sulfuric acid. Boric acid reacts with alcohols to form borate esters , B(OR) 3 where R is alkyl or aryl . The reaction is typically driven by

1936-581: Was given the name sal sedativum Hombergi ("sedative salt of Homberg"). However boric acid and borates have been used since the time of the ancient Greeks for cleaning, preserving food, and other activities. The three oxygen atoms form a trigonal planar geometry around the boron. The B-O bond length is 136 pm and the O-H is 97 pm. The molecular point group is C 3h . Two crystalline forms of orthoboric acid are known: triclinic with space group P 1 , and trigonal with space group P3 2 . The former

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