93-417: Ninth Five-Year Plan may refer to: The Ninth Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China) , began in 1996 and ended in 2000 The Ninth Five-Year Plan (India) , began in 1997 and ended in 2002 The Ninth Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union) , began in 1971 and ended in 1975 The Ninth Five-Year Plan (Vietnam) , began in 2006 and ended in 2010 Topics referred to by
186-551: A socialist market economy ( socialism with Chinese characteristics ), the plans since the 11th Five-Year Plan for 2006 to 2010 have been referred to in Chinese as "guidelines" ( Chinese : 规划 ; pinyin : guīhuà ) instead of as "plans" ( Chinese : 计划 ; pinyin : jìhuà ). Medium and long-term planning are central to coordinating state activity across many policy areas in China and China's Five-Year Plans are one of
279-567: A greater focus on consumer goods. It called for enhancing "eating, clothing, and daily use" items ( chi, chuan, yong ). During discussions of the Third Five Year Plan, Mao acknowledged that during the Great Leap Forward, "We set revenue too high and extended the infrastructure battlefront too long," and that it was "best to do less and well." The Plan ultimately called for the prioritization of national defense in
372-427: A groups representation. Hong Kong has had a separate delegation since the 9th NPC in 1998, and Macau since the 10th NPC in 2003. The delegates from Hong Kong and Macau are elected via an electoral college rather than by popular vote, but do include significant political figures who are residing in the two regions. Since their transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong and Macau have been given 36 and 12 deputies elected to
465-505: A joint delegation. The PLA delegation has been amongst the largest since the founding of the NPC, making up anywhere from 4 percent of the total delegates (3rd NPC), to 17 percent (4th NPC). Since the 5th NPC, it has usually held about 9 percent of the total delegate seats, and is consistently the largest delegation in the NPC. In the 14th NPC, for example, the PLA and PAP delegation has 281 deputies;
558-514: A new phase, one of exploration and development. In April 1979, the central government formally put forward new principles of readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement. According to China Daily , the 6th Plan was first planned as part of the "Ten Year National Economic Development Plan Outline for 1976–1985" until the State Council decided to redraft the country's mid- and long-term plans in 1980. The 1982 national planning meeting
651-522: A province that they do not live in. Delegates have the legal right to make speeches in the full chamber of the Great Hall of the People during NPC sessions, though they rarely exercise this right. Delegates are allowed to simultaneously hold seats in other bodies of government and the party and the NPC typically includes all of the senior officials in Chinese politics. The CCP maintains control over
744-526: A set of institutions which monitor local administrative measures for constitutionality. Typically, the Legislative Affairs Committee will review legislation for constitutionality and then inform the enacting agencies of its findings, and rely on the enacting agency to reverse its decision. Although the NPC has the legal authority to annul unconstitutional legislation by a local government, it has never used that power. The NPC's has
837-412: A similar approach with CCP involvement. According to official accounts, in a normal election, the process of selecting the nominees generally entails repeated discussions between Party leaders, multiple rounds of discussions with CCP members in high-ranking positions and with major non-Party organizations, as well as anti-corruption and political review of the potential candidates. The list of candidates
930-443: A somewhat greater diversity of views, they do not function as a political opposition . The Election Law requires the composition of NPC delegates to be "broadly representative". Since the beginning of the reform and opening up era in 1978, the each NPC at their last session have released a "decision on the quotas and elections" for the next NPC, allocating a certain number of seats for demographic groups or setting forth guidelines on
1023-452: A yearly agenda which outlines the work of the NPC in a particular year. This is followed by consultation by experts and approving in principle by the CCP. Afterwards, the legislation undergoes three readings and public consultation. The final approval is done in a plenary session in which by convention the vote is near unanimous. The NPC had never rejected a government bill until 1986, during
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#17327717395781116-504: Is considered a judicial power, in Chinese political theory, constitutional enforcement is considered a legislative power, and Chinese courts do not have the authority to determine constitutionality of legislation or administrative measures. Challenges to constitutionality have therefore become the responsibility of the National People's Congress which has a recording and review mechanism for constitutional issues. The NPC has created
1209-535: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ninth Five-Year Plan (People%27s Republic of China) The Five-Year Plans ( Chinese : 五年计划 ; pinyin : Wǔnián Jìhuà ) are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China . Since 1949,
1302-533: Is often full-time and carries a salary, and members are not allowed to simultaneously hold positions in executive, judicial, prosecutorial or supervisory posts. As the NPC only meets annually, the NPCSC effectively functions as the national legislature of China for most of the year. It is granted with nearly all the lawmaking powers as the NPC itself, though it lacks the powers to amend the constitution and to appoint or remove national-level personnel. The NPCSC passes
1395-486: Is on recess and the Standing Committee is in session, the same process is repeated by either the party leader in the NPCSC or by one of the party deputies, but following the approval by the NPCSC, the amendments will be presented during the plenary session to all of the deputies for a final vote on the matter. If a fifth or more of the CCP party faction deputies will propose amendments either on their own or with
1488-597: Is the highest organ of state power of the People's Republic of China . The NPC is the only branch of government in China, and per the principle of unified power , all state organs from the State Council to the Supreme People's Court (SPC) are subservient to it. With 2,977 members in 2023, it is the largest legislative body in the world . The NPC is elected for a term of five years. It holds annual sessions every spring, usually lasting from 10 to 14 days, in
1581-564: Is then approved first by the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee , and then by its Politburo . If the candidates in question are nominated for a top-level position, in a special plenary session the Central Committee also endorses the nominees just before the NPC session for election by the Congress. Before the plenum ends, the CCP customarily holds a "democratic consultative meeting", formally informing non-CCP organizations, such as
1674-596: The CCP Central Committee in the fall prior to the start of a Plan period. More detailed plans are approved by the National People's Congress the following March. These plans establish national priorities and outline how they will be met. Administratively, the Plans result in the development of numerous specific action plans across different levels of administration. These programs evolve over
1767-543: The Central Military Commission , and the full proposal for the plan was released following the plenum and approved by the National People's Congress on 14 March 2011. The plan shifted emphasis from investment towards consumption and development from urban and coastal areas toward rural and inland areas – initially by developing small cities and greenfield districts to absorb coastal migration. The plan also continued to advocate objectives set out in
1860-605: The Common Program , which served as the de facto constitution for the next five years. The conference approved the new national anthem, flag, capital city, and state name, and elected the first government of the People's Republic of China. It was a de facto legislature of the PRC during the first five years of existence. In 1954, the Constitution transferred this function to the National People's Congress. Under
1953-526: The Great Hall of the People on the west side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Since Chinese politics functions within a communist state framework based on the system of people's congress , the NPC works under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party . Some observers characterize the branch as a rubber stamp body. Most delegates to the NPC are officially elected by local people's congresses at
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#17327717395782046-657: The eight minor political parties , of the proposed nominees and soliciting their views on the candidates. Full Central Committee endorsement for lower-level positions, such as regular NPCSC members, the State Council Secretary-General and departmental heads, and all members of the Special Committees and their committee chairpersons, is also expected. During the NPC session, the official in the Presidium in charge of personnel explains
2139-465: The great sparrow campaign , which led to an infestation of locusts, as well as unprecedented natural and weather based issues, caused a huge decrease in food production. Simultaneously, rural officials, under huge pressure to meet their quotas, vastly overstated how much grain was available. Thus, a massive nationwide famine ensued. The policies of the Second Plan's Great Leap Forward departed from
2232-580: The " Made in China 2025 " plan. The 14th Five-Year Plan was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee held from 26 to 29 October 2020. Han Wenxiu, the deputy director of the Office of the Central Finance and Economic Commission, said CCP general secretary Xi Jinping had personally led the drafting process through multiple meetings of the Politburo, its standing committee, and
2325-423: The 10th Five-Year Plan. The 11th Five-Year Plan introduced a new category of "binding targets" ( yueshuxing zhibiao ) intended as government promises. These binding targets have since been used especially in non-economic policy areas like environmental protection and land management. Of 22 targets listed in the 11th Five-Year Plan, eight of them were binding targets. These binding targets were incorporated into
2418-584: The 1976–1985 Ten Year Plan Outline of Developing National Economy (Draft) in 1975, which included the 5th Five-Year Plan. In March 1978, the Ten Year Development Outline was amended because the original version in 1975 stipulated that by 1985, steel and petroleum outputs should reach 60 and 250 million tons respectively, and 120 large projects, including 10 steel production bases, nine non-ferrous metal bases, eight coal bases and 10 oil and gas fields, should be built. To achieve these goals,
2511-857: The Anti-Monopoly Law. The NPC meets for about two weeks each year at the same time as the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference , usually in the Spring. The combined sessions have been known as the Two Sessions ( Lianghui ). Between these sessions, NPC's power are exercised by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress . During the Two Sessions,
2604-592: The Bankruptcy Law proceedings, wherein a revised bill was passed in the same session. An outright rejection without a revised version being passed occurred in 2000 when a Highway Law was rejected, the first occurrence in sixty years of history. Moreover, in 2015, the NPC refused to pass a package of bills proposed by the State Council, insisting that each bill require a separate vote and revision process. The time for legislation can be as short as six months, or as long as 15 years for controversial legislation such as
2697-429: The CCP a leadership role, and the NPC therefore does not serve as a forum of debate between government and opposition parties as is the case with Western parliaments. This has led to the NPC being described as a rubber stamp legislature or as only being able to affect issues of low sensitivity and salience to the CCP. Legislation typically passes quickly, but there are notable examples where laws do not get through
2790-479: The CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses . Planning is a key characteristic of the nominally socialist economies , and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. In order to more accurately reflect China's transition from a Soviet -style command economy to
2883-403: The CCP leadership approves the legislation in principle, and in which the legislation is then introduced by government ministers or individual NPC delegates, constitutional amendments are drafted and debated within the party, approved by the CCP Central Committee and then presented by party deputies under the Standing Committee to the whole of the NPC during its yearly plenary session. If Congress
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2976-597: The CPC had determined that gross value of agricultural products should increase 270%; in fact, the gain was a considerably more modest 35%. The country saw increases in capital construction over those observed during the first Five-Year Plan and also saw significant increases in industry (doubling output value) and income (workers and farmers, increase by as much as 30%). However, the Great Leap Forward , which diverted millions of agricultural workers into industry, and
3069-570: The Central Military Commission, other government organs or by the deputies themselves either of the standing committee or those of the committees within the NPC. The primary role of the CCP in the legislative process largely is exercised during the proposal and drafting of any legislation. Before the NPC considers legislation, there are working groups which study the proposed topic, and CCP leadership must first agree to any legislative changes before they are presented to either
3162-558: The Conference of CCP Delegates convened to adopt the "Proposal for the Seventh Five Year Plan" which was set to begin in 1986. The proposal demonstrated a shift from direct government control over enterprises to using indirect macroeconomic controls to "establish a new system for the socialist economy." In March 1986, the State Council submitted "The 7th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of
3255-662: The Constitution. Amendments to the Constitution must be proposed by the NPC Standing Committee or one-fifth or more of the NPC deputies. In order for the Amendments to become effective, they must be passed by a two-thirds majority vote of all deputies. The NPC is also responsible for supervising the enforcement of the constitution. The CCP leadership plays a large role in the approval of constitutional amendments. In contrast to ordinary legislation, which
3348-514: The Eleventh Five-Year Plan to enhance environmental protection, accelerate the process of opening and reform, and emphasize Hong Kong's role as a center of international finance. It prioritized more equitable wealth distribution, increased domestic consumption, and improved social infrastructure and social safety nets. Improvements in the social safety net were intended to reduce precautionary saving . The plan sought to expand
3441-541: The First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. During this Plan period, China began developing a heavy-industrial base and brought its industrial production above what it had been prior to war. China also raised its agricultural production to above prewar levels, resulting primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by
3534-778: The First National Congress of the Chinese Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies was held on 7 November 1931, in Ruijin , Jiangxi on the 14th anniversary of the October Revolution with another Soviet Congress that took place in Fujian on 18 March 1932, the 61st Anniversary of the Paris Commune . A Second National Congress took place from 22 January to 1 February 1934. During
3627-645: The Kuomintang, CCP, Young China Party , and China Democratic League , as well as independent delegates, attended the conference in Chongqing, temporary capital of China. A second Political Consultative Conference took place in September 1949, inviting delegates from various friendly parties to attend and discuss the establishment of a new state (PRC). This conference was then renamed the People's Political Consultative Conference. The first conference approved
3720-480: The NPC "is a carefully crafted pageant intended to convey the image of a transparent, responsive government." One of the NPC's members, Hu Xiaoyan, told BBC News in 2009 that she has no power to help her constituents. She was quoted as saying, "As a parliamentary representative, I don't have any real power." Formally, there are four main functions and powers of the NPC: The NPC has the sole power to amend
3813-465: The NPC is responsible for carrying out united front work. The NPC conducts outreach campaigns with foreign legislatures and parliamentarians for relationship-building and promotion of major CCP policy initiatives. The Election Law restricts the NPC's maximum size to 3,000 deputy seats. Under the people's congress system , the NPC is elected by the 32 people's congresses at the province-level ; people's congresses are indirectly elected at all levels by
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3906-543: The NPC respectively. The NPC has included a "Taiwan" delegation since the 4th NPC in 1975, in line with the PRC's position that Taiwan is a province of China. Prior to the 2000s, the Taiwan delegates in the NPC were mostly Taiwanese members of the Chinese Communist Party who fled Taiwan after 1947. They are now either deceased or elderly, and in the last three Congresses, only one of the "Taiwan" deputies
3999-526: The NPC, and negative votes have become more commonplace since its inception. According to academic Rory Truex of the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs , NPC "deputies convey citizen grievances but shy away from sensitive political issues, and the government in turn displays partial responsiveness to their concerns." According to Austin Ramzy, writing for The New York Times ,
4092-522: The NPCSC. There are currently 10 special committees, which are: These are organized in like manner as the Standing Committee. The legislative process of the NPCSC works according to a five-year work plan drafted by the Legislative Affairs Commission. Within the work plan, a specific piece of legislative is drafted by a group of legislators or administrative agencies within the State Council, these proposals are collected into
4185-1022: The People's Republic of China, 1986–1990" to the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress for review and ratification. It was the first time in China's history that an all-round plan for social and economic development was created at the start of a new five-year plan. The national goals of the Plan included speeding up development on the coast, with inland regions role's being to "support and accelerate coastal development." During this Plan period, different regions of China were encouraged to develop by leveraging their respective advantages. Coastal regions were instructed to focused on "the restructuring of traditional industries, new industries, and consumer goods production." Western regions were to focus on processing and agriculture. In central regions, energy, construction, and minerals were
4278-444: The Plan, considerable success was achieved. In 1977, the gross output value of industry and agriculture reached 505.5 billion yuan, 4.4% above-target and representing an increase of 10.4% compared with the previous year. Gross domestic product for 1978 reached 301 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3% compared with 1977, and an increase of 19.4% compared with 1976. However, during this period, the Chinese economy developed too quickly, and
4371-415: The Standing Committee, ten special committees have been established under the NPC to study issues related to specific fields. They include full time staff, who meet regularly to draft and discuss legislative work and policy proposals and the deputies assigned to the committees. A large portion of legislative work in China are effectively delegated to these committees in between the bimonthly plenary sessions of
4464-611: The State Council, or its own deputies either of the NPCSC or its committees. These include legislation on the report on the plan for national economic and social development and on its implementation, the national budget, and other matters. The Basic Laws of both the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region, and the laws creating Hainan Province and Chongqing Municipality and
4557-501: The United States would ultimately invade China. Support among leadership for Mao's proposed Third Front construction increased as a result and changed the direction of the Third Five Year Plan. The Fourth Five Year Plan sought decentralization and prioritized "small scale, indigenous, and labor intensive" development projects over "large scale, foreign, and capital intensive" development. The central government stipulated
4650-490: The approach in the Soviet-inspired First Plan, which stressed central command and extensive planning. Instead, the approach entailed local areas marshalling all available resources for large projects. In 1960–61, attempts were made to redirect twenty million workers into agricultural production and to reallocate investment into those industrial sectors that could further support agriculture. This shift
4743-476: The approach in the first Five-Year Plan was for the government to buy them out, including through coercing reluctant sellers if necessary. Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. The Plan strained agricultural production. In terms of economic growth,
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#17327717395784836-616: The building of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River were all passed by the NPC in plenary session, legislation passed by the Standing Committee when it is in recess carry the same weight as those of the whole of the Congress. In performing these responsibilities either as a whole chamber or by its Standing Committee, the NPC acts in accordance with the Constitution and the laws of the People's Republic in acting on these issues in aid of legislation. In practice, although
4929-508: The candidates for the top state offices, and organizes the constitutional oath of office ceremonies. Its functions are defined in the Organic Law of the NPC , but not how it is composed. The NPC Standing Committee is the permanent body of the NPC, elected by the legislature to meet regularly while it is not in session. It consists of a chairman , vice chairpersons , a secretary-general , as well as regular members. NPCSC membership
5022-460: The composition of deputies of people's congresses, especially in the National People's Congress. By law, all elections at all levels must adhere to the leadership of the CCP. Although CCP approval is, in effect, essential for membership in the NPC, approximately a third of the seats are by convention reserved for non-CCP members. This includes technical experts and deputies of the eight minor parties. While these members provide technical expertise and
5115-446: The congress at the level below, except at the county and township level. Additionally, delegations are allocated to the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, as well as the claimed province of Taiwan . Membership to the congress is part-time in nature and carries no pay, with deputies spending around 49 weeks per year at their home provinces. NPC members may be elected to represent
5208-600: The constitution, the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China, and all four Chinese constitutions have granted it a large amount of lawmaking power. The presidency , the State Council , the PRC Central Military Commission , the Supreme People's Court , the Supreme People's Procuratorate , and the National Supervisory Commission are all formally under the authority of the NPC. The constitution guarantees
5301-415: The course of the plan period. As academic Sebastian Heilmann observes, this process is best viewed as a planning coordination and evaluation cycle rather than a unified blueprint. China's Five-Year Plans have been praised for their efficiency, capabilities and their importance to rapid economic growth, development, corporate finance and industrial policies . Having restored a viable economic base,
5394-422: The criteria for local cadre performance evaluations. The Plan also reflected a change in terminology to the allocation of administrative resources via "programs" rather than "plans." The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline was debated in mid-October 2010 at the fifth plenary session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , the same session in which Xi Jinping was selected as Vice Chairman of
5487-535: The drafting panel that he headed. The Plan was drafted against the backdrop of worsening China–United States relations and the COVID-19 pandemic , which caused China's economy to shrink in the first quarter of 2020 – the first time in 44 years. Continuing themes from the prior two plans, the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan also seeks to boost the services sector, increase urbanization, and expand
5580-669: The event, only 693 deputies were elected with the Chinese Red Army taking 117 seats. In 1945 after World War II , the CCP and the Kuomintang held a Political Consultative Conference with the parties holding talks on post-World War II political reforms. This was included in the Double Tenth Agreement , which was implemented by the Nationalist government , who organized the first Political Consultative Assembly from 10 to 31 January 1946. Representatives of
5673-512: The final votes on laws of the NPC often return a high affirmative vote, a great deal of legislative activity occurs in determining the content of the legislation to be voted on. A major bill such as the Securities Law can take years to draft, and a bill sometimes will not be put before a final vote if there is significant opposition to the measure either within the Congress or by deputies in the Standing Committee. Like all official organs,
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#17327717395785766-563: The focus on developing industry, northeast China was the region which received the greatest share of state funds during the First Plan. The First Five-Year Plan phrased its developmental focus in the terminology of revolution. It attributed the backwards state of China's economy to contradictions between the developing productive forces and the capitalist relations of production . Agriculture, fishing, and forestry would be collectivized. Regarding commercial and services industries,
5859-533: The focus. During the 10th Five-Year Plan, the strategic purpose of planning shifted from narrow, quantitative growth targets to coordinating structural and qualitative changes in economic and social growth targets. The Plan described science, technology, and human resources as decisive areas to improve for China to catch-up with the most advanced countries. Focuses included growing the services sector, developing domestic economic demand, rural urbanization, and western development. Environmental sustainability
5952-406: The full Congress or the NPCSC. The NPC elects and appoints top-level positions in the Chinese state. The following positions are elected: The following positions are appointed: Elections and appointments differ in that elections can theoretically be competitive with multiple candidates submitted by the Presidium, or with write-in votes by the delegates, while the delegates can only vote for
6045-399: The government would invest 70 billion yuan in infrastructure construction, equaling total national investment over the previous 28 years. These were impossible targets and ran counter to economic development rules. The Plan put forward suggestions to set up an independent and comparatively complete industrial system and national economic system from 1978 to 1980. With the implementation of
6138-456: The leadership under Chairman Mao Zedong , Premier Zhou Enlai , and other revolutionary veterans sought to implement what they termed a socialist transformation of China. The First Five-Year Plan was deeply influenced by Soviet methodologies and assistance from Soviet planners. Industrial development was the primary goal. With Soviet assistance in the form of both funds and experts, China began to develop industries from scratch. Consistent with
6231-450: The light of a possible big war, actively preparing for conflicts and speeding up construction in three key areas; national defense, science and technology, and industry and transport infrastructure. The turn towards a greater emphasis on developing heavy industries and national defense industries was prompted by the Gulf of Tonkin incident , which increased fears among Chinese leadership that
6324-503: The meetings of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a consultative body whose members represent various social groups. As the NPC and the CPPCC are the main deliberative bodies of China, they are often referred to as the Two Sessions ( Lianghui ). According to the NPC, its annual meetings provide an opportunity for the officers of state to review past policies and to present future plans to
6417-424: The military. Since the 6th NPC, Taiwan has been given 6 deputies at the NPC. The military sends its own delegation to the NPC, which is elected by servicemember election committees of top-level military subdivisions, including the PLA's theater commands and service branches. After the People's Armed Police (PAP) was placed under the command of the Central Military Commission in 2018, the PLA and PAP have formed
6510-481: The most prominent examples of this approach. Through the Five-Year Plans, the CCP and the government establish their policy priorities. Five-Year Plans continue to be a central means of organizing policy in China, especially in the areas of environmental protection , education , and industrial policy . The initial formulation of a Five-Year Plan begins with fairly short, general guidelines prepared by
6603-483: The nation. Due to the temporary nature of the plenary sessions, most of NPC's power is delegated to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC), which consists of about 170 legislators and meets in continuous bi-monthly sessions, when its parent NPC is not in session. Membership to the congress is part-time in nature and carries no pay. Delegates to the National People's Congress are allowed to hold seats in other bodies of government simultaneously and
6696-494: The next NPC, a practice followed by all subsequent NPC meetings. Per the Election Law, the NPCSC is authorized to allocate the quota seats to each provincial delegation based on the "population and distribution". The law also requires that each of China's 55 official ethnic minorities have at least one elected deputy to Congress. For the first three NPCs, there was a special delegation for returned overseas Chinese, but this
6789-400: The next largest delegation is Shandong , with 173 deputies. A 150-seat quota for ethnic minorities was enacted in China's first election law in 1953. The 1982 constitution mandates that every ethnic minority should have "an appropriate number of delegates". The 5th NPC abandoned an explicit quota for ethnic minorities, substituting it with an allocation of "approximately 12%" of all seats for
6882-428: The official nominee in appointments. However, nearly all of the elections are non-competitive with a single candidate, with only elections for the regular members of the NPCSC being competitive since 1988. The election and appointments for high-ranking posts are effectively decided secretly within the CCP months in advance, with NPC delegates having no say in these decisions. Elections in extraordinary circumstances have
6975-504: The other parties in plenary session, the same process is applied. In contrast to ordinary legislation, in which the Legislation Law largely directs the process, the process for constitutional revision is largely described by CCP documents. In addition to passing legislation, the NPCSC interacts with local governments through its constitutional review process. In contrast with other jurisdictions by which constitutional enforcement
7068-404: The party and the NPC typically includes all of the senior officials in Chinese politics. However, membership of the Standing Committee is often full-time and carries a salary, and Standing Committee members are not allowed to simultaneously hold positions in executive, judicial, prosecutorial or supervisory posts. Under China's Constitution , the NPC is structured as a unicameral legislature, with
7161-538: The power to amend the Constitution, legislate and oversee the operations of the government, and elect the major officers of the National Supervisory Commission , the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate , the Central Military Commission , and the state. The current National People's Congress can trace its origins to the Chinese Soviet Republic beginning in 1931 where
7254-497: The proposed nominees and the selection process to the delegates. The delegates are then granted the short bios of the candidates, and given time for "deliberations and consultations", or simply "deliberations" for the appointed positions. The NPC's other legislative work is creating legislation on, examining, and reviewing major national issues of concern presented to the Congress by either the CCP Central Committee,
7347-439: The provincial level; local legislatures which are indirectly elected at all levels except the county-level. The CCP controls the nomination and election processes at every level in the people's congress system. The National People's Congress meets in full session for roughly two weeks each year and votes on important pieces of legislation and personnel assignments, among other things. These sessions are usually timed to occur with
7440-401: The reorganization and cooperation achieved through cooperative farming. Although urbanization had not been a specific goal of the plan's focus on industrialization, industrialization also prompted extensive urban growth. By 1956, China had completed its socialist transformation of the domestic economy. This plan was created to accomplish several tasks, including: The Political Bureau of
7533-514: The richest 3% in the United States Congress at the time). Before each plenary meeting of the NPC, a preparatory meeting is held, where a Presidium and a Secretary-General for the session is elected. The Presidium presides over the NPC plenary meetings, determining its daily schedule, decides whether to list a delegate's bill on the agenda, hear delegate deliberation reports and decides whether to put an item to vote, nominates
7626-436: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ninth Five-Year Plan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninth_Five-Year_Plan&oldid=780839569 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
7719-586: The services industry in order to increase employment and continue urbanization to help raise real wages . Continuing themes from the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan also sought to boost the services sector, increase urbanization, and expand the social safety net to reduce precautionary savings. It also emphasized innovation, the completion of building a moderately prosperous society , and started
7812-469: The social safety net to reduce precautionary savings. To address the aging of China's population , the Plan seeks to expand healthcare and retirement system initiatives. The Plan also emphasizes high-tech innovation. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Country Studies . Federal Research Division . National People%27s Congress The National People's Congress ( NPC )
7905-460: The sole power to "enact and amend basic criminal and civil laws, basic laws governing the State organs, and other basic laws". To do this, the NPC acts in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the People's Republic in regards to its legislative activities. When the congress is in recess, its Standing Committee enacts all legislation presented to it by the CCP Central Committee, the State Council,
7998-429: The vast majority of China's laws, and has the powers to conduct oversight over governmental bodies, appoint or remove top-level personnel that are not in the national-level, ratifies treaties, grant special amnesties, and confer state honors. A number of administrative bodies have also been established under the Standing Committee to provide support for the day-to-day operation of the NPC. These include: In addition to
8091-413: The very high goals triggered the onset of yet another round of mistakes. In December 1978, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party shifted the work focus of the CCP to modernization. The Session emphasized that the development should follow economic rules and proposed readjustment and reform measures, which indicated that national economic development had entered
8184-459: Was actually born in Taiwan ( Chen Yunying , wife of economist Justin Yifu Lin ); the remainder are "second-generation Taiwan compatriots", whose parents or grandparents came from Taiwan. Delegations from Taiwan are chosen by "consultative election meetings" composed of 120 "compatriots of Taiwanese ancestry" hailing from various provinces in China, the central government and party agencies, and
8277-475: Was again mainly focused on the drafting of the Plan. It was only in December that year that the fifth meeting of the 5th National People's Congress officially ratified the Plan. The Sixth Five-Year Plan was the first to address government policy support for solar PV panel manufacturing. Policy support for solar panel manufacturing has been a part of every Five-Year Plan since. In late September 1985,
8370-407: Was also addressed. Goals included increasing forest coverage to 18.2%, and the urban green rate to 35%. The total amount of major urban and rural pollutants discharged were targeted for a 10% reduction as compared with 2000, and more measures would be taken to protect and save natural resources. The planning philosophy for the 11th Five-Year Plan was significantly shaped by a mid-term evaluation of
8463-502: Was also in sharp contrast to the rapid industrialization seen in the First Five-Year Plan. The Third Plan was originally due early in 1963, but at that time China's economy was too dislocated, as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward and four poor harvests to permit any planned operations. No five-year plan ultimately covered the period 1963–1965. As initially conceived, the Third Five Year Plan emphasized further development in China's already more developed coastal areas and
8556-400: Was eliminated starting in the 4th NPC, and although overseas Chinese remain a recognized group in the NPC, they are now scattered among the various delegations. The Hurun Report has tracked the wealth of some of the NPC's delegates: in 2018, the 153 delegates classed by the report as "super rich" (including China's wealthiest person, Ma Huateng ) had a combined wealth of $ 650 billion. This
8649-414: Was up from a combined wealth of $ 500 billion for the wealthiest 209 delegates in 2017, when (according to state media) 20% of delegates were private entrepreneurs. In 2013, 90 delegates were among the richest 1000 Chinese, each having a net worth of at least 1.8 billion yuan ($ 289.4 million). This richest 3% of delegates' average net worth was $ 1.1 billion (compared to an average net worth of $ 271 million for
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