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38-645: The other ships of the Columbus expedition were the caravel-type Pinta and the carrack -type Santa María . Niña was by far Columbus's favorite. She was originally lateen sail rigged caravela latina , but she was re-rigged as a caravela redonda at Las Palmas , in the Canary Islands , with square sails for better ocean performance. There is no authentic documentation on the specifics of Niña ' s design, although Michele de Cuneo, who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, mentioned that Niña

76-424: A hoe for agriculture and horticulture . Two basic forms of an adze are the hand adze (short hoe)—a short-handled tool swung with one hand—and the foot adze (hoe)—a long-handled tool capable of powerful swings using both hands, the cutting edge usually striking at foot or shin level. A similar tool is called a mattock , which differs by having two blades, one perpendicular to the handle and one parallel. The adze

114-427: A pin pole . There are a number of specialist, short-handled adzes used by coopers , wainwrights , and chair makers, and in bowl and trough making. Many of these have shorter handles for control and more curve in the head to allow better clearance for shorter cuts. During the communist period of Bulgaria, a new multi-use woodworking adze, called Теслà ( Teslà ), emerged. It has a sharpened edge perpendicular to

152-586: A length of 73.2 m (240 ft), and a crew of 300 sailors, 120 gunners, and up to 1,000 soldiers. Peter von Danzig of the Hanseatic League was built in 1462 and was 51 m (167 ft) long. Another large ship, the English carrack Grace Dieu , was built during the period 1420–1439, was 66.4 m (218 ft) long, and displaced between 1,400 tons and 2,750 tons. Ships built in Europe in

190-811: A plethora of other cash and subsistence crops . Prehistoric Māori adzes from New Zealand were for wood carving , typically made from pounamu sourced from the South Island. During the Māori Archaic period found on the North Island were commonly made from greywacke from Motutapu Island or basalt from Ōpito Bay in the Coromandel , similar to adzes constructed on other Pacific Islands. Early period notched adzes found in Northland were primarily made of argillite quarried from locations around

228-426: Is basically an adze iron with a directly attached handle. The D-handle, therefore, provides no mechanical leverage. Northwest coast adzes are often classified by size and iron shape vs. role. As with European adzes, iron shapes include straight, gutter and lipped. Where larger Northwest adzes are similar in size to their European counterparts, the smaller sizes are typically much lighter such that they can be used for

266-526: Is depicted in ancient Egyptian art from the Old Kingdom onward. Originally the adze blades were made of stone, but already in the Predynastic Period copper adzes had all but replaced those made of flint. Stone blades were fastened to the handle by tying and early bronze blades continued this simple construction. It was not until the later Bronze Age that the handle passes through an eye at

304-459: Is similar in form to a European adze with the haft constructed from a natural crooked branch which approximately forms a 60% angle. The thin end is used as the handle and the thick end is flattened and notched such that an adze iron can be lashed to it. Modern hafts are sometimes constructed from a sawed blank with a dowel added for strength at the crook. The second form is the D-handle adze which

342-582: Is unknown. The origin of the ship is disputed but is believed to have been built in Spain in the year 1441. She was later rebuilt for use by Christopher Columbus . La Pinta was square rigged and smaller than Santa María . The ship displaced approximately 60 tons, with an estimated deck length of 17 meters (56 ft) and a width of 5.36 meters (17.6 ft). The crew size was 26 men under Captain Martín Alonso Pinzón . The other ships of

380-640: The Canary Islands on 12 August 1492, and continued westward. Landfall was made in the Bahamas at dawn on 12 October 1492. On 14 February 1493, in the east of the Azores , a storm threatened to capsize Niña , and at Columbus's instigation, he and the crew took a series of vows to perform certain acts including religious pilgrimages upon their return to Spain. Niña reached Lisbon , Portugal , on 4 March 1493, and arrived in Palos de la Frontera on 15 March 1493. On

418-652: The Colonial Williamsburg cultural center in Virginia , United States. However, the traditional adze has largely been replaced by the sawmill and the powered plane , at least in industrialised cultures. It remains in use for some specialist crafts, for example by coopers . Adzes are also in current use by artists such as Northwest Coast American and Canadian Indigenous sculptors doing totem pole carving, as well as masks and bowls. "Adzes are used for removing heavy waste, leveling, shaping, or trimming

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456-464: The Hanseatic League , built in 1462, 51 m (167 ft) in length, and the English carrack Grace Dieu , built during the period 1420–1439, weighing between 1,400 and 2,750 tons, and 66.4 m (218 ft) long, in both weight and length. On Columbus's first expedition, Niña carried 26 men, captained by Vicente Yáñez Pinzón . They left Palos de la Frontera on 3 August 1492, stopping at

494-529: The Marlborough and Nelson regions. At the same time on Henderson Island , a small coral island in eastern Polynesia lacking any rock other than limestone , native populations may have fashioned giant clamshells into adzes. American Northwest coast native peoples traditionally used adzes for both functional construction (from bowls to canoes) and art (from masks to totem poles). Northwest coast adzes take two forms: hafted and D-handle. The hafted form

532-616: The 15th century were designed to sail the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean coastlines. Columbus' smaller-sized ships were considered riskier on the open ocean than larger ships. This made it difficult to recruit crew members, and a small number were jailed prisoners given a light sentence if they would sail with Columbus. Most of the commerce of the time was the coastal commerce of the Mediterranean, so it

570-416: The 15th century. They built it from heavy, teredo-resistant Brazilian hardwoods using only adzes , axes, hand saws, and chisels. The sails were designed by Nance using square main sails and two aft lateen sails as were used by ships of this size at the end of the 15th century. The crew of Niña say that it can make about 5–7 knots (9.3–13.0 km/h; 5.8–8.1 mph), which is quicker than older designs of

608-657: The Columbian Naval Review of 1893. Along with replicas of Santa María and La Niña , it participated in the review. Replicas are on display in two locations in Spain: In 2008, a replica of La Pinta , although 15 feet (4.5 m) longer and 8 feet (2.4 m) wider than the original, was launched by the Christopher Columbus Foundation. This ship weighs about 100 tons and often sails alongside an authentic replica of La Niña , which

646-608: The Columbus expedition were La Niña (real name Santa Clara ) and Santa María . There are no known contemporary likenesses of Columbus's ships. Santa María (also known as the Gallega ) was the largest, of a type known as a carrack ( carraca in Spanish), or by the Portuguese term nau . La Niña and La Pinta were smaller. They were called caravels, a name then given to the smallest three-masted vessels. Columbus once used

684-899: The Maritime Park, Pensacola. The replicas of Niña and Pinta were built in Valença, Brazil using the same methods as the 15th century Portuguese . Other replicas are located in Andalusia, Spain (at El Puerto de Santa María and at the Wharf of the Caravels in Palos de la Frontera). A replica had been harbored in Corpus Christi, Texas in the United States, but it sank on April 23, 2017—from Hurricane Harvey . The historic San Francisco restaurant Bernstein's Fish Grotto

722-620: The Mouth ceremony , intended to convey power over their senses to statues and mummies. It was apparently the foreleg of a freshly sacrificed bull or cow with which the mouth was touched. As Iron Age technology moved south into Africa with migrating ancient Egyptians, they carried their technology with them, including adzes. To this day, iron adzes are used all over rural Africa for various purposes—from digging pit latrines, and chopping firewood, to tilling crop fields—whether they are of maize (corn), coffee, tea, pyrethrum, beans, millet, yams, or

760-412: The cutting edge 3 to 4 + 1 / 2 inches (75–115 mm) wide. On the modern, steel adze the cutting edge may be flat for smoothing work to very rounded for hollowing work such as bowls, gutters and canoes. The shoulders or sides of an adze may be curved called a lipped adze , used for notching. The end away from the cutting edge is called the pole and be of different shapes, generally flat or

798-781: The desired shape was obtained. It was then fixed to a natural grown angled wood with resin and plant fibers. A variety of minerals were used. Imported steel axes or machetes have now entirely replaced these tools for decades in even the remotest parts of New Guinea. Indeed, even before the first foreign missionaries or colonial officials arrived in the New Guinea Highlands, inhabitants had already obtained steel tools through trade with their neighbors. Stone tools are sometimes manufactured to be sold as curios to tourists. Modern adzes are made from steel with wooden handles , and enjoy limited use: occasionally in semi-industrial areas, but particularly by "revivalists" such as those at

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836-486: The detailed smoothing, shaping and surface texturing required for figure carving. Final surfacing is sometimes performed with a crooked knife . Ground stone adzes used to be produced by a variety of people in Western New Guinea (Indonesia), Papua New Guinea and some of the smaller Islands of Melanesia and Micronesia . The hardstone would have been ground on a riverine rock with the help of water until

874-745: The era. The replica weighs 75 tons. In 1991, the replica sailed to Costa Rica to take part in the filming of 1492: Conquest of Paradise , and Niña has visited hundreds of North America ports to give the public a chance to see and tour the ship. The vessel continues to visit ports across the Eastern to mid-United States along with its sister replica ship, Pinta . On 16 September 2020 the ship went adrift after her dock broke up in Hurricane Sally at Pensacola, Florida . Her anchor line later snapped causing her to go ashore in Pensacola Bay near

912-404: The first voyage to America, the crew of Niña slept on the deck but adopted the use of hammocks after seeing Native Americans utilizing them. On September 25, 1493, the caravel La Niña was part of the flotilla of Columbus' second voyage. Already in the new lands, she left as captain of an exploration trip in which the southern coast of Cuba and Jamaica were discovered. On June 30, 1494, during

950-404: The handle, resembling an adze, but it is also used like a carpenter's hammer. On the back of the head is a textured poll for driving nails, and on the front is a V-shaped hole used for prying, to extract the bent nails. Some urban legends say that Bulgarian migrant workers always carry their adzes with them so they can do construction work more efficiently due to the lack of Western equivalent of

988-632: The return of this trip, La Niña hit bottom and suffered damage. In the summer of 1495 at the port of Isabela, in Hispaniola, a cyclone damaged the Niña, and sank all the other moored ships. The caravel Santa Cruz was then built following the model of La Niña to replace the sunken ships. The Santa Cruz , also known as La India , was the first ship built in America by the Spanish. On June 11, 1496,

1026-480: The review. A replica of Niña (based upon theory; there are no known contemporary likenesses of any of the three ships) now sails around the world. The 4-masted replica Niña was built 1988-1991 by engineer and naval researcher John Patrick Sarsfield, British naval historian Jonathan Morton Nance, and a group of master shipbuilders in Bahia, Brazil who were still using design and construction techniques dating back to

1064-484: The ship allowed Martín Alonso Pinzón to take over the ship so he could keep an eye on it. La Pinta was a caravel -type vessel. By tradition Spanish ships were named after saints and usually given nicknames. Thus, La Pinta , like La Niña , was not the ship's actual name; La Niña's actual name was the Santa Clara . The Santa María ' s original nickname was La Gallega . The actual original name of La Pinta

1102-426: The surfaces of timber" and boards. Generally, the user stands astride a board or log and swings the adze downwards between his feet, chipping off pieces of wood, moving backwards as they go and leaving a relatively smooth surface behind. Foot adzes are most commonly known as shipbuilder's or carpenter's adzes. They range in size from 00 to 5 being 3 + 1 / 4  to 4 + 3 / 4 pounds (1.5–2.2 kg) with

1140-516: The top of the blade. Examples of Egyptian adzes can be found in museums and on the Petrie Museum website. A depiction of an adze was also used as a hieroglyph , representing the consonants stp , "chosen", and used as: ...Pharaoh XX, chosen of God/Goddess YY... The ahnetjer ( Manuel de Codage transliteration: aH-nTr ) depicted as an adze-like instrument, was used in the Opening of

1178-458: The vessel returned to Spain with Columbus on board, as flagship. Niña was then chartered for an unauthorized voyage to Rome . She was captured by a pirate corsair when leaving the port of Cagliari and brought to Cape Pula , Sardinia. The Captain, Alonso Medel, escaped with a few men. He stole a boat, rowed back to Niña , and made sail, returning to Cádiz . In 1498, she returned to Hispaniola as advance guard of Columbus's Third Voyage. She

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1216-509: The word for a vessel of forty tons, but it generally applied in Portuguese or Spanish use to a vessel ranging from 120 to 140 Spanish "toneles". This word represents a capacity about one-tenth larger than that expressed by the modern English "ton". La Niña , La Pinta , and Santa María were not the largest ships in Europe at the time. They were small trade ships surpassed in size by ships like Great Michael , built in Scotland in 1511 with

1254-411: Was " about 60 toneladas" (60 tons), which may indicate a medium-sized caravel of around 50 feet (15 m) in length on deck. Often said to have had three masts, there is some evidence she may have had four masts. Niña , like Pinta and Santa María , was a smaller trade ship built to sail the Mediterranean sea, not the open ocean. It was greatly surpassed in size by ships like Peter von Danzig of

1292-472: Was an open vessel, and the two larger were decked. Columbus himself took command of Santa María , Martin Alonso Pinzon of La Pinta , and his brothers, Francis Martin and Vicente Yanez, of La Niña . The whole company in all three ships likely numbered 90 men (Santa Maria 40, La Nina 24, La Pinta 26) although some historians cite 120 men. A replica of La Pinta was built by the Spanish government for

1330-530: Was better if ships did not draw much water. As it sailed, the fleet of Columbus consisted of Gallega (the Galician ), which he changed to Santa María , La Pinta and La Niña . Of these the first was about 100 tons, the second about 70 tons. La Niña was smaller, not more than 50 tons. One writer says that they were all without full decks, that is, that such decks as they had did not extend from stem to stern. Other authorities, however, speak as if La Niña only

1368-467: Was designed to look like Niña . Pinta (ship) La Pinta ( Spanish for The Painted One , The Look , or The Spotted One ) was the fastest of the three Spanish ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first transatlantic voyage in 1492. The New World was first sighted by Rodrigo de Triana aboard La Pinta on 12 October 1492. The owner of La Pinta was Cristóbal Quintero. The Quintero brothers were ship owners from Palos. The owner of

1406-552: Was launched in 1991. Pinta in the Galapagos Islands is named for the ship and Pinzón Island for its captain. Adze An adze ( / æ d z / ) or adz is an ancient and versatile cutting tool similar to an axe but with the cutting edge perpendicular to the handle rather than parallel. Adzes have been used since the Stone Age . They are used for smoothing or carving wood in hand woodworking , and as

1444-513: Was lying in wait at Santo Domingo in 1500. In 1501, she made a trading voyage to the Pearl Coast on the island of Cubagua , Venezuela , and no further log of her is found in historic archives. Niña logged at least 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km) under Columbus' command. A replica of Niña was built by the Spanish government for the Columbian Naval Review of 1893. Along with replicas of Santa María and Pinta she participated in

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