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76-722: The Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory (German: Porzellan Manufaktur Nymphenburg ) is located at the Nördliches Schloßrondell (northern palace circle) in one of the Cavalier Houses in front of the Nymphenburg Palace in Munich , Germany, and since its establishment in 1747 has produced porcelain of high quality. It is one of the last porcelain producers in the world where every single part

152-766: A commission as a lieutenant in the 6th Jägerbattalion . A year later, he entered the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , where he studied law and economics. When he was eighteen, he automatically became a member of the Senate of the Bavarian Legislature as a prince of the royal house. In 1866, Bavaria was allied with the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War . Ludwig held the rank of Oberleutnant . He

228-475: A determining break in the continuity of the king's rule in the opinion of historians, particularly as this change had been granted by the Landtag as a House of Representatives. Historians believe this marked a definitive step toward a modern constitutional monarchy with the king as a figurehead . Bavaria had already taken a step toward full parliamentary government a year earlier, when Georg von Hertling headed

304-814: A fountain building by Adolf von Hildebrand ). Within the park, a number of pavilions - palaces en miniature - were built: The architecture of the garden pavilions was influential for other architecture in Germany. So the Wittelsbach Falkenlust Palace was built in the style of the Amalienburg while the Pagodenburg served as prototype for the building of the same name in Rastatt . The main building alone has more than 300,000 visitors per year. Nymphenburg Palace has as many visitors as

380-625: A grand circle (the Schlossrondell ) of Baroque mansions (the so-called Kavaliershäuschen – cavalier's lodges), erected under Maximilian Emanuel's son Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII Albert in the palace's driveway. His son Prince-Elector Maximilian III founded the Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory in 1747, to this day housed in one of these cavalier's lodges. Its fashionable Rococo products by porcelain sculptors Franz Anton Bustelli and Dominik Auliczek made

456-568: A lifelong friendship. Today, Nymphenburg is open to the public but also continues to be a home and chancery for the head of the House of Wittelsbach , currently Franz, Duke of Bavaria . The palace, together with its park, is now one of the most famous sights of Munich. The baroque facades comprise an overall width of about 700 metres. Some rooms still show their original baroque decoration while others were later redesigned in rococo or neoclassical style. The Steinerner Saal (Stone Hall) in

532-895: A member of the Chamber of the Reichsräte . In 1870 he voted as a member of the Bundesrat for the acceptance of the November treaties to join the North German Confederation . In 1871 he ran unsuccessfully for the first Reichstag elections as a candidate of the Bavarian Patriot Party. In 1906 he supported the Bavarian electoral reform, which the SPD founder August Bebel praised: "The German people, if

608-652: A model farm. He was also very interested in technology, particularly water power. In 1891 at his initiation, the Bavarian Canal Society was established. In 1896 Prince Ludwig was appointed honorary member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . As a prince of the royal house he was automatically a member of the Senate of the Bavarian legislature ; there he was a great supporter of the direct right to vote. Since 23 June 1863 already, Ludwig had been

684-452: A result of this revolution, the Bavarian throne was abolished along with the other monarchies of the German states, ending the House of Wittelsbach 's 738-year reign over Bavaria. Fearing that he might be a victim of an assassination, Ludwig fled to Hungary, Liechtenstein and then Switzerland. He returned to Bavaria in 1920 and lived at Wildenwart Castle. Ludwig would die shortly after, when he

760-556: Is located in one of the houses of the northern roundabouts and can be visited only by written appointment. In the adjoining Outer South Wing of the castle is a restaurant with beer garden. The Inner Northern Pavilion , the later so-called Crown Prince Building , is generally inaccessible. Here was Max Emanuel's appartement de parade and its representative rooms are today used by the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund . The upper floors serve as living quarters for

836-559: Is made entirely by hand. After his accession in 1745 Maximilian III Joseph, Prince-Elector of Bavaria , commanded the establishment of manufacturing companies in order to bail out the state finances. On 11 November 1747 the first manufactory with potters and modelling shops, painting and writing rooms was set up at the Grüne Schlössl , Neudeck Castle formerly located in the area of the modern day Munich borough of Au-Haidhausen . Not until 1754 after Joseph Jakob Ringler had mastered

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912-536: Is the Drechsel Cabinet (turnery cabinet) of Maximilian III Joseph , designed by François de Cuvilliés. Three rooms further to the north were created under Charles Theodore with the widening of the gallery wing. In the first room there are now more portraits of ladies from the Great Gallery of Beauties of Max Emanuel, the second one is decorated with a pile rug with the coats of arms of Bavaria and

988-667: The Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes , which rents them out to the respective operator. The Nymphenburg Porcelain Museum (the Bäuml Collection, founded by a former owner of the manufactory), is located on the upper floor of the Marstallmuseum in the left wing of the palace itself. Over 1,000 exhibits, beginning in 1747, are on display. Showpieces are the figures from

1064-675: The Commedia dell'arte with their baroque costumes were redressed as fashionistas in collaboration with fashion designers such as Christian Lacroix or Vivienne Westwood . Some celebrities such as Kate Moss and Damien Hirst also ordered sculptures of themselves or their works of art. Elton John is also a customer. It is planned to rent out a luxury suite on the factory premises on a daily basis, which will be furnished with decorative objects, wall lamps, centerpieces and porcelain pictures, for example for wedding couples or culture-conscious holidaymakers. Nymphenburg Palace The palace

1140-526: The Commedia dell’arte by Franz Anton Bustelli and the figures by Dominik Auliczek from 1770. The current owner of the Nypmphenburg Porcelain Manufactory, Luitpold Prince of Bavaria, presents the service of his great-grandfather King Ludwig III of Bavaria from his private collection. Nymphenburg Palace is known to have been the working place of artists and sculptors like Hanns Goebl and William Brand. Guided tours through

1216-682: The Cue sports and the Jeu de Passe , a ball game inspired by Pall-mall , which was invented by Max Emanuel himself and was played indoors and outdoors. Today the Duke of Bavaria's administration is located here. It is connected to the north wing by the northern corridor of 1739. Since 1990, the Museum of Man and Nature has been housed in the North Wing . The Hubertus Hall upstairs served for concerts. Today

1292-474: The Munich Residence and more than Schleissheim Palace , though the castles of King Ludwig II, especially Neuschwanstein , are more frequented. Museums: Schloss Nymphenburg is accessible by Munich public transport's tram number 17. This line passes through the city centre, including Stachus and the main train station. Between 1936 and 1939 open air events called "Nacht der Amazonen" ( Night of

1368-488: The Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory . In 1792, Elector Charles Theodor opened the park for the public. For a long time, the palace was the favourite summer residence of the rulers of Bavaria. King Max I Joseph died there in 1825 and his great-grandson King Ludwig II was born there in 1845. In 1863, the only meeting between Ludwig and Otto von Bismarck was held in Nymphenburg, although they remained connected in

1444-463: The central pavilion , with ceiling frescoes by Johann Baptist Zimmermann and F. Zimmermann and decorations by François de Cuvilliés , is an impressive sight. Acting as a grand hall, it occupies over three floors of the central pavilion of the palace. The central ceiling fresco is Helios in his chariot, accompanied by other gods. North of the Stone Hall, there is the wood-panelled antechamber,

1520-569: The Amazons ) were performed. These shows in the park comprised 2000 players with international stars, bare-breasted girls and included also members of the SS Cavalry under Hermann Fegelein . The palace and its park were some of the main filming locations of Alain Resnais 's 1961 movie Last Year at Marienbad . Ludwig , a 1972 film directed by Italian director Luchino Visconti about

1596-618: The Bavarian Army, eventually settling into the 16th Reserve Bavarian Infantry Regiment, where he served the remainder of the war. However, this account is based on Hitler's recollections in Mein Kampf . Historian Ian Kershaw holds that Hitler's story is simply not credible on its face, due to the remarkable bureaucratic effort it would have required to attend to this minor matter during days of extreme crisis. Kershaw suggests that bureaucratic error, rather than bureaucratic efficiency,

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1672-626: The Bavarian coat of arms is a popular gift from companies or the Bavarian state government. Porcelain dogs of various breeds are also popular. Furthermore, modern to avant-garde service or decorative objects are produced, whereby the patterns are not designed by an in-house development department, but rather well-known contemporary designers and artists are commissioned with the designs. In the 21st century, these have included Konstantin Grcic , Hella Jongerius , Kiki Smith , Joep van Lieshout , Olaf Nicolai and Carsten Höller . The classical figurines of

1748-652: The Bavarian parliament passed a law allowing him to do so, Ludwig deposed Otto and assumed the throne for himself. He led Bavaria during World War I . His short reign was seen as championing conservative causes and he was influenced by the Catholic encyclical Rerum novarum . After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 , the German Empire was dissolved and the Weimar Republic was created. As

1824-662: The Former Bedroom with portraits of Max Emanuel and his consort Theresa Kunegunda. Here too, the original Baroque ceilings have survived. The walls of the so-called lacquer cabinet that adjoins the bedroom are almost completely covered with Chinese panels showing scenes from a Chinese novel. The stucco was done by Franz Xaver Feuchtmayer the Younger . Behind the south gallery are the Writing Cabinet and Antechamber of Elector Charles Theodore, which were created with

1900-809: The Hubertus Hall, the Orangery Hall, and the Johannis Hall in the North Wing as well as the Iron House in the park can be booked for parties, concerts, conferences and other functions. From 1835 the Mary Ward Elementary School was in the adjoining Outer North Wing of the castle. Founded by Mary Ward , it paved the way for a better education for girls. Mary Ward came after travelling from Rome to Munich in 1627 and

1976-691: The Kaiser were to be chosen from one of the German princes, would presumably elect Wittelsbach Ludwig and not Prussia's Wilhelm." On 12 December 1912, Ludwig's father Luitpold died. Luitpold had been an active participant in the deposition of his nephew, King Ludwig II , and had also acted as prince regent for his other nephew, King Otto . Although Otto had nominally been king since 1886, he had been under medical supervision since 1883 and it had long been understood that he would never be mentally capable of actively reigning. Ludwig III immediately succeeded his father as regent. Almost immediately, certain elements in

2052-478: The Palatinate (known as "coat of arms room"), while the third room contains portraits of Charles Theodore and both his consorts Elisabeth Auguste and Maria Leopoldine . South of the Stone Hall are inversely to the northern rooms of the main building, the hall with the portrait of Charles Albert , the audience room with the portrait of the founding couple Ferdinand Maria and his consort Henriette Adelaide and

2128-654: The Royal Household and of the Exterior and President of the Council of Ministers on 11 November 1917, a title equivalent to Prime Minister of Bavaria. Accused of showing blind loyalty to Prussia, Ludwig became increasingly unpopular during the war. As the war drew to a close, the German Revolution broke out in Bavaria. Already discussed since September 1917, on 2 November 1918, an extensive constitutional reform

2204-536: The Southern Cabinet Garden where François de Cuvilliés built an octagonal bird house in 1757. Two lakes are situated on both sides of the canal. The "Dörfchen" was created under Maximilian III Joseph as Petit hameau . The "Salettl" (1799), a cottage with its little garden nearby close to the former menagerie served as attraction for the children of Maximilian IV Joseph. The garden wall (1730–1735) preserves several Ha-ha effects. A passage close to

2280-452: The adjacent geranium house in 1816. The garden parterre is still a visible feature of the French garden. As part of the transformation of the entire castle grounds by Sckell it was simplified, but retained its original size. The "Grand Cascade" was built by Joseph Effner in 1717. He was referring to a concept of François Roëttiers. The water falls in the middle of a two-part water staircase,

2356-470: The audience chamber decorated with Brussels tapestries and the former bedroom with the so-called Little Beauty Gallery with the ladies of Versailles , all rooms were remodelled under Maximilian II Emanuel in the style of the Régence but retain their original Baroque ceilings. Here are on display portraits of the elector and his wife Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska . The bedroom closes the park side, next to it

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2432-464: The centre pavilion by two gallery wings. In 1716, Joseph Effner redesigned the facade of the centre pavilion in French Baroque style with pilasters . Later, the south section of the palace was further extended to build the court stables (1719). For the sake of balance, the orangery building was added to the north which was only completed in 1758. Finally, Nymphenburg Palace was completed with

2508-572: The city of Antwerp in Belgium, to receive an access to the sea). His hidden agenda was to maintain the balance of power between Prussia and Bavaria within the German Empire after a victory. A spurious story holds that, a day or two after Germany's declaration of war, Ludwig received a petition from a 25-year-old Austrian, asking for permission to join the Bavarian Army . The petition was promptly granted, and Adolf Hitler thereupon joined

2584-574: The city to the palace forms the Cour d'honneur , the centre was designed by Effner as a water parterre with a fountain, cascade and branching canals on both sides. The driveway ("Auffahrtsallee") from the city on both sides of the eastern canal is framed by a semicircle of smaller baroque buildings ("Kavalierhäuser") at the Cour d'honneur. The eastern endpoint of the canal is the Hubertusbrunnen (1903,

2660-445: The complex processes of production, regular manufacture of porcelain finally began to succeed. In the same year the rococo porcelain sculptor Franz Anton Bustelli came to work at the factory. In 1755 the factory received its first commission from the Bavarian court and in 1756 came the first success in painting the porcelain in colour. The skillful management of lawyer and entrepreneur Count Sigmund von Haimhausen ensured that by 1758

2736-655: The death of her uncle Francis in 1875, Maria Theresa inherited his Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland, and is called either Queen Mary IV and III or Queen Mary III by Jacobites. Throughout his life, Ludwig took a great interest in agriculture. From 1868, he was the Honorary President of the Central Committee of the Bavarian Agricultural Society. In 1875, he bought Leutstetten Castle and made it

2812-562: The factory can be arranged by prior appointment. The factory now has around 60 employees and production is carried out exclusively by hand. Most of the employees working in the turning, painting, kiln and gilding workshops have artistic training and learn traditional craft techniques in a three-year training course within the manufactory. The manufactory has almost all historical archive samples and produces entire services or missing parts based on these samples to order. If desired, old patterns are also modernized. The traditional porcelain lion with

2888-477: The factory has been leased by the Free State of Bavaria to the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund (Wittelsbacher Ausgleichsfonds), a holding in the form of a foundation in the hands of the former royal family. In 2011 the lease contract was taken over by Prince Luitpold of Bavaria as owner of Königliche Porzellan Manufaktur Nymphenburg GmbH & Co. KG . The historic production buildings since 1761 now belong to

2964-452: The factory was placed on a sound commercial footing. In 1761 the manufacture moved to a Cavalier house , a prestigious two-storey hipped roof building with a semicircular risalit center and structured plaster on the grand circle near the main entrance of the Nymphenburg Palace , where it is still located today. Among the artists who followed Bustelli were Dominik Auliczek the elder (1734–1804) and Johann Peter Melchior . A great promoter of

3040-398: The famous attraction Gallery of Beauties of King Ludwig I of Bavaria . On behalf of the king the court painter Joseph Karl Stieler has portrayed 36 beautiful women from all social classes of Munich, the best known of these are the shoemaker's daughter Helene Sedlmayr and Ludwig's infamous mistress Lola Montez . In the nearby Queen's bedroom one can see where King Ludwig II of Bavaria

3116-669: The first government that depended on a majority in the legislature. Ludwig's short reign was conservative and influenced by the Catholic encyclical Rerum novarum . Prime Minister Georg von Hertling , appointed by Luitpold in 1912, remained in office. Also as King Ludwig lived in the Wittelsbacher Palais rather than in the Munich Residenz . At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Ludwig sent an official dispatch to Berlin to express Bavaria's solidarity. Later Ludwig even claimed annexations for Bavaria ( Alsace and

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3192-534: The first stage being half round to the west, the second, deeper, is formed to the east. The cascade consists of symmetry which continues through the centre channel. The right side of the cataract was covered with pink marble in 1770. Originally a supporting architecture was to be provided, which was never executed. Instead, from 1775 to 1785, sculptures were added. Many were the work of Dominik Auliczek and Roman Anton Boos , who later added twelve decorative marble vases with mythological themes. The fountains in front of

3268-519: The king in hopes of persuading him to abdicate . Ludwig refused, instead giving Dandl the Anif declaration (Anifer Erklärung) in which he released all government officials, soldiers and civil officers from their oath of loyalty to him. He also stated that as a result of recent events, he was "no longer in a position to lead the government." The declaration was published by the newly formed republican government of Kurt Eisner when Dandl returned to Munich

3344-435: The life and death of King Ludwig II, was partly filmed in Nymphenburg. The Dressage Facility for the equestrian events of the 1972 Summer Olympics was created in the Nymphenburg park. The palace serves also as headquarters of the Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes . Ludwig III of Bavaria Ludwig III (Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfred; 7 January 1845 – 18 October 1921)

3420-1008: The name Nymphenburg widely known. In 1795, Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria ordered the widening of the galleries on the park side. In 1826, under King Ludwig I of Bavaria , his architect Leo von Klenze removed the gables of the main pavilion with the Electoral coat of arms and created an attic style decoration directly under the roof instead. With the Treaty of Nymphenburg signed in July 1741, Charles Albert allied with France and Spain against Austria. Two of his children were born here: Maria Antonia (future Electress of Saxony) in 1724 and Maria Anna Josepha (future Margravine of Baden-Baden) in 1734. Charles Albert lived during his time in Munich as Holy Roman Emperor at Nymphenburg Palace and died there in 1745. In 1747, Elector Max III. Joseph founded

3496-482: The nearby Blutenburg Castle as major hunting lodge of the court and competed to Schleissheim Palace . Starting in 1701, Maximilian Emanuel, the heir to Bavaria, a sovereign electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, undertook a systematic extension of the palace. Two pavilions were added each in the south and north of Barelli's palace by Enrico Zucalli and Giovanni Antonio Viscardi and were connected with

3572-591: The next day. Although the word "abdication" never appeared in the document, Eisner's government interpreted it as such and added a statement that Ludwig and his family were welcome to return to Bavaria as private citizens as long as they did not act against the "people's state." This statement effectively dethroned the Wittelsbachs and ended the family's 738-year rule over Bavaria. Ludwig III returned to Bavaria. His wife, Maria Theresia, died 3 February 1919 at Wildenwart Castle/ Chiemgau . In February 1919, Eisner

3648-539: The old arboretum in the north of the Grand Parterre leads to the large Botanical Garden of Munich. Originally there was also a visual axis, the Durchblick , to the north-west-located Blutenburg Castle . The canals of Nymphenburg are part of the northern Munich channel system, a system of waterways that connected also to the complex of Schleissheim Palace . The endpoint of the eastern canal leading from

3724-677: The only daughter of the late Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este (1821–1849) and his wife Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (1831–1903), and they married on 20 February 1868 at St. Augustine's Church in Vienna . Until 1862, Ludwig's uncle had reigned as King Otto I of Greece . Although Otto had been deposed, Ludwig was still in line of succession to the Greek throne. Had he ever succeeded, this would have required that he renounce his Roman Catholic faith and become Greek Orthodox . Maria Theresa's uncle, Francis V, Duke of Modena ,

3800-444: The palace and in the garden parterre continue to be operated by the water powered Pumping Stations built between 1803 and 1808. The Northern Cabinet Garden is small garden that borders directly the garden side of the north wing of the main palace. It is also called Kaisergarten , because it is in the immediate vicinity of the rooms where Charles Albert lived during his time in Munich as Emperor Charles VII. It has its counterpart in

3876-417: The press and other groups in society called for Ludwig to take the throne himself. The Bavarian Legislature was not, however, currently in session, and did not meet until 29 September 1913. On 4 November 1913, the legislature amended the constitution of Bavaria to include a clause specifying that if a regency for reasons of incapacity had lasted for ten years with no prospect of the king ever being able to reign,

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3952-588: The regent could proclaim the end of the regency and assume the crown himself, with such action to be ratified by the legislature. The amendment received broad party support in the Lower Chamber where it was carried by a vote of 122 in favour, and 27 against. In the Senate there were only six votes against the amendment. The next day, 5 November 1913, Ludwig proclaimed the end of the regency, deposed his cousin and proclaimed his own reign as Ludwig III. The legislature duly ratified this action, and Ludwig took his oath on 8 November. The constitutional amendment of 1913 brought

4028-454: The release of detained leaders. On 7 November 1918, Ludwig fled from the Residenz Palace in Munich with his family and took up residence in Schloss Anif , near Salzburg , for what he hoped would be a temporary stay. He was the first of the monarchs in the German Empire to be deposed. The next day, the People's State of Bavaria was proclaimed. On 12 November 1918, a day after the Armistice , Prime Minister Dandl went to Schloss Anif to see

4104-413: The respective head of the House of Wittelsbach . The Outer Northern Pavilion houses the chapel, whose ceiling painting by Joseph Adam von Mölk deals with the life of St Mary Magdalene. It was already begun in 1702 by Antonio Viscardi from the design by Enrico Zuccalli. Further north is the third pavilion, the Gardemeublebau from 1723, an elongated building which served during the period of its origin for

4180-400: The rights of the deposed Otto I, King of Greece . By his marriage, Ludwig became a wealthy man. Maria Theresa had inherited large properties from her father. She owned the estate of Sárvár in Hungary and the estate of Eiwanowitz in Moravia (now Ivanovice na Hané in the Czech Republic ). The income from these estates enabled Ludwig to purchase an estate at Leutstetten in Bavaria. Over

4256-426: The third pavilion was built as a comedihaus and then served from 1750 as a new kitchen house. The southern corridor built in 1747 connects this building with the stables in the south wing. In the former royal stables in the South Wing is the Marstallmuseum (carriage museum), with one of the greatest coach collections in Europe. They also played a part in historical events - the Paris Coronation Coach for example

4332-406: The widening of the gallery wings. In both the North and South Galleries next to the Central Pavilion are vedutes of Bavarian castles. These galleries connect the central pavilion with the southern and northern pavilions. The Inner southern Pavilion housed the apartments of the Electress during the period of its origin. The former small dining room of the Inner Southern Pavilion today houses

4408-412: The works was Ludwig I , who gave them many commissions. Particular favourites were dinner services with copies of famous paintings or with Bavarian landscapes in an antique style. In 1822 Friedrich von Gärtner , the fashionable architect, was appointed artistic director of the factory. In the middle of the 19th century its financial position deteriorated to the extent that in 1856 all artistic production

4484-429: The years, Ludwig expanded the Leutstetten estate until it became one of the largest and most profitable in Bavaria. Ludwig was sometimes derided as Millibauer (dairy farmer) due to his interest in agriculture and farming. Although they maintained a residence in Munich at the Leuchtenberg Palace, Ludwig and Maria Theresa lived mostly at Leutstetten. They had a happy and devoted marriage which resulted in 13 children: On

4560-412: Was a staunch Roman Catholic. He required that as part of the marriage agreement Ludwig renounce his rights to the throne of Greece , and so ensure that his children would be raised Roman Catholic. In addition, the 1843 Greek Constitution forbade the Greek sovereign to be simultaneously ruler of another country. Consequently, Ludwig's younger brother Leopold technically succeeded upon their father's death to

4636-401: Was also the creator of the English Garden in Munich. He preserved the main elements of the Baroque garden (such as the "Grand Parterre"). The park is bisected by the long western canal along the principal axis which leads from the palace to the marble cascade (decorated with stone figures of Greek and Roman gods) in the west. The iron greenhouse north of the Grand Parterre was completed in 1807,

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4712-408: Was assassinated; fearing that he might be the victim of a counter-assassination, Ludwig fled to Hungary , later moving on to Liechtenstein and Switzerland . He returned to Bavaria in April 1920 and lived at Wildenwart Castle again. There he remained until September 1921 when he took a trip to his castle Nádasdy in Sárvár in Hungary. He died there on 18 October. On 5 November 1921, Ludwig's body

4788-420: Was born on 25 August 1845. Its mahogany furniture was made in 1815 in Munich, unlike the mahogany furniture for Queen Caroline's audience room which was made in Paris, as was the furniture in the Queen's Study . The Outer Southern Pavilion is generally inaccessible. It served as a kitchen building at Max Emanuel's time and was then reconstructed like the inner pavilion in neo-classical times. Further south,

4864-413: Was commissioned by the electoral couple Ferdinand Maria and Henriette Adelaide of Savoy to the designs of the Italian architect Agostino Barelli in 1664 after the birth of their son Maximilian II Emanuel . The central pavilion was completed in 1675. As a building material, it utilised limestone from Kelheim . The palace was gradually expanded and transformed over the years. It then quickly replaced

4940-438: Was established by an agreement between the royal government and all parliamentary groups, which, among other things, envisaged the introduction of proportional representation . Ludwig III, approved on the same day the transformation of the constitutional into a parliamentary monarchy. For the first time on 3 November 1918, initiated by the USPD , a thousand people gathered to protest on the Theresienwiese for peace and demanded

5016-403: Was halted and it was decided to privatise the factory. It was leased out for the first time in 1862 and its focus shifted to the production of technical, medical and sanitary porcelain goods. In 1887 Albert Bäuml (1855–1929) took a lease of the factory. His aim was to regain the previous high artistic level of the factory's products: it was Bäuml, for example, who "rediscovered" Bustelli. This aim

5092-439: Was named after his grandfather, King Ludwig I of Bavaria . Ludwig spent his first years living in the Electoral rooms of the Munich Residenz and in the Wittelsbacher Palace. From 1852 to 1863, he was tutored by Ferdinand von Malaisé . When he was ten years old, the family moved to the Leuchtenberg Palace . In 1861 at the age of sixteen, Ludwig began his military career when his uncle, King Maximilian II of Bavaria , gave him

5168-435: Was realised at around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and besides historical copies, elegant Jugendstil ceramics were developed. The product range includes services, mocca cups, figurines, animal figurines, Bavarica, baskets, vases, maiolica, table decoration and accessories. The customers of these exquisite products include the international aristocracy, embassies, churches and palaces at home and abroad. Since 1975

5244-402: Was recalled to serve in the 2nd Infantry Regiment (2nd Battalion), before being assigned to Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (the List Regiment), which was principally made up of raw recruits. In 1917, when Germany's situation had gradually worsened due to World War I, Hertling became German Chancellor and Prime Minister of Prussia and Otto Ritter von Dandl was made Minister of State of

5320-476: Was responsible for Hitler's enlistment; indeed, as a national of an allied country, he should have been sent to Austria for service in that army. Based on Bavarian government investigations in 1924, the more likely scenario in Kershaw's view is that Hitler applied for enlistment, along with thousands of other youths, on or about 5 August 1914, was initially turned away because the authorities were overwhelmed with applicants and had no place to assign him, and eventually

5396-414: Was returned to Munich together with that of his wife. In spite of fears a state funeral might spark a move to restore the monarchy , the pair were honored with one in front of the royal family, Bavarian government, military personnel, and an estimated 100,000 spectators. Burial was in the crypt of the Munich Frauenkirche alongside their royal ancestors. Prince Rupprecht did not wish to use the occasion of

5472-631: Was sponsored by Elector Maximilian I . King Ludwig I finally invited the girls' school to the Nymphenburg Palace in 1835. The 200-hectare (490-acre) park, once an Italian garden (1671), which was enlarged and rearranged in French style by Dominique Girard , a pupil of Le Notre , was finally redone in the English manner during the early 19th century by Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell , on behalf of prince-elector Charles Theodore . Von Sckell

5548-572: Was staying at Nádasdy Mansion in Sárvár . Ludwig was born in Munich , the eldest son of Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria and of his wife, Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria (daughter of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany ). He was a descendant of both Louis XIV of France and William the Conqueror . Hailing from Florence , Auguste always spoke in Italian to her four children. Ludwig

5624-476: Was the last King of Bavaria , reigning from 1913 to 1918. Initially, he served in the Bavarian military as a lieutenant and went on to hold the rank of Oberleutnant during the Austro-Prussian War . He entered politics at the age of 18 becoming a member of the Bavarian parliament and was a keen participant in politics, supporting electoral reforms. Later in life, he served as regent and de facto head of state from 1912 to 1913, ruling for his cousin, Otto . After

5700-599: Was used for the coronation of Emperor Charles VII in 1742. Among the main attractions of the museum are the magnificent carriages and sleighs of King Ludwig II. The first floor of the former court stables houses a collection of Nymphenburg porcelain by the Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory which, also located in the palace complex, was founded by Maximilian III Joseph. Its handcrafted products are of legendary kind and quality, nowadays said to be comparable only to Augarten and Sèvres. Over 1,000 exhibits, beginning in 1747, are on display. The Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory itself

5776-774: Was wounded at the Battle of Helmstadt , taking a bullet in his thigh. The incident contributed to the fact that he was rather averse to the military. He received the Knight's Cross 1st Class of the Bavarian Military Merit Order . In June 1867, Ludwig visited Vienna to attend the funeral of his cousin, Archduchess Mathilda of Austria (daughter of his father's sister Princess Hildegard of Bavaria ). While there, Ludwig met Mathilde's eighteen-year-old step-cousin Maria Theresia, Archduchess of Austria-Este ,

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