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46-741: The O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation ( Cree : ᐅᐱᐴᓇᐱᐏᐣ, opiponipîwin ) is a First Nations band government with over 1,500 Cree registered members centred in the settlement of South Indian Lake in Manitoba , Canada . South Indian Lake is located on the southeast shores of Southern Indian Lake , about 130 km (81 mi) (by air) north of the city of Thompson . The O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Nation's reserve lands include about 113 square kilometres (44 sq mi) of land. Created in December 2005,

92-428: A consonant , can be written four ways, each direction representing its corresponding vowel . Some dialects of Cree have up to seven vowels, so additional diacritics are placed after the syllabic to represent the corresponding vowels. Finals represent stand-alone consonants. The Cree language also has two semivowels . The semivowels may follow other consonants or be on their own in a word. The following tables show

138-465: A complex polysynthetic morphosyntax. A common grammatical feature in Cree dialects, in terms of sentence structure, is non-regulated word order. Word order is not governed by a specific set of rules or structure; instead, "subjects and objects are expressed by means of inflection on the verb". Subject, Verb, and Object (SVO) in a sentence can vary in order, for example, SVO, VOS, OVS, and SOV. Obviation

184-661: A consonant sometimes causes surrounding vowels to change by coarticulation or assimilation . In Russian, "soft" (palatalized) consonants are usually followed by vowels that are relatively more front (that is, closer to [i] or [y] ), and vowels following "hard" (unpalatalized) consonants are further back . See Russian phonology § Allophony for more information. In many Slavic languages , palatal or palatalized consonants are called soft , and others are called hard . Some of them, like Russian , have numerous pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized consonant phonemes. Russian Cyrillic has pairs of vowel letters that mark whether

230-805: A full-stop glyph ( ⟨᙮⟩ ) or a double em-width space has been used between words to signal the transition from one sentence to the next. For Plains Cree and Swampy Cree , Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) uses fourteen letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet to denote the dialect's ten consonants ( ⟨p⟩ , ⟨t⟩ , ⟨c⟩ , ⟨k⟩ , ⟨s⟩ , ⟨m⟩ , ⟨n⟩ , ⟨w⟩ , ⟨y⟩ and ⟨h⟩ ) and seven vowels ( ⟨a⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ā⟩ , ⟨ī⟩ , ⟨ō⟩ and ⟨ē⟩ ). Upper case letters are not used. For more details on

276-593: A work. The vowel ē /eː/ , used in southern Plains Cree, is always long and the grapheme ⟨e⟩ is never used. In northern Plains Cree the sound has merged with ī , and thus ⟨ē⟩ is not used at all. The use of unmarked ⟨o⟩ and marked ⟨ō⟩ for the phonemes /u/ and /oː/ emphasizes the relationship that can exist between these two vowels. There are situations where o can be lengthened to ō , as for example in ᓂᑲᒧ! nikamo! 'sing (now)!' and ᓂᑲᒨᐦᑲᐣ! nikamōhkan! 'sing (later)!'. In alphabetic writing,

322-464: Is also a key aspect of the Cree language(s). In a sense, the obviative can be defined as any third-person ranked lower on a hierarchy of discourse salience than some other (proximate) discourse-participant. "Obviative animate nouns, [in the Plains Cree dialect for instance], are marked by [a suffix] ending –a , and are used to refer to third persons who are more peripheral in the discourse than

368-564: Is believed to have begun as a dialect of the Proto-Algonquian language spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original Algonquian homeland , an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes. The speakers of the proto-Cree language are thought to have moved north, and diverged rather quickly into two different groups on each side of James Bay . The eastern group then began to diverge into separate dialects, whereas

414-504: Is not phonologically transparent, which means gender must be learned along with the noun. As is common in polysynthetic languages, a Cree word can be very long, and express something that takes a series of words in English. For example: kiskinohamātowikamikw know. CAUS . APPL . RECP .place kiskinohamātowikamikw know.CAUS.APPL.RECP.place 'school' ( lit. 'knowing-it-together-by-example place') This means that changing

460-428: Is used as a morpheme or part of a morpheme. In some cases, a vowel caused a consonant to become palatalized, and then this vowel was lost by elision . Here, there appears to be a phonemic contrast when analysis of the deep structure shows it to be allophonic. In Romanian , consonants are palatalized before /i/ . Palatalized consonants appear at the end of the word, and mark the plural in nouns and adjectives, and

506-539: Is used in Eastern dialects where s and š are distinct phonemes. In other dialects, s is used even when pronounced like [ʃ] . ⟨l⟩ and ⟨r⟩ are used natively in Moose and Attikamek Cree, but in other dialects only for loanwords. The stops, p , t , k , and the affricate, c , can be pronounced either voiced or unvoiced, but the symbols used for writing these sounds all correspond to

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552-435: Is used. John John cî Q kî-mîciso-w PST -eat- 3SG Palatalization (phonetics) In phonetics , palatalization ( / ˌ p æ l ə t ə l aɪ ˈ z eɪ ʃ ən / , US also /- l ɪ -/ ) or palatization is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate . Consonants pronounced this way are said to be palatalized and are transcribed in

598-883: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), palatalized consonants are marked by the modifier letter ⟨ʲ⟩ , a superscript version of the symbol for the palatal approximant ⟨ j ⟩. For instance, ⟨ tʲ ⟩ represents the palatalized form of the voiceless alveolar stop [t] . Prior to 1989 , a subscript diacritic was used in the IPA: ⟨ ᶀ ᶈ ᶆ ᶂ ᶌ ƫ ᶁ ᶇ ᶊ ᶎ ᶅ 𝼓 ᶉ 𝼖 𝼕 ᶄ ᶃ 𝼔 ᶍ ꞕ ⟩, apart from two palatalized fricatives which were written instead with curly-tailed variants, namely ⟨ ʆ ⟩ for [ʃʲ] and ⟨ ʓ ⟩ for [ʒʲ] . (See palatal hook .) The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet marks palatalized consonants by an acute accent , as do some Finnic languages using

644-463: The International Phonetic Alphabet by affixing the letter ⟨ʲ⟩ to the base consonant. Palatalization is not phonemic in English, but it is in Slavic languages such as Russian and Ukrainian , Finnic languages such as Estonian and Võro , Irish , Marshallese , Kashmiri , and Japanese . In technical terms, palatalization refers to the secondary articulation of consonants by which the body of

690-644: The fur trade posits that the Western Woods Cree and the Plains Cree (and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the Museum of the American Indian stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts

736-469: The proximate third person". For example: Sam Sam wâpam- ew see- 3SG Susan- a Susan- 3OBV Sam wâpam- ew Susan- a Sam see-3SG Susan-3OBV "Sam sees Susan." The suffix -a marks Susan as the obviative, or 'fourth' person, the person furthest away from the discourse. The Cree language has grammatical gender in a system that classifies nouns as animate or inanimate. The distribution of nouns between animate or inanimate

782-492: The syllabaries of Eastern and Western Cree dialects, respectively: Speakers of various Cree dialects have begun creating dictionaries to serve their communities. Some projects, such as the Cree Language Resource Project, are developing an online bilingual Cree dictionary for the Cree language. Cree syllabics has not commonly or traditionally used the period ( ⟨.⟩ ). Instead, either

828-517: The tongue is raised toward the hard palate and the alveolar ridge during the articulation of the consonant. Such consonants are phonetically palatalized. "Pure" palatalization is a modification to the articulation of a consonant, where the middle of the tongue is raised, and nothing else. It may produce a laminal articulation of otherwise apical consonants such as /t/ and /s/ . Phonetically palatalized consonants may vary in their exact realization. Some languages add semivowels before or after

874-488: The y dialect, refer to their language as nēhi y awēwin , whereas Woods Cree speakers say nīhi th awīwin , and Swampy Cree speakers say nēhi n awēwin . Another important phonological variation among the Cree dialects involves the palatalisation of Proto-Algonquian *k : East of the Ontario–Quebec border (except for Atikamekw), Proto-Algonquian *k has changed into /tʃ/ or /ts/ before front vowels. See

920-577: The Cree as far west as the Peace River Region of Alberta before European contact. The Cree dialect continuum can be divided by many criteria. Dialects spoken in northern Ontario and the southern James Bay, Lanaudière, and Mauricie regions of Quebec differentiate /ʃ/ (sh as in sh e ) and /s/ , while those to the west have merged the two phonemes as /s/ and in the east the phonemes are merged as either /ʃ/ or /h/ . In several dialects, including northern Plains Cree and Woods Cree,

966-634: The Latin alphabet, as in Võro ⟨ ś ⟩ . Others use an apostrophe, as in Karelian ⟨s'⟩ ; or digraphs in j , as in the Savonian dialects of Finnish , ⟨sj⟩ . Palatalization has varying phonological significance in different languages. It is allophonic in English, but phonemic in others. In English, consonants are palatalized when they occur before front vowels or

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1012-647: The O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation was formerly part of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation which includes the Cree community of Nelson House . The South Indian Lake community, which was founded in 1875, was historically the second largest community of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation, with about a quarter of the total population. In 1995, after many decades of discussions, a memorandum of understanding

1058-778: The Plains Cree [j] that is [ð] in Rocky Cree as ⟨ý⟩ . Similarly, in dictionaries focused on Western Swampy Cree, Woods Cree may readily substitute ⟨ē⟩ with ⟨ī⟩ , while materials accommodating Woods Cree will indicate the Western Swampy Cree [n] that is [ð] in Woods Cree as ⟨ń⟩ . Atikamekw uses ⟨c⟩ [ ʃ ], ⟨tc⟩ [ t͡ʃ ], and ⟨i⟩ [ j ] (which also serves as ⟨i⟩ [ i ]). Eastern James Bay Cree prefers to indicate long vowels (other than [eː] ) by doubling

1104-593: The consonant preceding them is hard/soft: ⟨ а ⟩ / ⟨ я ⟩ , ⟨ э ⟩ / ⟨ е ⟩ , ⟨ ы ⟩ / ⟨ и ⟩ , ⟨ о ⟩ / ⟨ ё ⟩ , and ⟨ у ⟩ / ⟨ ю ⟩ . The otherwise silent soft sign ⟨ ь ⟩ also indicates that the previous consonant is soft. Irish and Scottish Gaelic have pairs of palatalized ( slender ) and unpalatalized ( broad ) consonant phonemes. In Irish, most broad consonants are velarized . In Scottish Gaelic,

1150-456: The dialects which use syllabics as their orthography (including Atikamekw but excluding Kawawachikamach Naskapi), the term Montagnais then applies to those dialects using the Latin script (excluding Atikamekw and including Kawawachikamach Naskapi). The term Naskapi typically refers to Kawawachikamach (y-dialect) and Natuashish (n-dialect). The Cree dialects can be broadly classified into nine groups. Roughly from west to east: This table shows

1196-829: The front vowel /i/ and not palatalized in other cases. In some languages, palatalization is a distinctive feature that distinguishes two consonant phonemes . This feature occurs in Russian , Irish , and Scottish Gaelic , among others. Phonemic palatalization may be contrasted with either plain or velarized articulation. In many of the Slavic languages , and some of the Baltic and Finnic languages , palatalized consonants contrast with plain consonants, but in Irish they contrast with velarized consonants. Some palatalized phonemes undergo change beyond phonetic palatalization. For instance,

1242-407: The language phonetically. Cree is always written from left to right horizontally. The easternmost dialects are written using the Latin script exclusively. The dialects of Plains Cree, Woods Cree, and western Swampy Cree use Western Cree syllabics and the dialects of eastern Swampy Cree, East Cree, Moose Cree, and Naskapi use Eastern Cree syllabics . In Cree syllabics, each symbol, which represents

1288-457: The long vowels /eː/ and /iː/ have merged into a single vowel, /iː/ . In the Quebec communities of Chisasibi , Whapmagoostui , and Kawawachikamach , the long vowel /eː/ has merged with /aː/ . However, the most transparent phonological variation between different Cree dialects are the reflexes of Proto-Algonquian *l in the modern dialects, as shown below: The Plains Cree, speakers of

1334-445: The only velarized consonants are [n̪ˠ] and [l̪ˠ] ; [r] is sometimes described as velarized as well. Yōon are Japanese moras formed with an added [ j ] sound between the initial consonant and the vowel. For example, 今日 ( kyō , "today") is written きょう [ kʲoo ], using a small version of よ , while 器用 ( kiyō , "skillful") is written きよう [ kijoo ], with a full-sized よ. Historically , yōon were not distinguished with

1380-491: The other). In some languages, like English, palatalization is allophonic . Some phonemes have palatalized allophones in certain contexts, typically before front vowels and unpalatalized allophones elsewhere. Because it is allophonic, palatalization of this type does not distinguish words and often goes unnoticed by native speakers. Phonetic palatalization occurs in American English. Stops are palatalized before

1426-414: The palatal approximant (and in a few other cases), but no words are distinguished by palatalization ( complementary distribution ), whereas in some of the other languages, the difference between palatalized consonants and plain un-palatalized consonants distinguish es between words, appearing in a contrastive distribution (where one of the two versions, palatalized or not, appears in the same environment as

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1472-556: The palatalization is heard as both an onglide and an offglide. In some cases, the realization of palatalization may change without any corresponding phonemic change. For example, according to Thurneysen, palatalized consonants at the end of a syllable in Old Irish had a corresponding onglide (reflected as ⟨i⟩ in the spelling), which was no longer present in Middle Irish (based on explicit testimony of grammarians of

1518-411: The palatalized consonant (onglides or offglides). In such cases, the vowel (especially a non-front vowel) following a palatalized consonant typically has a palatal onglide. In Russian , both plain and palatalized consonant phonemes are found in words like большой [bɐlʲˈʂoj] , царь [tsarʲ] and Катя [ˈkatʲə] . In Hupa , on the other hand,

1564-494: The phonetic values of these letters or variant orthographies, see the § Phonology section above. The /ð/ sound of Woods Cree is written ⟨th⟩ , or ⟨ð⟩ in more recent material. Plains and Swampy material written to be cross-dialectical often modify ⟨y⟩ to ⟨ý⟩ and ⟨n⟩ to ⟨ñ⟩ when those are pronounced /ð/ in Swampy. ⟨š⟩

1610-511: The possible consonant phonemes in the Cree language or one of its varieties. In dictionaries focused on Eastern Swampy Cree, Western Swampy Cree may readily substitute ⟨sh⟩ with ⟨s⟩ , while Lowland Moose Cree may readily substitute ⟨ñ⟩ with their ⟨l⟩ . In dictionaries focused on Southern Plains Cree, Northern Plains Cree may readily substitute ⟨ē⟩ with ⟨ī⟩ , while materials accommodating Rocky Cree will indicate

1656-859: The second person singular in verbs. On the surface, it would appear then that ban [ban] "coin" forms a minimal pair with bani [banʲ] . The interpretation commonly taken, however, is that an underlying morpheme |-i| palatalizes the consonant and is subsequently deleted. Palatalization may also occur as a morphological feature. For example, although Russian makes phonemic contrasts between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, alternations across morpheme boundaries are normal: In some languages, allophonic palatalization developed into phonemic palatalization by phonemic split . In other languages, phonemes that were originally phonetically palatalized changed further: palatal secondary place of articulation developed into changes in manner of articulation or primary place of articulation. Phonetic palatalization of

1702-586: The smaller kana and had to be determined by context. In the Marshallese language , each consonant has some type of secondary articulation (palatalization, velarization, or labiovelarization ). The palatalized consonants are regarded as "light", and the velarized and rounded consonants are regarded as "heavy", with the rounded consonants being both velarized and labialized. Many Norwegian dialects have phonemic palatalized consonants. In many parts of Northern Norway and many areas of Møre og Romsdal, for example,

1748-493: The table above for examples in the * kīla column. Very often the Cree dialect continuum is divided into two languages: Cree and Montagnais. Cree includes all dialects which have not undergone the *k > /tʃ/ sound change (BC–QC) while Montagnais encompasses the territory where this sound change has occurred (QC–NL). These labels are very useful from a linguistic perspective but are confusing as East Cree then qualifies as Montagnais. For practical purposes, Cree usually covers

1794-586: The time). In a few languages, including Skolt Sami and many of the Central Chadic languages , palatalization is a suprasegmental feature that affects the pronunciation of an entire syllable, and it may cause certain vowels to be pronounced more front and consonants to be slightly palatalized. In Skolt Sami and its relatives ( Kildin Sami and Ter Sami ), suprasegmental palatalization contrasts with segmental palatal articulation (palatal consonants). In

1840-449: The unpalatalized sibilant (Irish /sˠ/ , Scottish /s̪/ ) has a palatalized counterpart that is actually postalveolar [ʃ] , not phonetically palatalized [sʲ] , and the velar fricative /x/ in both languages has a palatalized counterpart that is actually palatal [ç] rather than palatalized velar [xʲ] . These shifts in primary place of articulation are examples of the sound change of palatalization . In some languages, palatalization

1886-444: The unvoiced pronunciation, e.g. ⟨p⟩ not ⟨b⟩ , ⟨t⟩ not ⟨d⟩ , etc. The phoneme /t͡s/ is represented by ⟨c⟩ , as it is in various other languages . Long vowels are denoted with either a macron , as in ⟨ā⟩ , or a circumflex , as in ⟨â⟩ . Use of either the macron or circumflex is acceptable, but usage should be consistent within

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1932-418: The use of punctuation has been inconsistent. For instance, in the Plains Cree dialect, the interrogative enclitic cî can be included in the sentence to mark a yes–no question such that this is sometimes considered to be sufficient without including a question mark (?). However, in many modern publications and text collections ( cf. The Counselling Speeches of Jim Kâ-Nîpitêhtêw (1998) ) full punctuation

1978-466: The vowel, while the western Cree use either a macron or circumflex diacritic; as [eː] is always long, often it is written as just ⟨e⟩ without doubling or using a diacritic. While Western Cree dialects make use of ⟨o⟩ and either ⟨ō⟩ or ⟨ô⟩ , Eastern Cree dialects instead make use of ⟨u⟩ and either ⟨uu⟩ , ⟨ū⟩ , or ⟨û⟩ . Cree features

2024-501: The western grouping probably broke into distinct dialects much later. After this point it is very difficult to make definite statements about how different groups emerged and moved around, because there are no written works in the languages to compare, and descriptions by Europeans are not systematic; as well, Algonquian people have a tradition of bilingualism and even of outright adopting a new language from neighbours. A traditional view among 20th-century anthropologists and historians of

2070-471: The word order in Cree can place emphasis on different pieces of the sentence. Wolfart and Carroll give the following example by transposing the two Cree words: Cree dialects, except for those spoken in eastern Quebec and Labrador , are traditionally written using Cree syllabics , a variant of Canadian Aboriginal syllabics , but can be written with the Latin script as well. Both writing systems represent

2116-474: Was signed between the federal and provincial governments and First Nation representatives to formalize a process to have the Southern Indian Lake community recognized as a separate Cree Nation. As of March 2015, O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation had a registered membership of 1,586 with 1,124 members living on-reserve and 462 members living off-reserve. Cree language Endonyms are: Cree

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