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76-519: The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework ( SCQF ) is the national credit transfer system for all levels of qualifications in Scotland. Awards are classified under the framework at levels , and study undertaken at that level is valued in credit points . The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework Partnership promotes lifelong learning in the country. Through the SCQF, learners can gain

152-576: A Special or Honours Degree . Following the creation of the Scottish Qualifications Authority by the merger of the Scottish Examinations Board and SCOTVEC , efforts were made to unite the different levels of vocational and academic qualifications. The aim was to make it easier for employers and education institutions to understand the level to which a person had been educated. A secondary aim

228-500: A flat rate for full-time students, such that a student taking over 12 or 15 credit hours will pay the same amount as a student taking exactly 12 (or 15). A part-time student taking less than 12 hours pays per credit hour, on top of matriculation and student fees . Credit for laboratory and studio courses as well as physical education courses, internships and practica is usually less than for lectures – typically one credit for every two to three hours spent in lab or studio, depending on

304-463: A points at b level". Credit points obtained from study at lower levels can be counted towards a qualification, whether by study within the institution or by awarding through transfer, but this is at the discretion of the awarding institution. Credit values may differ for medical, veterinary and dental science degrees and certain undergraduate and postgraduate combined study (integrated masters). Scottish higher education institutions had long used

380-580: A "B" (three grade points) in a four-credit class yields 12 "quality points". It is these which are added together, then divided by the total number of credits a student has taken, to get the GPA. Transfer credits are not necessarily counted in the GPA. Some courses may require a grade higher than that which is considered passing. In this case, a grade of "D" will still add to the total number of credits earned (unlike an "F") Various types of student aid and certain student visas require students to take and complete

456-425: A 15-week semester. Homework is time the student spends applying the class material without supervision of the professor: this includes studying notes, supplementary reading, writing papers, or other unsupervised activities such as labwork or fieldwork. Students are generally expected to spend two hours outside class studying and doing homework for every hour spent in class. The Code of Federal Regulations defines

532-621: A better understanding of qualifications and plan their future learning. The SCQF is in the custody of, and managed by, the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework Partnership (SCQF Partnership). Since its creation in November 2006 the SCQF Partnership, which is a company limited by guarantee and a registered charity, has aimed to: ensure that, where appropriate, all assessed learning and qualifications are included within

608-608: A broad variety of universities, colleges and academies. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologna is likely the oldest in the world . In 2009, the University of Bologna is, according to The Times , the only Italian college in the top 200 World Universities. Milan's Bocconi University has been ranked among the top 20 best business schools in the world by The Wall Street Journal international rankings, especially thanks to its M.B.A. program, which in 2007 placed it no. 17 in

684-489: A broad-spectrum view of tertiary education and detailed information on the nation's educational structure, accreditation procedures, and connections to state as well as federal agencies and entities. The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education provides one framework for classifying U.S. colleges and universities in several different ways. US tertiary education also includes various non-profit organizations promoting professional development of individuals in

760-646: A credit corresponds to one hour of work a week. In Canada, the term college often refers to a community college or trade school, whilst the more formal and inclusive term for post-high school education is post-secondary education. Most university courses run from September to April with 13 weeks before Christmas and 13 weeks after. Classes that meet three hours a week are generally awarded six credit hours. Third and fifth-year classes are more specialized so some facilities may offer half-courses that run from September to December or January to April. These courses are awarded three credit hours. In some provinces, such as Ontario,

836-430: A different system is used. The school year is often broken into two semesters. A single semester class is worth half a credit, and a full year course is worth a full credit. A normal class load consists of five to six classes a semester, which leads to five-six credits being accumulated each school year. In Europe , a common credit system has been introduced. The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS)

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912-470: A half credit per course per semester . This credit is formally known as a Carnegie Unit . After a typical four-year run, the student needs 26 credits to graduate (an average of 6 to 7 at any time). Some high schools have only three years of school because 9th grade is part of their middle schools, with 18 to 21 credits required. Higher Education Tertiary education , also referred to as third-level , third-stage or post-secondary education ,

988-429: A key role in ensuring institutions meet minimum standards. It is large and diverse with institutions that are privately governed and institutions that are owned and operated by state and local governments. Some private institutions are affiliated with religious organizations whereas others are secular with enrollment ranging from a few dozen to tens of thousands of students. The United States Department of Education presents

1064-540: A level on the relevant qualifications framework, representing the depth and complexity of the learning. A full academic year normally consists of 120 credits. Two UK credits are equivalent to one ECTS credit. In a college or university in the United States, students generally receive credit hours based on the number of "contact hours" per week in class, for one term, better known as semester credit hours ( SCH ). A contact hour includes any lecture or lab time when

1140-465: A minimum number of course credits each term. Schools often require a minimum number or percentage of credits be taken at the school to qualify for a diploma from that school—this is known as a residency requirement. Credit by examination , also known as credit by exam , is a way of receiving course credit without taking the course. This grade often shows as a "K" on a transcript , however it carries no credit hours, and therefore has no effect on

1216-472: A nondegree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, as exists in medical schools and dental schools , and social services activities of universities. Within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level (or postgraduate level). The latter level of education

1292-536: A prestigious group of twenty research-intensive European Universities. It has also been awarded ranking positions such as 1st in Italy and 7th in Europe (The Leiden Ranking – Universiteit Leiden). Tertiary education refers to post-secondary education received at universities (government or privately funded), monotechnics, polytechnics and colleges of education. After completing a secondary education, students may enroll in

1368-663: A section) may have "load lifts" or "course reductions." Faculty at research universities typically have an official teaching load of 12 SCH per semester, but their actual load is reduced because of the requirement for significant peer-reviewed published research. While faculty workloads are almost universally based on the number of SCH taught, faculty teaching in technical "clock hour" programs in technical and community colleges have workloads that more closely resemble high school teaching, so that Faculty in community colleges typically teach 15 SCH or more per semester (5 days per week at 3 hours per day). In Canada , credits can be earned at

1444-485: A student in a unit, not just contact time . The Australian Government 's common measure of university course credits is known as Equivalent Full-Time Student Load (EFTSL). Under this system, a normal full-time load of study is 1.000 EFTSL per year or 0.500 EFTSL per semester, regardless of the credit point structure at each university. This is used as a common measure primarily for calculation of tuition fees and subsidies for government-supported places, including loans under

1520-485: A student may go to university, but may also stop at that point. Education in Italy is compulsory from 6 to 16 years of age, and is divided into five stages: kindergarten ( scuola dell'infanzia ), primary school ( scuola primaria or scuola elementare ), lower secondary school ( scuola secondaria di primo grado or scuola media inferiore ), upper secondary school ( scuola secondaria di secondo grado or scuola media superiore ) and university ( università ). Education

1596-501: A wide knowledge of liberal arts and sciences. The Lisbon Recognition Convention stipulates that degrees and periods of study must be recognised in all of the Signatory Parties of the convention. The oldest known institutions of higher education are credited to Dynastic Egypt, with Pr-Anx (houses of life) built as libraries and scriptoriums, containing works on law, architecture, mathematics, and medicine, and involved in

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1672-742: Is a Co-opted Director representing employer interests and another co-option is the Chair of the SCQFP Quality Committee. The Framework has 12 levels. Post Graduate Certificate Professional Development Award National Progression Award, Professional Development Award National Progression Award Intermediate 2 (discontinued) Credit Standard Grade (discontinued) National Progression Award Intermediate 1 (discontinued) General Standard Grade (discontinued) National Progression Award Access 3 (discontinued) Foundation Standard Grade (discontinued) Study undertaken at any level

1748-562: Is a direct measure of the notional learning time in hours. If credit is assigned for a qualification or a components of a qualification on the RQF, this is a tenth of the TQT rounded to the nearest whole number. In high schools in the United States , where all courses are usually the same number of hours, often meeting every day, students earn one credit for a course that lasts all year, or

1824-545: Is also known as CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average). On an average, students in India need to complete 180-185 credits after their four-year engineering course to be awarded the degree B.Tech/B.E. and a one-semester-long thesis project. A new CBCS (Choice Based Credit System) scoring system was devised by UGC for undergraduate students from the academic year 2016–17. The system provides an opportunity for students to pick courses from core, elective or skill-based courses. In

1900-419: Is free in Italy and free education is available to children of all nationalities who are residents in Italy. Italy has both a private and public education system. Italy has a large and international network of public or state-affiliated universities and schools offering degrees in higher education. State-run universities of Italy constitute the main percentage of tertiary education in Italy and are managed under

1976-627: Is given a credit value. Obtaining a qualification will require a certain number of credit points of study to have been obtained. Each credit is equivalent to a notional 10 hours of study. The Scottish credit point requirements can be converted into European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) credit points as follows, or by simply halving the Scottish values to arrive at the European equivalent: Entry requirements at institutions are usually expressed in terms of both points and level, e.g. "

2052-532: Is in some European countries used as the principal credit and grading system in universities, while other countries use the ECTS as a secondary credit system for exchange students . In ECTS, a full study year normally consists of 60 credits. ECTS grades are given in the A-E range, where F is failing . Schools are also allowed to use a pass/fail evaluation in the ECTS system. In India, in engineering colleges which follow

2128-619: Is monitored through the global indicator for target 4.3 in the sustainable development goal 4 (SDG 4), which measures the participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, whether for work or non-work purposes. The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments . The UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on

2204-478: Is often referred to as graduate school , especially in North America. In addition to the skills that are specific to any particular degree, potential employers in any profession are looking for evidence of critical thinking and analytical reasoning skills, teamworking skills, information literacy , ethical judgment, decision-making skills, fluency in speaking and writing, problem solving skills, and

2280-549: Is separated into two semesters, or four terms; while it takes one semester for one credit, there are two compulsory courses taken in Grade 10 that each take up one term, earning half a credit upon completion, adding up to one credit, and being considered as one course that has merely been separated. In Alberta , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories , 100 credits are required to graduate high school. The course credit system in Ontario

2356-677: Is shown in the following table. The percentage of adults who have attained individual tertiary education levels by country is shown in the following table. A 2014 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development states that by 2014, 84 percent of young people were completing upper secondary education over their lifetimes, in high-income countries. Tertiary-educated individuals were earning twice as much as median workers. In contrast to historical trends in education, young women were more likely to complete upper secondary education than young men. Additionally, access to education

Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-651: Is similar to the one used in the United States . The credit and qualifications frameworks for Scotland and Wales use the same UK credit, equivalent to ten hours of notional learning, as the higher education sector. All qualifications tied to the Welsh and Scottish frameworks have a credit value, covering schools, further education, higher education and vocational education. The Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) for non-higher education qualifications in England and Northern Ireland uses 'Total Qualification Time' (TQT), which

2508-488: Is the educational level following the completion of secondary education . The World Bank , for example, defines tertiary education as including universities as well as trade schools and colleges . Higher education is taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education , while vocational education beyond secondary education is known as further education in the United Kingdom , or included under

2584-409: Is the world's oldest university in continuous operation, and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation. Since World War II , developed and many developing countries have increased the participation of the age group who mostly studies higher education from the elite rate, of up to 15 per cent, to

2660-450: The 1997 version of its schema. They were referred to as level 5 and doctoral studies at level 6. In 2011, this was refined and expanded in the 2011 version of the structure. Higher education at undergraduate level, masters and doctoral level became levels 6, 7, and 8. Nondegree level tertiary education, sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education was reordered as level 4, with level 5 for some higher courses. In

2736-495: The European Union , and more liberal policies regarding international migration . In the U.S., higher education is provided by universities , academies , colleges , seminaries , conservatories , and institutes of technology , and certain college-level institutions, including vocational schools , universities of applied sciences, trade schools, and other career-based colleges that award degrees. Tertiary education at

2812-502: The SCOTCAT ( Scottish Credit Accumulation and Transfer ) system for equating courses from different institutions. SCOTCAT had three levels. Level 1 was equivalent to University 1st Year, an HNC or a Certificate of Higher Education (Cert HE). Level 2 was equivalent to University 2nd Year, an HND or a Diploma of Higher Education . Level 3 was equivalent to Years 3 and 4 at a Scottish University, and generally these credits lead to

2888-590: The United Kingdom , the standard credit system in higher education is the Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme (CATS). This is a learning outcomes-based credit system, with one credit representing ten hours of notional learning. Credits are embedded in the qualifications frameworks for Wales and Scotland, while their use in England is voluntary but covered by a national agreement that is consistent with use in Wales and Scotland. Credits are associated with

2964-537: The University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco is the oldest existing continually operating higher educational institution in the world. and is occasionally referred to as the oldest university by scholars. Undoubtedly, there are older institutions of higher education, for example, the University of Ez-Zitouna in Montfleury, Tunis , was first established in 737. The University of Bologna , Italy, founded in 1088,

3040-776: The Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan, the LUISS in Rome, the Polytechnic University of Turin , the Politecnico di Milano (which in 2011 was ranked as the 48th best technical university in the world by QS World University Rankings ), the University of Rome La Sapienza (which in 2005 was Europe's 33rd best university, and ranks among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges and in 2013,

3116-570: The female enrollment ratio exceeding the male ratio by 4 percentage points. The tertiary gross enrollment ratio ranges from 9% in low-income countries to 77% in high-income countries , where, after rapid growth in the 2000s, reached a plateau in the 2010s. Between now and 2030, the biggest increase in tertiary enrollment ratios is expected in middle-income countries, where it will reach 52%. Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) commits countries to providing lifelong learning opportunities for all, including tertiary education. This commitment

Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-540: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education is rapidly making certain aspects of the traditional higher education system obsolete. The involvement and funding by foreign regimes in higher education in the US and Europe raised concerns regarding the erosion of democratic norms and hate speech on campuses. The total expenditure on tertiary education ( ISCED levels 5 to 8) as a percentage of GDP for individual countries

3268-681: The Byzantine emperor Theodosius II innovated as he established the Pandidakterion , with a faculty of 31 professors, to train public servants. In the 7th and 8th centuries, "cathedral schools" were created in Western Europe. Meanwhile, the first Medresahs were founded in the Moslem empire – initially mere primary schools in the premises of major mosques, which gradually evolved toward secondary, later higher education. However high

3344-589: The Center for World University Rankings ranked the Sapienza University of Rome 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its World University Rankings . ) and the University of Milan (whose research and teaching activities have developed over the years and have received important international recognition). This university is the only Italian member of the League of European Research Universities (LERU),

3420-625: The Framework and extend the recognition of informal and non-formal learning; fully develop and promote the Framework as a lifelong learning tool; and develop relationships with other frameworks internationally. Its members are the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education ; College Development Network ; the Scottish Qualifications Authority ; and Universities Scotland . In addition, there

3496-625: The GPA. This also means that a student often must take other classes instead, to meet minimum hour requirements. This still benefits the student, because he or she can learn something new and useful, instead of repeating what is already known. Defense Activity for Non-Traditional Education Support (DANTES) and College Level Examination Program (CLEP) are two programs that offer college bound students credit by examination. Faculty in comprehensive or baccalaureate colleges and universities typically have 12 SCH per semester. Faculty teaching significant graduate work or large classes (100 or more students in

3572-612: The Higher Education Loan Program (see Tertiary education fees in Australia ), but also for the determination of "full-time" status for the purposes of government assistance and requirements of student visas; a minimum of 75% of a standard load (i.e. 0.750 EFTSL per year) is typically required to achieve and retain full-time status. There is no unified academic credit system in Brazil . The regulating bodies of

3648-582: The Ministry of Education and the legislation count the hours of instruction. A full-time year of higher education takes between 800 and 1200 instruction-hours in Brazil, which would be equivalent to 50-80 US credits and 60 European ECTS . In Uruguay 's University of the Republic , a credit stands for 15 hours of work, including classes, personally studying and task activities. Since semesters last 15 weeks,

3724-542: The Scottish system for the Bologna process . Credit (education) In Australian universities , no common credit point system exists, although 48 credit points per full-time year, or 24 per semester, or some multiple thereof , is not uncommon. This permits a semester of study to be broken into more flexible combinations of units than the typical four, due in part to 24 being a highly composite number . Credit points tend to reflect all forms of study and assessment by

3800-422: The amount of actual instruction necessary prior to lab. However, for some field experiences such as student teaching as a requirement for earning one's teaching license, a student may only earn 8-10 credits for the semester for doing 40 hours a week of work. To figure a grade-point average (GPA), the grade received in each course is subject to weighting , by multiplying it by the number of credit hours. Thus,

3876-654: The basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education". In Europe , Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights , adopted in 1950, obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education . In 1994, the UNESCO Salamanca Statement called on the international community to endorse the approach of inclusive education, including at

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3952-767: The category of continuing education in the United States . Tertiary education generally culminates in the receipt of certificates , diplomas , or academic degrees . Higher education represents levels 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the 2011 version of the International Standard Classification of Education structure. Tertiary education at a nondegree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. UNESCO stated that tertiary education focuses on learning endeavors in specialized fields. It includes academic and higher vocational education. The World Bank 's 2019 World Development Report on

4028-685: The city of Taxila , later the great Buddhist monastery of Nalanda ( c.  427 - 1197 CE), attracted students and professors even from distant regions. In China , the Han dynasty established chairs to teach the Five Confucean Classics , in the Grand School, Taixue ( c.  3 - 1905  CE ), to train cadres for the imperial administration. All these higher-learning institutions became models for other schools within their sphere of cultural influence. In 425 CE,

4104-505: The conversion of credit hours to clock hours as: For courses that are not required to use the conversion between credit hours and clock hours, a further definition is given in the Federal Student Aid Handbook of: A credit hour is an amount of work that reasonably approximates not less than Normal full-time studying is usually 15 credit hours per semester or 30 credit hours per academic year. Some schools set

4180-582: The course credit system, the number of 'contact hours' in a week of a particular course determines its credit value. Typically, courses vary from two to five credits. According to the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli , one of the top technical universities in India, the GPA is calculated on a ten-point scale, with weighted average of the grades received in the respective course. The grades awarded are; S, A, B, C, D, E and F (fail). This GPA

4256-572: The creation of new tertiary colleges. Higher education in Canada includes provincial, territorial, Indigenous and military higher education systems. The ideal objective of Canadian higher education is to offer every Canadian the opportunity to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to realize their utmost potential. It aspires to cultivate a world-class workforce, enhance the employment rate of Canadians, and safeguard Canada's enduring prosperity. Higher education programs are intricately designed with

4332-477: The days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education or basic education , the term "higher education" was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion. This is the origin of the term high school for various schools for children between the ages of 14 and 18 (United States) or 11 and 18 (United Kingdom and Australia). Globally, the gross enrollment ratio in tertiary education increased from 19% in 2000 to 38% in 2017, with

4408-453: The end of a course in high school . Earning a credit depends whether a person passes the course or not. A certain number of credits are required to graduate high school. A minimum of 30 credits are needed in order to graduate in specifically Ontario , those being 18 compulsory credits and 12 elective credits. One credit is equal to one completed course per semester, with the maximum credits earned per semester being four-to-five. Each school year

4484-483: The field of higher education and helping expand awareness of related issues like international student services and complete campus internationalization. Although tertiary education in the EU includes university, it can differ from country to country. After going to nursery school (French: école maternelle), elementary school (French: école primaire), middle school (French: collège), and high school (French: lycée),

4560-659: The future of work argues that given the future of work and the increasing role of technology in value chains, tertiary education becomes even more relevant for workers to compete in the labor market. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education . This consists of universities , colleges and polytechnics that offer formal degrees beyond high school or secondary school education. The International Standard Classification of Education in 1997 initially classified all tertiary education together in

4636-514: The global term " higher education " (i.e. post-18 study). In 2018 the Welsh Government adopted the term "tertiary education" to refer to post-16 education and training in Wales. Since the 1970s, however, specialized further education colleges in England and Wales have called themselves " tertiary colleges " although being part of the secondary education process. These institutions cater for both school leavers and adults, thus combining

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4712-515: The intellectual level of these schools could be, it would be anachronistic to call them "universities". Their organization and purposes were markedly different from the corporations of students and teachers, independent from both the Church and the State, which established themselves from the 12th century in Western Europe as Universitas Studiorum . According to UNESCO and Guinness World Records ,

4788-458: The main functions of an FE college and a sixth form college . Generally, district councils with such colleges have adopted a tertiary system or structure where a single local institution provides all the 16–19 and adult education, and where schools do not universally offer sixth forms (i.e. schools only serve ages 11–16). However the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 has effectively prevented

4864-409: The mass rate of 16 to 50 per cent. In many developed countries, participation in higher education has continued to increase towards universal or, what Trow later called, open access, where over half of the relevant age group participate in higher education. Higher education is important to national economies , both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for

4940-467: The perspective of the learner in focus, striving to mitigate risks and assure definite outcomes. Within Australia "tertiary education" refers to continuing studies after a student completes secondary school. Tertiary education options include universities, technical and further education (TAFE) or private universities. The higher education system in the United States is decentralized and regulated independently by each state with accreditors playing

5016-464: The professor is teaching the student or coaching the student while they apply the course information to an activity. Regardless of the duration of the course (i.e. a short semester like summer or intersession) and depending on the state or jurisdiction, a semester credit hour is 15-16 contact hours per semester. Most college and university courses are three semester credit hours (SCH) or 45-48 contact hours, so they usually meet for three hours per week over

5092-550: The rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are much less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers. In recent years, universities have been criticized for permitting or actively encouraging grade inflation . Widening participation can increase the supply of graduates in individual fields of study over the demand for their skills, aggravating graduate unemployment , underemployment , overqualification and educational inflation . Some commentators have suggested that

5168-600: The status of Doctoral Colleges, which function at graduate and post-graduate level. Nine further schools are direct offshoots of the universities (i.e. do not have their own 'university status'). The first one is the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (founded in 1810 by Napoleon as a branch of École Normale Supérieure ), taking the model of organization from the famous École Normale Supérieure . These institutions are commonly referred to as "Schools of Excellence" (i.e. "Scuole di Eccellenza"). Italy hosts

5244-411: The supervision of Italian's Ministry of Education. Italian universities are among the oldest universities in the world; the University of Bologna (founded in 1088) notably, is the oldest one ever ; also, University of Naples Federico II are is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation. Most universities in Italy are state-supported. 33 Italian universities were ranked among

5320-666: The supply of graduates in some fields of study is exceeding the demand for their skills, aggravating graduate unemployment , underemployment and credentialism . Graduates of tertiary education are likely to have different worldviews and moral values than non-graduates. Research indicates that graduates are more likely to have libertarian principles with less adherence to social hierarchies. Graduates are also more likely to embrace cultural and ethnic diversity and express more positive views towards minority groups. For international relationships, graduates are more likely to favor openness, supporting policies like free trade , open borders ,

5396-599: The tertiary level. Since this time the world has witnessed the global massification of tertiary education, yet this explosion of facilities and enrollment has largely entrenched and exacerbated the exclusion of people with disabilities. This is particularly the case in low- and middle-income contexts, where university completion rates for students with disabilities are much lower compared to completion rates of students without disabilities. Some tertiary schools have been criticized as having permitted or actively encouraged grade inflation . In addition, certain scholars contend that

5472-595: The training of "swnw" and "swnwt" (male and female doctors ); extant Egyptian papyri from the 3rd millennia BC are in several collections. In the Greek world, Plato's Academy ( c.  387 - 86 BC), Aristotle's Lyceum ( c.  334 - 86 BC) and other philosophical-mathematical schools became models for other establishments, particularly in Alexandria of Egypt, under the Ptolemies . In South Asia ,

5548-500: The world in terms of graduate recruitment preference by major multinational companies. Bocconi was also ranked by Forbes as the best worldwide in the specific category Value for Money. In May 2008, Bocconi overtook several traditionally top global business schools in the Financial Times Executive education ranking, reaching no. 5 in Europe and no. 15 in the world. Other top universities and polytechnics are

5624-677: The world's top 500 in 2019, the third-largest number in Europe after the United Kingdom and Germany. There are also a number of Superior Graduate Schools ( Grandes écoles ) or Scuola Superiore Universitaria , which offer officially recognized titles, including the Diploma di Perfezionamento equivalent to a Doctorate, Dottorato di Ricerca i.e. Research Doctorate or Doctor Philosophiae i.e. PhD. Some of them also organize master's degree courses. There are three Superior Graduate Schools with "university status", three institutes with

5700-416: Was expanding and growth in the number of people receiving university education was rising sharply. By 2014, close to 40 percent of people aged 25–34 (and around 25 percent of those aged 55–64), were being educated at university. Under devolution in the United Kingdom , education is administered separately in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. In England, the term "tertiary education" aligns with

5776-443: Was to remove prejudice against vocational and non-traditional qualifications. Education and training providers in Scotland then agreed to create a common framework for all qualifications, both current and historical. This led to the development of a 12-level framework with courses, units, modules and clusters being placed at a specific level with a credit weighting. Changes have been made to Higher Education level courses to prepare

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