108-616: SL79 is a class of 40 articulated trams operated by the Oslo Tramway of Norway. The trams were a variation of the Duewag trams that had been developed by the German manufacturer since the 1950s. The six-axle vehicles are unidirectional with four doors on the right side. The trams can seat 77 passengers three and four abreast, with an additional 91 people able to stand. Power output is 434 kilowatts (582 hp), provided by two motors on
216-538: A Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp (500 female inmates) for Astra-Werke AG . The oil refinery was a target for bombers during the Oil Campaign of World War II , and Operation Thunderclap attacks included the following raids: The city was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945. The headquarters of the auto manufacturer Auto Union was based in Chemnitz from 1932 and its buildings were badly damaged. At
324-407: A payload of 30 tonnes (33.1 short tons ; 29.5 long tons ). On weekdays, trams are planned to make 4 deliveries per hour between 7 a.m. and 11 a.m. and two per hour between 11 a.m. and 11 p.m. With each unloading operation taking on average 10 minutes, this means that each site would be active for 40 minutes out of each hour during the morning rush hour. In early 2009 the scheme
432-431: A ballast motor, ballast trailers, blow-down cars, breakdown cars, conductors' or drivers' instruction cars, a laboratory testing car, a line marking car, a pantograph testing car, per way locomotives, a rail hardener locomotive, a scrapper car, scrubbers, sleeper carriers, track cleaners, a welding car, and a wheel transport car. Some were built new for specific purposes, including: rail grinders, scrubbers/track cleaners, and
540-427: A bidirectional pantograph may be used to feed power, eliminating the need for an extra procedure when reversing direction. Two single-ended trams with doors on both sides may be coupled into a (semi-)permanently coupled married pair or twinset , with operator's controls at each end of the combination. Such a setup is operated as if it were a double-ended tram, except that the operator must exit one vehicle and enter
648-596: A brief period in 1911 on the Amsterdam-Zandvoort line. A related type of tram is the pub tram, such as SpåraKoff , which serves alcoholic drinks only. Many systems have retained historical trams which will often run over parts of the system for tourists and tram enthusiasts. In Melbourne, Australia, several iconic W class trams run throughout the city in a set route which circles the Central Business District. They are primarily for
756-567: A centre of innovation in the kingdom of Saxony and later in Germany. In 1913, Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and, like Leipzig and Dresden, was larger at that time than today. After losing inhabitants due to the First World War Chemnitz grew rapidly again and reached its all-time peak of 360,250 inhabitants in 1930. Thereafter, growth was stalled by the world economic crisis . As a working-class industrial city, Chemnitz
864-552: A centre of textile production and trade. More than one third of the population worked in textile production. In 1356 the Margraviate was succeeded by the Electorate of Saxony . Geologist Georgius Agricola (1494-1555), author of several significant works on mining and metallurgy including the landmark treatise De Re Metallica , became city physician of Chemnitz in 1533 and lived here until his death in 1555. In 1546 he
972-420: A chairman of the same. The local councils are to hear important matters concerning the locality. A final decision is, however, incumbent on the city council of the city of Chemnitz. The official identification of the districts by numbers is based on the following principle: Starting from the city center (neighborhoods Zentrum and Schloßchemnitz), all other parts of the city are assigned clockwise in ascending order
1080-749: A comfortable 4 passengers/m . At crush loadings this would be even higher. A double-decker tram is a tram that has two levels . Some double-decker trams have open tops. The earliest double-deck trams were horse drawn. The first electric double-deck trams were those built for the Blackpool Tramway in 1885, one of which survives at the National Tramway Museum . Double decker trams were commonplace in Great Britain and Dublin in Ireland before most tramways were torn up in
1188-626: A constant (stepless) level from end to end of the tram. Prior to the introduction of the Škoda ForCity , , that carried the mechanical penalty of requiring bogies to be fixed and unable to pivot (except for less than 5 degrees in some trams) and thus reducing curve negotiation . This creates undue wear on the tracks and wheels. Low-floor trams are now running in many cities around the world, including Adelaide , Amsterdam , Bratislava , Dublin , Gold Coast , Helsinki , Hiroshima , Houston , Istanbul , Melbourne , Milan , Prague , Sydney , Lviv and many others. The Ultra-Low Floor or (ULF) tram
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#17327727363311296-438: A distribution centre and delivering to a "hub" where special electric trucks delivered the trams' small containers to their final destination. The trial was successful, releasing an intended investment of €100 million in a fleet of fifty-two cargo trams distributing from four peripheral "cross docks" to fifteen inner-city hubs by 2012. These specially built vehicles would be 30 feet (9.14 m) long with twelve axles and
1404-969: A famous trading and textile manufacturing town. In 1806, with the end of the Holy Roman Empire , the Electorate was renamed as the Kingdom of Saxony , and this survived until the revolutions of 1918 which followed the Armistice ending the First World War . By the early 19th century, Chemnitz had become an industrial centre (sometimes called "the Saxon Manchester ", German : Sächsisches Manchester , pronounced [ˈzɛksɪʃəs ˈmɛntʃɛstɐ] ). Important industrial companies were founded by Richard Hartmann , Louis Schönherr and Johann von Zimmermann. Chemnitz became
1512-494: A modern design that makes it look as much like a train as a tram and has large windows along its entire length. The Alstom Citadis tram, flagship of the French manufacturer Alstom, enjoys an innovative design combining lighter bogies with a modular concept for carriages providing more choices in the types of windows and the number of cars and doors. The recent Citadis-Dualis, intended to run at up to 100 km/h (62 mph),
1620-456: A new road network. However, the original plans were not completed. In addition, the rapid development of housing took priority over the preservation of old buildings. So in the 1960s and 1970s, both in the centre as well as the periphery, large areas were built in Plattenbau apartment-block style, for example Yorckstraße . The old buildings of the period, which still existed especially in
1728-435: A new undercarriage. The axles had to be replaced by a complicated electronic steering of the traction motors . Auxiliary devices are installed under the car's roof. Most low-floor trams carry the mechanical penalty of requiring bogies to be fixed and unable to pivot. This creates undue wear on the tracks and wheels and reduces the speed at which a tram can drive through a curve. Some manufacturers such as Alstom deal with
1836-458: A regular tram must be much shorter. With this type , the articulation is suspended between carbody sections. In the Škoda ForCity , which is the world's first 100% low floor tram with pivoting bogies, a Jacobs bogie supports the articulation between the two or more carbody sections. An articulated tram may be low-floor variety or high-floor (regular) variety. Newer model trams may be up to 72 metres (236 ft) long and carry 510 passengers at
1944-448: A return trip. In addition, if overhead electrical power is fed from a trolley pole , the direction of the trolley pole must be reversed at the end of the run, to ensure that the pole is "pulled" behind or "trailing" the vehicle, to avoid 'dewiring'. This was achieved by a member of the crew swinging the pole through 180 degrees (if there was only one pole) or lowering one pole and raising the other if there were two. More commonly nowadays,
2052-475: A ten-minute headway, giving a five-minute interval on section that are served by two lines. The SL79 is an articulated tram built exclusively for the Oslo Tramway in two series with different specifications. The trams were designed by Duewag, who also built 10 units in Düsseldorf , Germany . Fifteen additional units plus the fifteen trams in the second series were built Strømmen outside Oslo. The motors for
2160-534: A workshops locomotive. Munich tram No.24, delivered in 1912, was refurbished as a mobile library in 1928. Known as "Städtische Wanderbücherei München", it was in public service until 1970. It was preserved and is now on public display in a railway museum in Hanover. Edmonton , Alberta , used a streetcar bookmobile from 1941 to 1956. After World War II, in both Warsaw and Wrocław , Poland, so-called "tram-nurseries" were in operation, collecting children from
2268-423: Is 732.7 mm (28.85 in), and the precipitation in summer is about twice that in winter. The Chemnitz weather station has recorded the following extreme values: The city of Chemnitz consists of 39 neighborhoods. The neighborhoods of Einsiedel, Euba, Grüna, Klaffenbach, Kleinolbersdorf-Altenhain, Mittelbach, Röhrsdorf and Wittgensdorf are at the same time localities within the meaning of Sections 65 to 68 of
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#17327727363312376-742: Is a municipal botanical garden , and the Arktisch-Alpiner Garten der Walter-Meusel-Stiftung is a non-profit garden specializing in arctic and alpine plants . Near the city center is the "Villa Esche" located (Henry-van-de-Velde-museum). This historical house was built in 1902 in art-nouveau-style by van de Velde. The City is home of the SCHLINGEL International Film Festival, a yearly festival created in 1996 and that focuses on cinema for young audiences. Chemnitz has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ). The annual precipitation
2484-522: Is a type of low-floor tram operating in Vienna , Austria , as of 1997 and in Oradea , Romania , with the lowest floor-height of any such vehicle. In contrast to other low-floor trams, the floor in the interior of ULF is at sidewalk height (about 18 cm or 7 inches above the road surface), which makes access to trams easy for passengers in wheelchairs or with baby carriages. This configuration required
2592-486: Is achieved from the dynamic brake , that is capable of 1.3 m/s (4.3 ft/s) retardation with regeneration, allowing the braking power to be fed back to the overhead wires. In addition, there are disc brakes capable of 3.0 m/s (9.8 ft/s). Except those with an advertising livery, the trams are painted a light blue. The first series was delivered with a deeper blue color than has been tradition with Oslo Sporveier trams, but all have since been repainted to match
2700-416: Is at three or four abreast. Series two was delivered with vandal -proof seats that proved uncomfortable and were replaced. The floor is 880 millimeters (35 in) above the tracks. The trams have four doors on the right side. The first series also have a single door on the left side, and the back right door was made single to match this. On series two, there are four double doors on the right side and none on
2808-590: Is believed that the design first originated in Christchurch , New Zealand, in 1906 when Boon & Co Ltd. built twenty-six such trams in three series. A number of these trams have been preserved. They were a favored design in Australia and New Zealand , with at least 780 such tramcars being built for use in Melbourne alone. Trams built since the 1970s have had conventional high or low floors. From around
2916-433: Is characterized by medium-sized companies, with the heavy industrial sectors of mechanical engineering, metal processing, and vehicle manufacturing as the most significant industries. About 100,000 people are employed, of whom about 46,000 commute from other municipalities. 16.3% of employees in Chemnitz have a university or college degree , twice the average rate in Germany. Chemnitz has a population of 246,000 people and
3024-407: Is cheaper than the other competitors. Instead of running on rails, they follow painted lines with rubber tires by using GPS positioning and laser technology — with a centimeter accuracy. Batteries are recharged in stations in 30 seconds. It can move with 70kph speed. The Socimi Eurotram series was developed by Socimi of Italy. It is used by Strasbourg , Milan , and Porto . The Eurotram has
3132-681: Is equivalent to 50 times around the Earth , or "50,000 times" around the tram network, after its 34 years of service. Sporveien and the Oslo City Council have decided in 2018 to purchase 87 tramcars from CAF designated SL18 , which will replace both the SL79 and the SL95 units. The first deliveries of SL18 were made in September 2020. The first SL79 unit was scrapped on 17 January 2023, with
3240-639: Is suitable for stop spacings ranging from 500 m (1,600 ft) to 5 km (3.1 mi). Dualis is a strictly modular partial low-floor car, with all doors in the low-floor sections. Since the 19th century, goods have been carried on rail vehicles through the streets, often near docks and steelworks, for example the Weymouth Harbour Tramway in Weymouth, Dorset . Belgian vicinal tramway routes were used to haul agricultural produce, timber, and coal from Blégny colliery while several of
3348-512: Is the 3rd largest city in Saxony . The population of Chemnitz grow rapidly since the early 1900s due to its industrialization. Chemnitz reached its highest peak of population in 1930 with population of about 362,000. Chemnitz in the East Germany era when the city was called "Karl-Marx-Stadt", it became a significant industrial city known for it textile and leather industries. Chemnitz was also
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3456-476: Is the largest city of the Chemnitz-Zwickau urban area and is one of the most important economic areas of Germany's new federal states. Chemnitz had a GDP of €8.456 billion in 2016, with GDP per capita at €34,166. Since about 2000, the city's economy has recorded high annual GDP growth rates; Chemnitz is among the top ten German cities in terms of growth rate. The local and regional economic structure
3564-466: Is the red tower built in the late 12th or early 13th century as part of the city wall . The Chemnitz petrified forest is located in the courtyard of Kulturkaufhaus Tietz . It is one of the very few in existence, and dates back several million years (details shown in the Museum of Natural Sciences "Museum für Naturkunde Chemnitz", founded 1859). Also within the city limits, in the district of Rabenstein,
3672-556: Is the smallest castle in Saxony, Rabenstein Castle . The city has changed considerably since German reunification. Most of its industry is now gone and the core of the city has been rebuilt with many shops as well as huge shopping centres. Many of these shops are international brands, including Zara , H&M , Esprit, Galeria Kaufhof , Leiser Shoes, and Peek & Cloppenburg. The large Galerie Roter Turm (Red Tower) shopping centre
3780-546: Is the third-largest city in the German state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden , and the fourth-largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig, and Dresden. The city lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in
3888-608: Is very popular with young people. The Chemnitz Industrial Museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH, the European Route of Industrial Heritage . Additional unique industrial monuments are located at the "Schauplatz Eisenbahn" ( Saxon Railway Museum and Museum of Technology Cable Running System) in Chemnitz-Hilbersdorf. The State Museum of Archaeology Chemnitz opened in 2014 and is located in the former Schocken Department Stores (architect: Erich Mendelsohn; opening of
3996-550: The Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. Numerous internationally renowned architects such as Hans Kollhoff , Helmut Jahn and Christoph Ingenhoven provided designs for a new city centre. The mid-1990s began the development of the inner city brownfield around the town hall to a new town. In Chemnitz city more than 66,000 square meters of retail space have emerged. With the construction of office and commercial building on
4104-600: The Boston Elevated Railway in 1912–13 at a total length of about twelve meters long (40 ft) for each pioneering example of twin-section articulated tram car, have two or more body sections, connected by flexible joints and a round platform at their pivoting midsection(s). Like articulated buses , they have increased passenger capacity. In practice, these trams can be up to 56 metres (184 ft) long (such as CAF Urbos 3 in Budapest, Hungary), while
4212-573: The Disability Discrimination Act in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries. Various companies have developed low-floor designs, varying from part-low-floor (with internal steps between the low-floor section and the high-floor sections over the bogies), e.g. Citytram and Siemens S70 , to one hundred per cent low-floor, where the floor passes through a corridor between the drive wheels, thus maintaining
4320-658: The East German era and after German reunification . Today over 50 % of the city´s buildings date back to before 1950. After the dissolution of the Länder (states) in the GDR in 1952, Chemnitz became seat of a district ( Bezirk ). On 10 May 1953, the city was renamed by decision of the East German government to Karl-Marx-Stadt (German: Karl Marx City ) after Karl Marx , in recognition of its industrial heritage and
4428-656: The European Capital of Culture of 2025. Chemnitz is named after the river Chemnitz , the main tributary of the Zwickau Mulde . The word "Chemnitz" derives from the Slavic expression for "stone" ( Upper Sorbian : kamjeń ), which is the root of the Upper Sorbian designations for the river ( Kamjenica ; "stony [brook]"), as well as for the city itself (also Kamjenica ). The term is composed of
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4536-570: The Flexity Link and Regio- Alstom Citadis , which are suited for use on urban tram lines and also meet the necessary indication, power, and strength requirements for operation on main-line railways. It has been primarily developed in Germanic countries, in particular Germany and Switzerland. Karlsruhe is a notable pioneer of the tram-train. Two former passenger cars from the Melbourne system were converted and used as mobile offices within
4644-469: The Karl Marx Year marking the 135th anniversary of his birth and the 70th anniversary of his death. GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl said: The people who live here do not look back, but look forward to a new and better future. They look at socialism. They look with love and devotion to the founder of the socialist doctrine, the greatest son of the German people, to Karl Marx. I hereby fulfill
4752-470: The Kassberg , Chemnitz-Sonnenberg [ de ] and Chemnitz-Schloßchemnitz [ de ] quarters, were neglected and fell increasingly into dereliction. On 23 April 1990, a referendum on the future name of the city was held: 76% of the voters voted for the old name " Chemnitz ". On 1 June 1990, the city was officially renamed. After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990,
4860-856: The Lilleaker Line and the Ekeberg Line , replacing the Class E . The remaining trams of the first series were put into service on Line 1, on the Sinsen Line and the Briskeby Line , as well as Line 7, on the Ullevål Hageby Line and the Sinsen Line . On Line 9, that included both the tramway's light rail sections, only SL79-trams were used, while lines 1 and 7 used a mix of SL79 and SM53 -trams. Fifteen additional trams were built by Strømmen as series two. The first vehicle
4968-590: The Preston Workshops between 1969 and 1974, by personnel from Commonwealth Engineering and ASEA who were connected with the construction of Melbourne's Z Class cars. Chemnitz 037200 (Wittgensdorf) 037209 (Einsiedel) 03722 (Röhrsdorf) Chemnitz ( German: [ˈkɛmnɪts] ; from 1953 to 1990: Karl-Marx-Stadt [kaʁlˈmaʁksˌʃtat] ( lit. ' Karl Marx City ' ); Upper Sorbian : Kamjenica ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ; Polish : Kamienica Saska )
5076-424: The 1950s and 1960s. New York City's New York Railways experimented in 1912 with a Brill double deck Hedley-Doyle stepless centre entrance car, nicknamed the "Broadway Battleship", a term that spread to other large streetcars. Hobart , Tasmania, Australia made extensive use of double decker trams. The most unusual double-decker tram used to run between the isolated Western Australian outback town of Leonora and
5184-569: The 1990s, light rail vehicles not made for the occasional high platform light rail system have usually been of partial or fully low-floor design, with the floor 300 to 360 mm (11.8 to 14.2 in) above top of rail, a capability not found in older vehicles. This allows them to load passengers, including those in wheelchairs or with perambulators directly from low-rise platforms that are not much more than raised footpaths/sidewalks. This satisfies requirements to provide access to disabled passengers without using expensive wheelchair lifts , while at
5292-624: The 1999-extension of the Ullevål Hageby Line to Rikshospitalet , the tramway received its first terminus without a balloon loop , making it necessary for lines 17 and 18 to be served only by SL95 units. These also serve line 13, since it is a continuation of the service along the Sinsen Line from Majorstuen. The SL79 operate on the Briskeby, Ekeberg, Frogner, Gamleby, Grünerløkka–Torshov, Kjelsås and Vika Lines. Each service has
5400-408: The 2010s due to its immigration from mostly war active countries like Syria but it faced a problem due to many right-wing extremists and active Neo-Nazi groups where many foreigners experience racism and moved away from Chemnitz. The city had a fertility rate of 1.64 in 2015. Foreign population in Chemnitz by nationality as of 31 December 2022: A large contributor to the city's foreign population
5508-521: The 4th largest city in then East Germany after East Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . After the German Reunification Chemnitz faced a significant population decrease. Since 1988 Chemnitz has lost about 20 percent of its inhabitants. Chemnitz's population decreased from 300,000 in 1989 to under 250,000 in 2003, which made Chemnitz one of the cities with most population loss in Germany. Chemnitz's population started to grow again in
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#17327727363315616-587: The Kassberg neighborhood with 18th and 19th century buildings and the Karl Marx Monument by Lev Kerbel , nicknamed Nischel (a Saxon dialect word for head) by the locals. Landmarks include the Old Town Hall with its Renaissance portal (15th century), the castle on the site of the former monastery, and the area around the opera house and the old university. The most conspicuous landmark
5724-519: The Middle East were arrested in connection with the murder of Daniel H., a 35 year old German man, the son of a German mother and a Cuban father, which had happened on 26 August. Violent clashes occurred between far-right protesters and far-left counter protesters, leading to injuries. The mobs outnumbered the local police presence. There were reports that rightist protesters chased down dark skinned bystanders and those that appeared to be foreigners on
5832-852: The Netherlands; Christchurch in New Zealand; Milan , Rome and Turin in Italy; Moscow, Russia; Almaty , Kazakhstan and Zürich , Switzerland. Restaurant trams are particularly popular in Melbourne where they operate as the Colonial Tramcar Restaurant . Three of the iconic W class trams were converted to restaurant trams in 1983. All three often run in tandem and there are usually multiple meal sittings. Bookings often close months in advance. As from mid-October 2018, Melbourne's restaurant trams were temporarily taken off
5940-492: The Saxon Municipal Code. These neighborhoods came in the wake of the last incorporation wave after 1990 as formerly independent municipalities to the city of Chemnitz and therefore enjoy this special position compared to the other parts of the city. These localities each have a local council, which, depending on the number of inhabitants of the locality concerned, comprises between ten and sixteen members as well as
6048-509: The US interurbans carried freight. In Australia, three different "Freight Cars" operated in Melbourne between 1927 and 1977 and the city of Kislovodsk in Russia had a freight-only tram system consisting of one line which was used exclusively to deliver bottled Narzan mineral water to the railway station. Until December 2020, the German city of Dresden had a regular CarGoTram service, run by
6156-430: The bogies is 7,700 millimeters (300 in). Each of the two NEBB 4ELO 2054 B thyristor monomotors have a power output of 217 kilowatts (291 hp), giving the vehicle a power output of 434 kilowatts (582 hp) at 750 V. Maximum speed is 80 km/h (50 mph). Acceleration in the range 0 to 40 km/h (0 to 25 mph) is limited to 1.3 meters per second squared (4.3 ft/s). Primary braking
6264-429: The city of Chemnitz faced several difficult tasks. Many inhabitants migrated to the former West Germany and unemployment in the region increased sharply; in addition Chemnitz did not have adequate shopping facilities, but this was increasingly demanded. Large shopping centers were constructed on the city periphery to the early 1990s. Chemnitz is the only major German city whose centre was re-planned after 1990, similar to
6372-585: The city of Chemnitz. Chemnitz was one of the big German industrial centers. Due to the export traffic a modern marshalling yard was erected 1929 in Chemnitz-Hilbersdorf. At that time it was a leading city in the European textile market. Auto Union (today Audi) was founded 1932 in Chemnitz. Allied bombing destroyed 41 per cent of the built-up area of Chemnitz during the Second World War . Chemnitz contained factories that produced military hardware and
6480-624: The company had 163 vehicles, of which 100 were powered trams, 43 were trailers and 20 were working trailers. Following the energy crisis in the 1970s, the political climate changed, and in 1977 the city council decided to not close the tramway anyway. Between 1978 and 1981, ten tram vehicles were bought from the Gothenburg Tramway . In the 1950s, Duewag started to develop an articulated variation of its four-axle Großraumwagen, based on articulation technology used by trams in Rome. This design
6588-471: The company. Such a center section would be low-floor and give much easier access for strollers and wheelchairs, and allow the whole tram network to have step-free access . As of 2008, it was estimated that the SL79-series has about ten more years of service before it needs to be replaced. In February 2017, the unit no. 108 reached its mileage of two million kilometres (1.2 million miles), which
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#17327727363316696-573: The construction site "B3" at the Düsseldorf court, the last gap in 2010 was closed in city centre image. The intensive development included demolition of partially historically valuable buildings from the period and was controversial. Between 1990 and 2007 more than 250 buildings were leveled. In late August 2018 the city was the site of a series of protests that attracted at least 8,000 people. The protests were attended by far-right and Neo-Nazi groups. News outlets reported about mob violence and riots. The protests started after two immigrants from
6804-547: The department store: 1930). The Museum Gunzenhauser , formerly a bank, opened on 1 December 2007. Alfred Gunzenhauser , who lived in Munich, had a collection of some 2,500 pieces of modern art , including many paintings and drawings by Otto Dix , Karl Schmidt-Rottluff and others. The other great art museum in Chemnitz is located near central railway station, it is called "Museum am Theaterplatz" (erected 1909 as "König-Albert-Museum"). The Botanischer Garten Chemnitz
6912-428: The end of a run, the tram's operator will walk from one end of the tram to the other, and then commence the tram route in the other direction. The tram is usually switched to another track by use of crossover points or Y-points. This design also allows for crossovers to be placed along the route to allow for direction switching in mid-route. Conversely, a single-ended vehicle needs a method of turning at termini so that
7020-520: The end of the war, the company's executives fled and relocated the company in Ingolstadt , Bavaria, where it evolved into Audi , now a brand within the Volkswagen group. The World War II bombings left most of the city centre in ruins and post-war , the East German reconstruction included large low-rise (and later high-rise Plattenbau ) housing. Some tourist sites were reconstructed during
7128-400: The first series was delivered by Duewag, while the second series was built by Asea Brown Boveri at their Norwegian subsidiary NEBB. The trams have a steel frame and are 22,180 millimeters (873 in) long and 2,500 millimeters (98 in) wide. Without payload the trams weigh 32,800 kilograms (72,300 lb). Each tram has a total capacity of 162 riders, of which 71 can be seated. Seating
7236-431: The fixed rail when requirements dictate e.g. when journeying to a depot while a Translohr "tram" cannot operate without a guidance rail and are generally not considered buses. This kind of trams are similar to buses , and can move on the roads without having rails. This kind of trams have been in development for almost 20 years from the 2000s. In 2017, Chinese Rail Corporation introduced an autonomously guided tram which
7344-400: The forward direction but is also capable of reverse movement, typically at slower speed, using a small set of controls at the rear. The configuration of the doors is usually asymmetrical, favouring the side expected to be closest to the street kerb and footpath . At the end of a run, the tram must be turned around via a balloon loop or some other method, to face in the opposite direction for
7452-474: The government's decision. I carry out the solemn act of renaming the city and declare: From now on, this city bears the proud and mandatory name Karl-Marx-Stadt . After the city centre was destroyed in World War II , the East German authorities attempted to rebuild it to symbolise the conceptions of urban development of a socialist city. The layout of the city centre at that time was rejected in favour of
7560-427: The issue by introducing partially high floor trams. Others, such as Škoda , developed pivoting bogies at the ends and with jacobs bogies between the articulations for the Škoda 15 T , but this solution proved expensive. A double-ended tram has an operator's cab and controls at each end of the vehicle, which allows it to easily be driven at full speed in either direction on a continuous segment of track. Typically, at
7668-521: The last 30 were built in Norway by Strømmen . They were numbered 101 through 140. The two series vary slightly in specifications. The trams were ordered in 1979 after the 1977 decision to not close the tramway, after the SM53 were finished delivered in 1958. The SL79 mainly serves on lines 11, 12 and 19. However, during rush hour, SL79 trams supplement SL95s on line 13. Except those with an advertising livery,
7776-453: The left side. SL79 was the first tram to be delivered with color-coded destination signs . By 2007, all the trams had had their rolling signs replaced by LED -type signs. The trams have three standard gauge bogies , each with two axles , of which the front and back bogies are powered. The bogies have air suspension and hollow-axle gear boxes from Thyssen . The wheels have a diameter of 680 millimeters (27 in). The distance between
7884-441: The many design types, most notably the articulated , double-decker , drop-centre, low-floor , single ended, double-ended, rubber -tired , and tram-train ; and the various uses of trams, both historical and current, most notably cargo trams, a dog car, hearse tram, maintenance trams, a mobile library service, a nursery tram, a restaurant tram, a tourist tram , and as mobile offices. Articulated trams, invented and first used by
7992-481: The mid-1940s at least one special hearse tram was used in Turin, Italy. It was introduced due to the wartime shortage of automotive fuel. Newcastle , Australia also operated two hearse trams between 1896 and 1948. Most systems had cars that were converted to specific uses on the system, other than simply the carriage of passengers. As just one example of a system, Melbourne used or uses the following "technical" cars:
8100-516: The names of the rivers are of Slavic origin. Chemnitz is the third-largest city in the Thuringian - Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden. The city's economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students. Chemnitz was the richest city in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century, is known for its many industrial age buildings and monuments, and will be
8208-461: The nearby settlement of Gwalia . Double decker trams still operate in Alexandria , Blackpool , Hong Kong , Dubai and Oranjestad . Many early 20th century trams used a lowered central section between the bogies (trucks). This made passenger access easier, reducing the number of steps required to reach the inside of the vehicle. These cars were frequently referred to as "drop-centres". It
8316-765: The northeast, and is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north. The city stands on the Chemnitz River , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz. The name of the city as well as
8424-477: The operator's cab is in the front of the tram for the reverse journey. This usually necessitates a turning loop or triangle. On the other hand, the single cab and controls and fewer door spaces make the tram lighter, increases passenger accommodation (including many more seats) and effects reductions in equipment, weight, first-cost, maintenance cost, and operating expense. A single-ended tram has operator's controls at only one end, and can safely be driven at speed in
8532-574: The other, when reversing at the end of the run. A rubber-tyred tram is a guided bus which is guided by a fixed rail on the ground and uses overhead cables like a conventional tram. This can allow the vehicles to match the capacity of conventional trams and cope with gradients up to 13% due to the rubber tyres. There are two systems which use this technology: the Guided Light Transit (GLT) and Translohr . The GLT "trams" are legally considered buses as they have steering wheels and can leave
8640-412: The participating bands. The city won the bid to be one of the two European Capitals of Culture (in 2025) on 28 October 2020, beating Hanover, Hildesheim, Magdeburg and Nuremberg. Theater Chemnitz offers a variety of theatre: opera (opera house from 1909), plays, ballet and Figuren (puppets), and runs concerts by the orchestra Robert-Schumann-Philharmonie (founded 1832). Tourist sights include
8748-434: The reconstruction of several other German cities in the immediate post-war years. Plans for the recovery of a compressed city centre around the historic town hall in 1991 led to an urban design competition. This was announced internationally by the city and carried out with the help of the partner city of Düsseldorf . The mooted project on an essentially unused area of the former city would be comparable in circumference with
8856-544: The remaining units expected to be replaced by 2024. The SL79 make up 40 of the 72 trams in the system, supplementing the newer SL95 . Following the delivery of the SL95 low-floor trams in 1999 and 2000, Oslo Sporveier has a pure articulated fleet. The newer series has a greater turning radius, heavier axle load and is two-directional. The radius and axle load of the SL95 makes it impossible for it to operate around Majorstuen, requiring lines 11, 12 and 19 to use SL79-units. With
8964-468: The road after failing a Yarra Trams ' safety assessment due to badly weathered underlying structures. Until the trams again meet safety standards, the trams are offering stationary dining. As of October 2019, they are still not running. Bistro trams with buffets operated on ordinary services between 1924 and 2014 on the U76 Rheinbahn route between Krefeld and Düsseldorf in Germany, and for
9072-469: The same conclusion: "there were no mobs and man hunts". One week after the protests, a free "Concert against the Right" under the motto "We are more" (#wirsindmehr) attracted an audience of some 65,000 people. A one-minute silence commemorated the murdered Daniel H., the son of a German mother and a Cuban father. The concert itself has been criticized for far-left activities and violent song texts of some of
9180-458: The same time making boarding faster and easier for other passengers. Passengers appreciate the ease of boarding and alighting from low-floor trams and moving about inside one hundred per cent low-floor trams. Passenger satisfaction with low-floor trams is high. In some jurisdictions this has even been made mandatory since the 1990s, for example by Her Majesty's Railway Inspectorate in Britain and
9288-528: The standard livery. Prior to the delivery of the second series, a single tram was painted deep red to match the buses and the T1000 trains used on the Oslo Metro . Due to negative feedback from the riders, the historic color was kept. Articulated tram Trams have been used since the 19th century, and since then, there have been various uses and designs for trams around the world. This article covers
9396-918: The stem kamjeń , and the Slavic feminine suffix -ica . The city is known in Czech as Saská Kamenice and in Polish as Kamienica Saska . Chemnitz is the worldwide largest of all cities, towns and villages stemming their name from the Slavic root kamen —of which exist many others in areas with a current or past Slavic-speaking population—followed by Kamensk-Uralsky and Kamensk-Shakhtinsky in Russia, as well as by many other smaller places like Kamenica (Kosovo), Kamienna Góra (Poland), Kamenz (Kamjenc) (Germany), Kamień Pomorski (Poland), Kamieniec Ząbkowicki (Poland), Kamenický Šenov (Czech Republic), Kamieńsk (Poland), Kamenskoye (Russia), and Kamenac (Croatia). An early Slavic tribe's settlement
9504-534: The streets before more police arrived and intervened. The riots were widely condemned by media outlets and politicians throughout Germany, and were "described as reminiscent of civil war and Nazi pogroms." The reports of mob violence and riots were criticized as incorrect later on. The German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung corrected its earlier reports, stating that there had evidently been no mob violence but there have been sporadic encroachments. Minister President of Saxony Michael Kretschmer came to
9612-631: The summer of 1995, tram no. 137 was used on the Djurgården Line of the heritage tramway in Stockholm , Sweden. Due to a labor dispute about privatizing the operation of the tramway and the Oslo Metro , the ownership of all trams and metro trains, including the SL95 , were transferred to the municipally owned limited company Oslo Vognselskap in 2007. Suggestions have been made to extend the trams with another center section, adding another axle and articulation, but these plans have been rejected by
9720-514: The tenth place of their index, the one-digit is awarded in the direction of city periphery in ascending order. ¹ also a locality The city area does not include a unified, closed settlement area after numerous incorporations. The rural settlements of mainly eastern districts are separated from the settlement area of the Chemnitz city center, whereas this partly continues over the western city limits to Limbach-Oberfrohna and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. The first freely elected mayor after German reunification
9828-404: The trams are painted a light blue. The SL79 trams, along with the flawed SL95 trams is currently being replaced by SL18 trams between 2020 and 2024. In 1960, the Oslo City Council decided to gradually close the tramway. New trams had been delivered in 1958, and it was decided that lines would only be closed as trams were naturally retired. At the time Oslo Sporveier had 421 vehicles. By 1974,
9936-450: The two end bogies , that supplement a central unpowered Jacobs bogie located under the articulation. The trams are 23.0 metres (75.5 ft) long and 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) wide. They are capable of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) and have standard gauge . They were built in two series, the first of 25 units delivered in 1982–84, and the second of 15 units delivered in 1989–90. The first 10 units were built by Duewag, while
10044-431: The use of tourists, although often also used by regular commuters. A tram-train is a light-rail public transport system where trams run through from an urban tramway network to main-line railway lines which are shared with conventional trains. This allows passengers to travel from suburban areas into city-centre destinations without having to change from a train to a tram. Tram-train operation uses vehicles such as
10152-585: The workplaces of their parents (often tram employees). These mobile nurseries either carried the children around the system or delivered them to the nursery school run by the transport company. A number of systems have introduced restaurant trams, particularly as a tourist attraction. This is specifically a modern trend. Systems which have or have had restaurant trams include Adelaide , Bendigo and Melbourne , in Australia; Brussels in Belgium; The Hague in
10260-550: The world's longest tram trainsets (59.4 metres [194 ft 11 in]), carrying car parts across the city centre to its Volkswagen factory. In addition to this, the cities of Vienna and Zürich have used trams as mobile recycling depots in the past. At the turn of the 21st century, a new interest has arisen in using urban tramway systems to transport goods. The motivation now is to reduce air pollution, traffic congestion and damage to road surfaces in city centres. One recent proposal to bring cargo tramways back into wider use
10368-634: Was Mexico City , which was already operating twenty-six funeral cars in 1886. In the United States, funeral cars were often given names. At the turn of the century, "almost every major city [in the US] had one or more" such cars in operation. In Milan, Italy, hearse trams were used from the 1880s (initially horse-drawn) to the 1920s. The main cemeteries, Cimitero Monumentale and Cimitero Maggiore, included funeral tram stations. Additional funeral stations were located at Piazza Firenze and at Porta Romana. In
10476-614: Was Dieter Noll of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who served from 1990 to 1991, followed by Joachim Pilz (CDU) until 1993. The mayor was originally chosen by the city council, but since 1994 has been directly elected. Peter Seifert of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) served from 1993 until 2006. Between 2006 and 2020 Barbara Ludwig (SPD) has served as mayor. Sven Schulze (SPD) was elected mayor in 2020. The most recent mayoral election
10584-617: Was a powerful center of socialist political organization after the First World War. At the foundation of the German Communist Party the local Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany voted by 1,000 votes to three to break from the party and join the Communist Party behind their local leaders, Fritz Heckert and Heinrich Brandler . In March 1919 the German Communist Party had over 10,000 members in
10692-458: Was delivered on 13 April 1982 and put into service on 2 July. The last German-built tram was put into service on 13 September. The German trams were numbered 101 through 110. Oslo was the third tramway in the world to take into use thyristor controlled motors on the main part of their fleet of trams, after the systems in Helsinki , Finland, and Hanover , Germany. The first Norwegian-built tram
10800-467: Was delivered on 16 February 1983 and put into service on 9 March. The last unit was put into service on 10 January 1984. The Strømmen trams were numbered 111 through 125. There were few problems in the start, although the pantographs had technical problems and there were occasional power failures in the overhead wires due to out-of-date rectifiers not being able to handle the increased power usage. Trams no. 101 through 113 were put into service on Line 9 on
10908-465: Was delivered on 4 August 1989 and was taken into service on 11 October, while the last was put into service on 27 August 1990. These were numbered 126 through 140. From 7 September 1990 to 1 February 1991, tram 140 was used on the tramway in Chemnitz , Germany. Following this delivery, all lines of the tramway used SL79, although there were still many other trams needed to supplement the new trams. During
11016-571: Was delivered to many tramways, particularly in Germany. In 1977 and 1978, Oslo Sporveier tested a Duewag GT8S (3052) tram from Rheinbahn . In 1979, Oslo Sporveier ordered ten vehicles from Duewag, with planned delivery in 1982. In addition, fifteen units would be license-built by Strømmens Verksted, with delivery the following year. All the motors were built by the Norwegian company Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri (NEBB). The trams built in Germany were transported to Oslo by railway. The first vehicle
11124-539: Was elected a Burgher of Chemnitz and in the same year also was appointed Burgomaster (lord mayor), serving again in 1547, 1551, and 1553. In spite of having been a leading citizen of the city, when Agricola died in 1555 the Protestant Duke denied him burial in the city's cathedral due to Agricola's allegiance to his Roman Catholic faith. Agricola's friends arranged for his remains to be buried in more sympathetic Zeitz , approximately 50 km away. Chemnitz became
11232-548: Was held on 20 September 2020, with a runoff held on 11 October, and the results were as follows: The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: Heavy destruction in World War II as well as post-war demolition to erect a truly socialist city centre left the city with a vast open space around its town hall where once a vibrant city heart had been. Because of massive investment in out-of-town shopping right after reunification, it
11340-560: Was located at Kamienica , and the first documented use of this name was in 1143, as the location of a Benedictine monastery around which a settlement grew. Around 1170, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor granted this the rights of a free imperial city . Kamienica was later Germanised as Chemnitz. In 1307, the town became subordinate to the Margraviate of Meissen , the predecessor of the Saxon state. In medieval times , Chemnitz became
11448-457: Was not until 1999 that major building activity was started in the centre. Comparable to Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, a whole new quarter of the city was constructed in recent years. New buildings include the Kaufhof department store by Helmut Jahn , Galerie Roter Turm with a façade by Hans Kollhoff and Peek & Cloppenburg clothing store by Ingenhofen and Partner. Chemnitz
11556-665: Was suspended owing to the financial crisis impeding fund-raising. In 1937, Melbourne passenger tramcar C class number 30 was converted for transporting dogs and their owners to the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds . It was known as the "dog car" and was scrapped in 1955. Specially appointed hearse trams, or funeral trolley cars, were used for funeral processions in many cities in the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly cities with large tram systems. The earliest known example in North America
11664-412: Was the plan by City Cargo Amsterdam to reintroduce them into the city of Amsterdam . In the spring of 2007 the city piloted this cargo tram operation, which among its aims aimed to reduce particulate pollution in the city by 20% by halving the number of lorries (5,000) unloading in the inner city during the permitted timeframe from 07:00 till 10:30. The pilot involved two cargo trams, operating from
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